Circadian rhythm of the Bmax of [3H]-imipramine binding in rabbit platelets

Systèmes de transport de la sérotonine et antidépresseurs

Le transporteur de la sérotonine sodium-dépendant est associé à la membrane plasmatique des plaquettes et des terminaisons nerveuses sérotoninergiques et constitue le mécanisme physiologique d’inactivation de la sérotonine. Un déficit en sérotonine est associé à la pathophysiologie de la dépression, et il a été suggéré que des modifications du transporteur de la sérotonine pouvaient exister au moment des épisodes dépressifs. En particulier, le nombre de sites transporteurs pourrait être diminué sur les plaquettes sanguines de patients déprimés, et des résultats comparables ont été obtenus dans certaines régions du cerveau humain post-mortem. Les inhibiteurs tricycliques et nontricycliques de la capture de sérotonine sont des antidépresseurs efficaces. Cependant, il existe une période de latence de 2 à 3 semaines entre le début du traitement et l’effet thérapeutique maximal. C’est pourquoi les études consacrées aux propriétés biochimiques et à la caractérisation moléculaire du transporteur de la sérotonine sont d’un intérêt particulier. La capture de la sérotonine par le transporteur êeut être inhibée sélectivement par le citalopram, la paroxétine, l’indalpine, la fluoxétine et le SL 81 0385. Cet effet se traduit in vitro par une augmentation de la neurotransmission sérotoninergique comme on a pu le montrer pour la paroxétine et le SL 81 0385 sur la libération de sérotonine induite par stimulation électrique dans des coupes de cortex frontal humain. Les dérivés marqués inhibiteurs de la capture tels que l’imipramine-[3H], la paroxétine-[3H] et le citalopram-[3H] ont été utilisés comme ligands spécifiques pour caractériser le transporteur. Dans les expériences de dissociation de la liaison de la paroxétine-[3H] aux membranes de cortex cérébral de rat, le citalopram, l’indalpine, la fluoxétine, le SL 81 0385, l’imipramine et la sérotonine ont des valeurs de 1½ de dissociation similaires à celle obtenue pour la paroxétine. De plus, le SL 81 0385, la fluoxétine, l’imipramine et la sérotonine induisent une protection contre l’inactivation de la liaison de la paroxétine-[3H] par le N-éthylmaléimide aux membranes de cortex cérébral de rat. Ces résultats suggèrent que le domaine de liaison des inhibiteurs tricyliques et non-tricycliques de la capture de sérotonine correspond à un site d’exclusion mutuelle par rapport au site de reconnaissance du substrat. Le transporteur neuronal de la sérotonine des membranes de cortex cérébral de rat a été solubilisé et purifié par chromatographie d’affinité sur une résine agarose à laquelle un dérivé du citalopram a été fixé par liaison covalente. La liaison de la paroxétine-[3H] à la préparation purifiée est caractérisée par un Kd de 0.71 nM et un Bmax supérieur à 1 962 pmol/mg de protéines. La purification du transporteur se traduit par un accroissement de plus de 3 000 fois de l’activité de la liaison de la paroxétine-[3H] par rapport à celle de la préparation membranaire initiale. Le profil pharmacologique de la liaison de la paroxétine-[3H] à cette préparation purifiée est préservé puisque les valeurs de Ki pour le citalopram, l’imipramine et la sérotonine sont respectivement de 19 nM, 80 nM et 3,5 μM, comparables aux Ki de ces composés sur la liaison de la paroxétine-[3H] aux membranes de cortex cérébral de rat. La purification du transporteur ainsi obtenue est la première étape qui doit permettre d’analyser les propriétés fonctionnelles du transporteur au niveau moléculaire.

Loss of the circadian variation of platelet [3H]imipramine binding in delusional compared with non-delusional endogenously depressed patients

BACKGROUND

The circadian variations of the serotonin reuptake sites were studied in 16 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depression with melancholia, either with (n=8) or without (n=8) psychotic symptomatology.

METHOD

The [3H]imipramine binding sites were measured in platelet samples.

RESULTS

While no statistically significant difference was found between the morning (09:00 h) and evening (21:00 h) [3H]imipramine B(max) values in the control group, both the non-delusional and delusional melancholic patients showed higher evening than morning B(max) values, which were only statistically significant in the former. When both diagnostic groups were compared, the delusional patients showed significantly lower [3H]imipramine binding values than the non-delusional patients both in the morning and evening samples. Within the non-delusional depressed patients, those individuals with mood circadian variation, assessed by the 18th item of the HDRS, showed significantly lower B(max) values than those without mood variation. Lowest morning and evening B(max) values were noted in the delusional depressed group without mood variations.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that delusional depressions might have a different neurobiological substrate with loss of chronobiological rhythms.

Advances in sodium-ion coupled biogenic amine transporters

The sodium-ion coupled transporters for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), noradrenaline and dopamine function to reduce extracellular levels of biogenic amines. Over the past fifteen years selective inhibitors of these transport systems have been developed including fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, litoxetine (for 5HT), nisoxetine, desipramine, maprotiline (for noradrenaline) and GBR-12935 (for dopamine). Some of these inhibitors, including drugs selective for noradrenaline transport and particularly those selective for the 5HT transport system are currently widely used in the clinical management of affective disorders. Selective biogenic amine uptake inhibitors have, in addition, provided tools to undertake molecular pharmacological and biochemical studies of their respective transporters. By this means, the rat brain 5HT and dopamine transporters have been identified as polypeptides with relative molecular masses of 73,000 and 80,000, respectively, using affinity-chromatographic purification and photoaffinity-labelling techniques. Recently, the biogenic amine transporters have been cloned and a comparison of their predicted amino acid sequences reveals that these proteins share a considerable degree of similarity with notably 12-13 transmembrane spanning domains. Perspectives for future fundamental and clinical research on biogenic amine transport systems using molecular biological techniques are discussed.

Diurnal concordance of human platelet serotonin content and plasma alpha-1-acid glycoprotein concentration

The diurnal rhythm of platelet serotonin (5-HT) content and plasma alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was investigated in twelve healthy male volunteers aged 19-30 years. Platelet 5-HT content and plasma AGP concentration varied across a twenty-four hour sampling period in a manner consistent with a circadian pattern. Platelet 5-HT levels rose from baseline at 5.00 hr to a peak at 14.00 hr and slowly declined to baseline during the night-time hours. A concordant pattern was observed for plasma AGP with peak concentrations occurring between 8.00 hr and 14.00 hr. These findings support the notion that AGP is a positive endogenous allosteric stimulator of platelet 5-HT transport, since there is a direct relationship between platelet 5-HT levels and plasma AGP concentration. A theoretical model is presented to explain the diurnal effects of AGP on the platelet 5-HT transporter.

Effect of different photoperiod exposure on [3H]imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in the rat brain

Seasonal rhythmicity in the occurrence of acute depressive episodes and the therapeutic efficacy of light exposure suggest the possible involvement of the pineal gland or other biological oscillators in the pathophysiology of depressive illness. We have performed studies to clarify whether different light/dark (LD) cycle schedules may induce changes in the biochemical targets of antidepressants in the rat CNS. In particular, we have investigated the effect of short- (LD 8:16) or long-day (LD 14:10) photoperiods on different biochemical parameters of serotonergic neurons. A significant increase in the density of [3H]imipramine ([3H]IMI) binding and in the Vmax of 5-[3H]hydroxytryptamine (5-[3H]HT) uptake was found in the hypothalamus of LD 8:16-with respect to LD 14:10-exposed rats, whereas no difference was found in the kinetic properties of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors and in 5-HT metabolism in the hypothalami and cerebral cortices of rats exposed to the two different photoperiods. A seasonal rhythm of [3H]IMI binding sites and 5-HT uptake seems to exist only in certain brain areas, such as the hypothalamus, because no differences were found in the cerebral cortex of LD 14:10- and LD 8:16-accustomed rats. [3H]IMI binding and 5-HT uptake were significantly increased in the hypothalamus of rats accustomed to a light/dark-inverted cycle (DL 10:14) and killed 6 h after the stopping of lighting in comparison to rats exposed to normal LD 14:10 cycles and killed 6 h after the beginning of lighting. Therefore, a circadian modification of the serotonergic presynaptic sites seems to be present and related to light/dark exposure. Because the existence of endogenous compounds able to modulate [3H]IMI binding and 5-HT uptake, other than 5-HT, has been postulated in the mammalian brain, the involvement of these substances in the periodic changes observed could be suggested.

Platelet 3H-imipramine binding sites in depressed patients and healthy controls: a comparison between morning and afternoon samples

Platelet 3H-imipramine binding was compared between 19 hospitalized, depressed patients and age-matched controls (n = 11). For each individual person blood samples were withdrawn at 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. on two separate occasions (day 0 and day 28). Mean Bmax and Kd values did not differ between depressed patients and healthy controls at any of the four time-points tested, and no significant differences could be established between the different time-points, though there were irregular intraindividual variations.

Studies on the serotonin transporter in platelets

[3H]-Imipramine and [3H]-paroxetine label with high affinity a recognition site which is associated with the serotonergic transporter in blood platelets. The pharmacological profile of [3H]-imipramine and [3H]-paroxetine binding is highly correlated with the potency of drugs to inhibit the uptake of serotonin. Dissociation kinetic experiments suggest that the substrate recognition site for serotonin may be different from the modulatory site which is labeled with [3H]-imipramine or [3H]-paroxetine. The existence of an endocoid acting on the imipramine receptor to modulate the serotonin transporter has been proposed by several laboratories. In clinical studies most laboratories have reported a decrease in Bmax of [3H]-imipramine binding in platelets from depressed untreated patients when compared with matched healthy volunteers. The Bmax of [3H]-imipramine binding in platelets appears to be a state-dependent biological marker in depression.