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Jadhav HB, Gogate PR, Annapure US. Intensification of Enzymatic Synthesis of Corn Oil Designer Lipids Using Sonication. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Khanal S, Brea RJ, Burkart MD, Devaraj NK. Chemoenzymatic Generation of Phospholipid Membranes Mediated by Type I Fatty Acid Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8533-8537. [PMID: 33978402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The de novo formation of lipid membranes from minimal reactive precursors is a major goal in synthetic cell research. In nature, the synthesis of membrane phospholipids is orchestrated by numerous enzymes, including fatty acid synthases and membrane-bound acyltransferases. However, these enzymatic pathways are difficult to fully reproduce in vitro. As such, the reconstitution of phospholipid membrane synthesis from simple metabolic building blocks remains a challenge. Here, we describe a chemoenzymatic strategy for lipid membrane generation that utilizes a soluble bacterial fatty acid synthase (cgFAS I) to synthesize palmitoyl-CoA in situ from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. The fatty acid derivative spontaneously reacts with a cysteine-modified lysophospholipid by native chemical ligation (NCL), affording a noncanonical amidophospholipid that self-assembles into micron-sized membrane-bound vesicles. To our knowledge, this is the first example of reconstituting phospholipid membrane formation directly from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. Our results demonstrate that combining the specificity and efficiency of a type I fatty acid synthase with a highly selective bioconjugation reaction provides a biomimetic route for the de novo formation of membrane-bound vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Khanal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Liang S, Wang S, Meng Y, Sun C. Enzymatic preparation of glycerophosphatilcholine catalyzed by combinational phospholipases: a comparative study of concerted versus stepwise catalysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38727-38735. [PMID: 35518402 PMCID: PMC9057254 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerophosphatilcholine (GPC) is widely applied in medical, pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Due to the lack of natural resources, enzymatic preparation of GPC has been explored in recent years. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of different addition methods of combinational phospholipases (PLA1 and PLA2) and various process parameters (time, temperature, pH, substrate concentrate, enzyme load, and stirring rate) on the preparation of GPC. The results showed that compared with concerted catalysis, the catalytic efficiency of adding PLA2 and then PLA1 (PLA2 → A1) was higher, whereas that of adding PLA1 and then PLA2 was lower. The main reason might be that the method of PLA2 → A1 could reduce acyl migration and the competition between PLA1 and PLA2, which was beneficial to improve the GPC yield and shorten the reaction time. This paper could provide a novel approach for the future preparation of GPC catalyzed by combinational phospholipases. The addition methods of PLA1 and PLA2 had a vital influence on the preparation of GPC, and the method of PLA2 → A1 was the most effective.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology Lianhua Road 100 Zhengzhou 450001 Henan Province P. R. China +86-371-67758022 +86-371-67758022
| | - Shukun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology Lianhua Road 100 Zhengzhou 450001 Henan Province P. R. China +86-371-67758022 +86-371-67758022
| | - Yannan Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology Lianhua Road 100 Zhengzhou 450001 Henan Province P. R. China +86-371-67758022 +86-371-67758022
| | - Cong Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology Lianhua Road 100 Zhengzhou 450001 Henan Province P. R. China +86-371-67758022 +86-371-67758022
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Utama QD, Sitanggang AB, Adawiyah DR, Hariyadi P. Lipase-Catalyzed Interesterification for the Synthesis of Medium-Long-Medium (MLM) Structured Lipids - A Review. Food Technol Biotechnol 2019; 57:305-318. [PMID: 31866744 PMCID: PMC6902296 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.57.03.19.6025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium-long-medium (MLM) structured lipids typically contain medium-chain fatty acids (C6-C12) at sn-1,3 and long-chain fatty acids (C14-C24) at sn-2 positions. They have reduced calories and are suitable for the control of obesity, lipid malabsorption and other metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the synthesis of MLM lipids by the enzymatic interesterification. It gives detailed description of biocatalysts, substrates, reactors and synthesis methods, and discusses the use of MLM lipids in food products. The information provided in this review can be considered as the current state-of-the art for developing a future strategy for the synthesis of MLM structured lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qabul Dinanta Utama
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Azis Boing Sitanggang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dede Robiatul Adawiyah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Purwiyatno Hariyadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
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Zhang RY, Liu HM, Ma YX, Wang XD. Characterization of fragrant oil extracted from pepper seed during subcritical propane extraction. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bhattacharya A, Brea RJ, Niederholtmeyer H, Devaraj NK. A minimal biochemical route towards de novo formation of synthetic phospholipid membranes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:300. [PMID: 30655537 PMCID: PMC6336818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All living cells consist of membrane compartments, which are mainly composed of phospholipids. Phospholipid synthesis is catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes, which themselves require pre-existing membranes for function. Thus, the principle of membrane continuity creates a paradox when considering how the first biochemical membrane-synthesis machinery arose and has hampered efforts to develop simplified pathways for membrane generation in synthetic cells. Here, we develop a high-yielding strategy for de novo formation and growth of phospholipid membranes by repurposing a soluble enzyme FadD10 to form fatty acyl adenylates that react with amine-functionalized lysolipids to form phospholipids. Continuous supply of fresh precursors needed for lipid synthesis enables the growth of vesicles encapsulating FadD10. Using a minimal transcription/translation system, phospholipid vesicles are generated de novo in the presence of DNA encoding FadD10. Our findings suggest that alternate chemistries can produce and maintain synthetic phospholipid membranes and provides a strategy for generating membrane-based materials. The origin of phospholipids, the primary constituents of cell membranes, is uncertain. Here, the authors develop an in vitro system to synthesize phospholipid molecules from water-soluble single-chain amphiphilic precursors via a reaction catalysed by the mycobacterial ligase FadD10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahanjit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Henrike Niederholtmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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Liu Y, Guo Y, Sun Z, Jie X, Li Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Xue C. Production of Structured Triacylglycerols Containing Palmitic Acids at sn-2 Position and Docosahexaenoic Acids at sn-1, 3 Positions. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:1227-34. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Yongli Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Zhaomin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Xu Jie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
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Abstract
Commercial products for personal care, generally perceived as cosmetics, have an important impact on everyday life worldwide. Accordingly, the market for both consumer products and specialty chemicals comprising their ingredients is considerable. Lipases have started to play a minor role as active ingredients in so-called 'functional cosmetics' as well as a major role as catalysts for the industrial production of various specialty esters, aroma compounds and active agents. Interestingly, both applications almost always require preparation by appropriate immobilisation techniques. In addition, for catalytic use special reactor concepts often have to be employed due to the mostly limited stability of these preparations. Nevertheless, these processes show distinct advantages based on process simplification, product quality and environmental footprint and are therefore apt to more and more replace traditional chemical processes. Here, for the first time a review on the various aspects of using immobilised lipases in the cosmetics industry is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion B Ansorge-Schumacher
- Institute of Microbiology, Chair of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01262 Dresden, Germany.
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Raphael W, Sordillo LM. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: the role of phospholipid biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21167-88. [PMID: 24152446 PMCID: PMC3821664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141021167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of fatty acids in the diets of both human and domestic animal species can regulate inflammation through the biosynthesis of potent lipid mediators. The substrates for lipid mediator biosynthesis are derived primarily from membrane phospholipids and reflect dietary fatty acid intake. Inflammation can be exacerbated with intake of certain dietary fatty acids, such as some ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and subsequent incorporation into membrane phospholipids. Inflammation, however, can be resolved with ingestion of other fatty acids, such as ω-3 PUFA. The influence of dietary PUFA on phospholipid composition is influenced by factors that control phospholipid biosynthesis within cellular membranes, such as preferential incorporation of some fatty acids, competition between newly ingested PUFA and fatty acids released from stores such as adipose, and the impacts of carbohydrate metabolism and physiological state. The objective of this review is to explain these factors as potential obstacles to manipulating PUFA composition of tissue phospholipids by specific dietary fatty acids. A better understanding of the factors that influence how dietary fatty acids can be incorporated into phospholipids may lead to nutritional intervention strategies that optimize health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Raphael
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd., Room D202, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Hellner G, Tőke ER, Nagy V, Szakács G, Poppe L. Integrated enzymatic production of specific structured lipid and phytosterol ester compositions. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Beermann C, Winterling N, Green A, Möbius M, Schmitt JJ, Boehm G. Comparison of the structures of triacylglycerols from native and transgenic medium-chain fatty acid-enriched rape seed oil by liquid chromatography--atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-ITMS). Lipids 2007; 42:383-94. [PMID: 17406932 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sn position of fatty acids in seed oil lipids affects physiological function in pharmaceutical and dietary applications. In this study the composition of acyl-chain substituents in the sn positions of glycerol backbones in triacylglycerols (TAG) have been compared. TAG from native and transgenic medium-chain fatty acid-enriched rape seed oil were analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with online atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. The transformation of summer rape with thioesterase and 3-ketoacyl-[ACP]-synthase genes of Cuphea lanceolata led to increased expression of 1.5% (w/w) caprylic acid (8:0), 6.7% (w/w) capric acid (10:0), 0.9% (w/w) lauric acid (12:0), and 0.2% (w/w) myristic acid (14:0). In contrast, linoleic (18:2n6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n3) levels decreased compared with the original seed oil. The TAG sn position distribution of fatty acids was also modified. The original oil included eleven unique TAG species whereas the transgenic oil contained sixty. Twenty species were common to both oils. The transgenic oil included trioctadecenoyl-glycerol (18:1/18:1/18:1) and trioctadecatrienoyl-glycerol (18:3/18:3/18:3) whereas the native oil included only the latter. The transgenic TAG were dominated by combinations of caprylic, capric, lauric, myrisitic, palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1n9), linoleic, arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0), and lignoceric acids (24:0), which accounted for 52% of the total fat. In the original TAG palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids accounted for 50% of the total fat. Medium-chain triacylglycerols with capric and lauric acids combined with stearic, oleic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic, arachidic, and gondoic acids (20:1n9) accounted for 25% of the transgenic oil. The medium-chain fatty acids were mainly integrated into the sn-1/3 position combined with the essential linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids at the sn-2 position. Eight species contained caprylic, capric, and lauric acids in the sn-2 position. The appearance of new TAG in the transgenic oil illustrates the extensive effect of genetic modification on fat metabolism by transformed plants and offers interesting possibilities for improved enteral applications.
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Xu X, Timm-Heinrich M, Nielsen NS, Porsgaard T, Jacobsen C. Effects of antioxidants on the lipase-catalyzed acidolysis during production of structured lipids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200501200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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