DNA-ploidy, G2M-fractions and prognosis of stages B and C prostate carcinoma

Molecular markers in oral lichen planus: A systematic review

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucosal disease that is usually detected in 0.5–2.2% of the human population. Among these, only 0.5–2.9% of the lesions progress to carcinoma. However, there are no prognostic markers available presently to recognize the increased risk in malignant transformation of the lesions. Selected markers for cell proliferation, adhesion, apoptosis and lymphocytic infiltration were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in addition to static cytometry for DNA content. The concept linking OLP and oral squamous cell carcinoma states that chronic inflammation results in crucial DNA damage, which further progresses to development of carcinoma. Even though in the past decade, enormous information has been accumulated on malignant potential of OLP, its transformation still remains unclear. Hence, the purpose of this article was to review cellular and molecular markers to understand the pathogenesis of OLP and its progression toward malignancy.

The Combination of DNA Ploidy Status and PTEN/6q15 Deletions Provides Strong and Independent Prognostic Information in Prostate Cancer

PURPOSE

Aberrant DNA content has been discussed as a potential prognostic feature in prostate cancer.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

We analyzed the clinical significance of DNA ploidy in combination with prognostic relevant deletions of PTEN and 6q15 in 3,845 prostate cancers.

RESULT

The DNA status was diploid in 67.8%, tetraploid in 25.6%, and aneuploid in 6.8% of tumors, and deletions of PTEN and 6q15 occurred in 17.8% and 20.3% of tumors. Abnormal DNA content and deletions were linked to high Gleason score, advanced tumor stage, and positive nodal stage (P < 0.0001 each). The risk of PSA recurrence increased from diploid to tetraploid and from tetraploid to aneuploid DNA status (P < 0.0001 each). However, 40% of patients with Gleason score ≥4+4 and 55% of patients with PSA recurrence had diploid cancers. This fraction decreased to 21% (Gleason ≥4+4) and 29% (PSA recurrence) if PTEN and/or 6q deletion data were added to ploidy data to identify cancers with an aberrant DNA status. The significance of combining both deletions and ploidy was further demonstrated in a combined recurrence analysis. Presence of deletions increased the risk of PSA recurrence in diploid (P < 0.0001), tetraploid (P < 0.0001), and aneuploid cancers (P = 0.0049), and the combination of ploidy data and deletions provided clinically relevant information beyond the CAPRA-S nomogram. Multivariate modeling including preoperatively and postoperatively available parameters identified the "combined DNA status" as a strong independent predictor of poor patient outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

The combinatorial DNA content analysis involving general (ploidy) and specific events (deletions) has the potential for clinical utility in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(11); 2802-11. ©2016 AACR.

Valore prognostico della ploidia cellulare nel carcinoma della prostata

Clinical and pathological staging and histological grading do not always have sufficient value to predict the behaviour of prostatic carcinoma after prostatectomy. Many studies have suggested that DNA ploidy can provide additional prognostic information. DNA ploidy was determined by flow cytometry on paraffin-embedded tissue from 44 radical prostatectomies for carcinoma. The percentage of aneuploid tumours was higher among poorly differentiated neoplasms, in advanced stage and in cases with progression of disease, also considering the same stage and grade. DNA ploidy can represent a significant prognostic parameter in the post-operative evaluation of patients with prostatic carcinoma.