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Woong Yoo S, Young Kwon S, Kang SR, Min JJ. Molecular imaging approaches to facilitate bacteria-mediated cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114366. [PMID: 35654213 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy is a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer that has unique properties, including broad tumor-targeting ability, various administration routes, the flexibility of delivery, and facilitating the host's immune responses. The molecular imaging of bacteria-mediated cancer therapy allows the therapeutically injected bacteria to be visualized and confirms the accurate delivery of the therapeutic bacteria to the target lesion. Several hurdles make bacteria-specific imaging challenging, including the need to discriminate therapeutic bacterial infection from inflammation or other pathologic lesions. To realize the full potential of bacteria-specific imaging, it is necessary to develop bacteria-specific targets that can be associated with an imaging assay. This review describes the current status of bacterial imaging techniques together with the advantages and disadvantages of several imaging modalities. Also, we describe potential targets for bacterial-specific imaging and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Woong Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Seong Young Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Sae-Ryung Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeonnam, Korea.
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Northrup JD, Mach RH, Sellmyer MA. Radiochemical Approaches to Imaging Bacterial Infections: Intracellular versus Extracellular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5808. [PMID: 31752318 PMCID: PMC6888724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin began the age of antibiotics, which was a turning point in human healthcare. However, to this day, microbial infections are still a concern throughout the world, and the rise of multidrug-resistant organisms is an increasing challenge. To combat this threat, diagnostic imaging tools could be used to verify the causative organism and curb inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Nuclear imaging offers the sensitivity needed to detect small numbers of bacteria in situ. Among nuclear imaging tools, radiolabeled antibiotics traditionally have lacked the sensitivity or specificity necessary to diagnose bacterial infections accurately. One reason for the lack of success is that the antibiotics were often chelated to a radiometal. This was done without addressing the ramifications of how the radiolabeling would impact probe entry to the bacterial cell, or the mechanism of binding to an intracellular target. In this review, we approach bacterial infection imaging through the lens of bacterial specific molecular targets, their intracellular or extracellular location, and discuss radiochemistry strategies to guide future probe development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Northrup
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.D.N.); (R.H.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.D.N.); (R.H.M.)
| | - Mark A. Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.D.N.); (R.H.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ilem-Ozdemir D, Asikoglu M, Ozkilic H, Yilmaz F, Hosgor-Limoncu M, Ayhan S. Gamma scintigraphy and biodistribution of (99m)Tc-cefotaxime sodium in preclinical models of bacterial infection and sterile inflammation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:109-16. [PMID: 26880705 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
(99m)Tc-cefotaxime sodium ((99m)Tc-CEF) was developed and standardized under varying conditions of reducing and antioxidant agent concentration, pH, radioactivity dose, and reducing agent type. Labeling studies were performed by changing the selected parameters one by one, and optimum labeling conditions were determined. After observing the conditions for maximum labeling efficiency and stability, lyophilized freeze dry kits were prepared accordingly. Simple method for radiolabeling of CEF with (99m)Tc has been developed and standardized. Labeling efficiency of (99m)Tc-CEF was assessed by both radio thin-layer chromatography and radio high-performance liquid chromatography and found higher than 90%. The labeled compound was found to be stable in saline and human serum up to 24 h. Two different freeze dry kits were developed and evaluated. Based on the data obtained from this study, both products were stable for 6 months with high labeling efficiency. The prepared cold kit was found sterile and pyrogen free. The bacterial infection and sterile inflammation imaging capacity of (99m)Tc-CEF was evaluated. Based on the in vivo studies, (99m)Tc-CEF has higher uptake in infected and inflamed thigh muscle than healthy thigh muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Ilem-Ozdemir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Radiopharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Makbule Asikoglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Radiopharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hayal Ozkilic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferda Yilmaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mine Hosgor-Limoncu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Semin Ayhan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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van Oosten M, Hahn M, Crane LMA, Pleijhuis RG, Francis KP, van Dijl JM, van Dam GM. Targeted imaging of bacterial infections: advances, hurdles and hopes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:892-916. [PMID: 26109599 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections represent an increasing problem in modern health care, in particular due to ageing populations and accumulating bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Diagnosis is rarely straightforward and consequently treatment is often delayed or indefinite. Therefore, novel tools that can be clinically implemented are urgently needed to accurately and swiftly diagnose infections. Especially, the direct imaging of infections is an attractive option. The challenge of specifically imaging bacterial infections in vivo can be met by targeting bacteria with an imaging agent. Here we review the current status of targeted imaging of bacterial infections, and we discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. Indeed, significant progress has been made in this field and the clinical implementation of targeted imaging of bacterial infections seems highly feasible. This was recently highlighted by the use of so-called smart activatable probes and a fluorescently labelled derivative of the antibiotic vancomycin. A major challenge remains the selection of the best imaging probes, and we therefore present a set of target selection criteria for clinical implementation of targeted bacterial imaging. Altogether, we conclude that the spectrum of potential applications for targeted bacterial imaging is enormous, ranging from fundamental research on infectious diseases to diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen van Oosten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Hahn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lucia M A Crane
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick G Pleijhuis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gooitzen M van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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Rennen HJ, Makarewicz J, Oyen WJ, Laverman P, Corstens FH, Boerman OC. The effect of molecular weight on nonspecific accumulation of (99m)T-labeled proteins in inflammatory foci. Nucl Med Biol 2001; 28:401-8. [PMID: 11395313 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(01)00208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although several proteins have been proposed and tested for scintigraphic detection of infection, the most optimal characteristics of a protein for this application have not yet been determined. Molecular weight (MW) of the protein, its charge, shape, carbohydrate content, characteristics of the radionuclide and receptor interactions are factors that could affect the in vivo behavior of the infection imaging agent. The effect of molecular weight on nonspecific accumulation of (99m)Tc-labeled proteins in inflammatory foci was studied in a rat model. METHODS Eleven proteins whose MWs ranged from 2.5 kDa up to 800 kDa were labeled with (99m)Tc using the hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC) chelator. Rats with S. aureus infection were injected i.v. with 15 MBq (99m)Tc-labeled protein. Gamma camera images were acquired and biodistribution of the radiolabel was determined ex vivo. RESULTS From biodistribution data no significant correlation was found between abscess uptake and molecular size of the (99m)Tc-labeled proteins that were studied. Fast blood clearance with predominant uptake in liver and spleen was found for the largest proteins (MW 669 kDa-800 kDA). For proteins of intermediate size (MW 66 kDa -206 kDa) we found relatively slow blood clearance with relatively moderate uptake in liver and spleen. For smaller proteins (MW 2.5 kDa -29 kDa) rapid blood clearance with predominant kidney uptake was observed. The abscess uptake of the (99m)Tc-labeled proteins (%ID/g, 24 h p.i.) was highest for serum proteins IgG and BSA. Abscess uptake correlated well with blood levels: r = 0.95 and 0.84 at 4 and 24 h respectively (P < 0.005). The abscess-to-muscle ratios varied from 2.1 to 17.8 at 24 h p.i. with highest values for alpha-2 macroglobulin (MW 725 kDa) and the intermediate sized proteins (MW 66-206 kDa). Gamma camera imaging showed localization of all radiotracers at the site of infection with abscess-to-background ratios (A/B) ranging from 1.4 to 7.0 (IgG) at 20 h p.i. The serum proteins IgG and BSA showed highest blood levels and best infection imaging characteristics. CONCLUSION Not molecular weight but blood residence time is the principal factor that determines localization of a nonspecific tracer protein in infectious foci. The ideal nonspecific infection imaging agent is a protein with a long circulatory half-life. From the proteins tested here IgG and albumin showed the best characteristics for an infection imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Rennen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Oyen WJ, Boerman OC, van der Laken CJ, Claessens RA, van der Meer JW, Corstens FH. The uptake mechanisms of inflammation- and infection-localizing agents. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE 1996; 23:459-65. [PMID: 8612669 DOI: 10.1007/bf01247377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, a wide variety of radiopharmaceuticals have been proposed for the scintigraphic detection of inflammatory and infectious disease. All radiopharmaceuticals yield a functional image of a process placed somewhere in the cascade of reactions in inflammation, this being the common pathway of response to tissue injury. This paper discusses relevant aspects of the biodistribution, in vivo kinetics and mechanisms of uptake of both clinically used and experimental radiopharmaceuticals that have been proposed for the scintigraphic detection of focal inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Oyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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