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Steele TJ, Lanz AJ, Nagel KI. Olfactory navigation in arthropods. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023; 209:467-488. [PMID: 36658447 PMCID: PMC10354148 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Using odors to find food and mates is one of the most ancient and highly conserved behaviors. Arthropods from flies to moths to crabs use broadly similar strategies to navigate toward odor sources-such as integrating flow information with odor information, comparing odor concentration across sensors, and integrating odor information over time. Because arthropods share many homologous brain structures-antennal lobes for processing olfactory information, mechanosensors for processing flow, mushroom bodies (or hemi-ellipsoid bodies) for associative learning, and central complexes for navigation, it is likely that these closely related behaviors are mediated by conserved neural circuits. However, differences in the types of odors they seek, the physics of odor dispersal, and the physics of locomotion in water, air, and on substrates mean that these circuits must have adapted to generate a wide diversity of odor-seeking behaviors. In this review, we discuss common strategies and specializations observed in olfactory navigation behavior across arthropods, and review our current knowledge about the neural circuits subserving this behavior. We propose that a comparative study of arthropod nervous systems may provide insight into how a set of basic circuit structures has diversified to generate behavior adapted to different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Steele
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, 435 E 30th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Aaron J Lanz
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, 435 E 30th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Katherine I Nagel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, 435 E 30th St., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Flying insects track turbulent odor plumes to find mates, food and egg-laying sites. To maintain contact with the plume, insects are thought to adapt their flight control according to the distribution of odor in the plume using the timing of odor onsets and intervals between odor encounters. Although timing cues are important, few studies have addressed whether insects are capable of deriving spatial information about odor distribution from bilateral comparisons between their antennae in flight. The proboscis extension reflex (PER) associative learning protocol, originally developed to study odor learning in honeybees, was used as a tool to ask if hawkmoths, Manduca sexta, can discriminate between odor stimuli arriving on either antenna. We show moths discriminated the odor arrival side with an accuracy of >70%. Information about spatial distribution of odor stimuli may be available to moths searching for odor sources, opening the possibility that they use both spatial and temporal odor information.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M A Willis
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, U.S.A
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Scaplen KM, Talay M, Fisher JD, Cohn R, Sorkaç A, Aso Y, Barnea G, Kaun KR. Transsynaptic mapping of Drosophila mushroom body output neurons. eLife 2021; 10:e63379. [PMID: 33570489 PMCID: PMC7877909 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mushroom body (MB) is a well-characterized associative memory structure within the Drosophila brain. Analyzing MB connectivity using multiple approaches is critical for understanding the functional implications of this structure. Using the genetic anterograde transsynaptic tracing tool, trans-Tango, we identified divergent projections across the brain and convergent downstream targets of the MB output neurons (MBONs). Our analysis revealed at least three separate targets that receive convergent input from MBONs: other MBONs, the fan-shaped body (FSB), and the lateral accessory lobe (LAL). We describe, both anatomically and functionally, a multilayer circuit in which inhibitory and excitatory MBONs converge on the same genetic subset of FSB and LAL neurons. This circuit architecture enables the brain to update and integrate information with previous experience before executing appropriate behavioral responses. Our use of trans-Tango provides a genetically accessible anatomical framework for investigating the functional relevance of components within these complex and interconnected circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Department of Psychology, Bryant UniversitySmithfieldUnited States
- Center for Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bryant UniversitySmithfieldUnited States
| | - Mustafa Talay
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - John D Fisher
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Raphael Cohn
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Altar Sorkaç
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Yoshi Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
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Evolutionarily conserved anatomical and physiological properties of olfactory pathway through fourth-order neurons in a species of grasshopper (Hieroglyphus banian). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:813-838. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Morphology of visual projection neurons supplying premotor area in the brain of the silkmoth Bombyx mori. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:497-515. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Blaszka D, Sanders E, Riffell JA, Shlizerman E. Classification of Fixed Point Network Dynamics from Multiple Node Timeseries Data. Front Neuroinform 2017; 11:58. [PMID: 28979202 PMCID: PMC5611511 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fixed point networks are dynamic networks encoding stimuli via distinct output patterns. Although, such networks are common in neural systems, their structures are typically unknown or poorly characterized. It is thereby valuable to use a supervised approach for resolving how a network encodes inputs of interest and the superposition of those inputs from sampled multiple node time series. In this paper, we show that accomplishing such a task involves finding a low-dimensional state space from supervised noisy recordings. We demonstrate that while standard methods for dimension reduction are unable to provide optimal separation of fixed points and transient trajectories approaching them, the combination of dimension reduction with selection (clustering) and optimization can successfully provide such functionality. Specifically, we propose two methods: Exclusive Threshold Reduction (ETR) and Optimal Exclusive Threshold Reduction (OETR) for finding a basis for the classification state space. We show that the classification space—constructed through the combination of dimension reduction and optimal separation—can directly facilitate recognition of stimuli, and classify complex inputs (mixtures) into similarity classes. We test our methodology on a benchmark data-set recorded from the olfactory system. We also use the benchmark to compare our results with the state-of-the-art. The comparison shows that our methods are capable to construct classification spaces and perform recognition at a significantly better rate than previously proposed approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blaszka
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, United States
| | - Elischa Sanders
- Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, United States
| | - Eli Shlizerman
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, United States
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Namiki S, Kanzaki R. Comparative Neuroanatomy of the Lateral Accessory Lobe in the Insect Brain. Front Physiol 2016; 7:244. [PMID: 27445837 PMCID: PMC4917559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral accessory lobe (LAL) mediates signals from the central complex to the thoracic motor centers. The results obtained from different insects suggest that the LAL is highly relevant to the locomotion. Perhaps due to its deep location and lack of clear anatomical boundaries, few studies have focused on this brain region. Systematic data of LAL interneurons are available in the silkmoth. We here review individual neurons constituting the LAL by comparing the silkmoth and other insects. The survey through the connectivity and intrinsic organization suggests potential homology in the organization of the LAL among insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Namiki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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Reisenman CE, Riffell JA. The neural bases of host plant selection in a Neuroecology framework. Front Physiol 2015; 6:229. [PMID: 26321961 PMCID: PMC4532911 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how animals make use of environmental information to guide behavior is a fundamental problem in the field of neuroscience. Similarly, the field of ecology seeks to understand the role of behavior in shaping interactions between organisms at various levels of organization, including population-, community- and even ecosystem-level scales. Together, the newly emerged field of “Neuroecology” seeks to unravel this fundamental question by studying both the function of neurons at many levels of the sensory pathway and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment. The interactions between herbivorous insects and their host plants are ideal examples of Neuroecology given the strong ecological and evolutionary forces and the underlying physiological and behavioral mechanisms that shaped these interactions. In this review we focus on an exemplary herbivorous insect within the Lepidoptera, the giant sphinx moth Manduca sexta, as much is known about the natural behaviors related to host plant selection and the involved neurons at several level of the sensory pathway. We also discuss how herbivore-induced plant odorants and secondary metabolites in floral nectar in turn can affect moth behavior, and the underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E Reisenman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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9
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Information flow through neural circuits for pheromone orientation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5919. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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11
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Zorović M, Hedwig B. Descending brain neurons in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (de Geer): auditory responses and impact on walking. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2012; 199:25-34. [PMID: 23104703 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-012-0765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The activity of four types of sound-sensitive descending brain neurons in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus was recorded intracellularly while animals were standing or walking on an open-loop trackball system. In a neuron with a contralaterally descending axon, the male calling song elicited responses that copied the pulse pattern of the song during standing and walking. The accuracy of pulse copying increased during walking. Neurons with ipsilaterally descending axons responded weakly to sound only during standing. The responses were mainly to the first pulse of each chirp, whereas the complete pulse pattern of a chirp was not copied. During walking the auditory responses were suppressed in these neurons. The spiking activity of all four neuron types was significantly correlated to forward walking velocity, indicating their relevance for walking. Additionally, injection of depolarizing current elicited walking and/or steering in three of four neuron types described. In none of the neurons was the spiking activity both sufficient and necessary to elicit and maintain walking behaviour. Some neurons showed arborisations in the lateral accessory lobes, pointing to the relevance of this brain region for cricket audition and descending motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Zorović
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Guerrieri F, Gemeno C, Monsempes C, Anton S, Jacquin-Joly E, Lucas P, Devaud JM. Experience-dependent modulation of antennal sensitivity and input to antennal lobes in male moths (Spodoptera littoralis) pre-exposed to sex pheromone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:2334-41. [PMID: 22675195 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.060988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sex pheromones are intraspecific olfactory signals emitted by one sex to attract a potential mating partner. Behavioural responses to sex pheromones are generally highly stereotyped. However, they can be modulated by experience, as male moths previously exposed to female sex pheromone respond with a lower threshold upon further detection, even after long delays. Here, we address the question of the neural mechanisms underlying such long-term modulation. As previous work has shown increased responses to pheromone in central olfactory neurons, we asked whether brief exposure to the pheromone increases input activity from olfactory receptor neurons. Males pre-exposed to sex pheromone exhibited increased peripheral sensitivity to the main pheromone component. Among nine antennal genes targeted as putatively involved in pheromone reception, one encoding a pheromone-binding protein showed significant upregulation upon exposure. In the primary olfactory centre (antennal lobe), the neural compartment processing the main pheromone component was enlarged after a brief pheromone exposure, thus suggesting enduring structural changes. We hypothesise that higher peripheral sensitivity following pre-exposure leads to increased input to the antennal lobe, thus contributing to the structural and functional reorganization underlying a stable change in behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Guerrieri
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (UMR 5169), CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Iwano M, Hill ES, Mori A, Mishima T, Mishima T, Ito K, Kanzaki R. Neurons associated with the flip-flop activity in the lateral accessory lobe and ventral protocerebrum of the silkworm moth brain. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:366-88. [PMID: 19950256 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lateral accessory lobe (LAL) and the ventral protocerebrum (VPC) are a pair of symmetrical neural structures in the insect brain. The LAL-VPC is regarded as the major target of olfactory responding neurons as well as the control center for olfactory-evoked sequential zigzag turns. Previous studies of the silkworm moth Bombyx mori showed that these turns are controlled by long-lasting anti-phasic activities of the flip-flopping descending neurons with dendrites in the LAL-VPC. To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the generation of this alternating activity between the LAL-VPC units of both hemispheres, we first analyzed the detailed neural architecture of the LAL-VPC and identified five subregions. We then investigated the morphology and physiological responses of the LAL-VPC neurons by intracellular recording and staining and morphologically identified three types of bilateral neurons and three types of unilateral neurons. Bilateral neurons showed either brief or cyclic long-lasting responses. At least some neurons of the latter type produced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Unilateral neurons linking the LAL and VPC, in contrast, showed long-lasting or quick alternating activity. Timing analysis of the activity onset of each neural type suggests that quick reciprocal neural transmission between unilateral neurons would be responsible for the generation of long-lasting activity in one LAL-VPC unit, which lasts for up to a few seconds. Reciprocal inhibition and excitation by the bilateral neurons with long-lasting activities would mediate the alternating long-lasting activity between both LAL-VPC units, which might last for up to 20 seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Iwano
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Balkenius A, Bisch-Knaden S, Hansson B. Interaction of visual and odour cues in the mushroom body of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:535-41. [PMID: 19181901 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.021220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The responses to bimodal stimuli consisting of odour and colour were recorded using calcium-sensitive optical imaging in the mushroom bodies of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. The results show that the activity in the mushroom bodies is influenced by both olfaction and vision. The interaction between the two modalities depends on the odour and the colour of the visual stimulus. A blue stimulus suppressed the response to a general flower scent (phenylacetaldehyde). By contrast, the response to a green leaf scent (1-octanol) was enhanced by the presence of the blue stimulus. A green colour had no influence on these odours but caused a marked increase in the response to an odour component (benzaldehyde) of the hawkmoth-pollinated Petunia axillaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balkenius
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Sundsvägen 14, S-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden.
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Wada S, Kanzaki R. Neural control mechanisms of the pheromone-triggered programmed behavior in male silkmoths revealed by double-labeling of descending interneurons and a motor neuron. J Comp Neurol 2005; 484:168-82. [PMID: 15736224 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Male silkmoths, Bombyx mori, exhibit a characteristic zigzagging behavior consisting of straight-line walking, zigzagging turns, and looping. The timing for shifting the turning direction is synchronized to the sideways head movements controlled by neck motor neurons (NMNs) including a cervical ventral NMN (cv1-NMN). It has been suggested that this programmed behavior is instructed by two types of activity patterns descending from the brain and the thoracic ganglion: one is a phasic excitation and the other is a state-dependent activity similar to the flipflop in electric memory circuits. These activities are shown by certain descending interneurons contained in two subsets of DNs, Group-I and -II DNs. However, it is not yet well understood which DNs are directly related to instructing this behavior. In order to understand neural control mechanisms of this programmed behavior, we investigated the morphological relationship between these DNs and the cv1-NMN, which is an index of this programmed behavior. We applied a double-labeling technique combining backfilling of the cv1-NMN and intracellular staining of single DNs. 3D confocal images revealed overlapping regions between the Group-I, -II DNs and the cv1-NMN. Group-IIA and -IID, which showed typical flipflop activities, Group-IIC DNs, which showed phasic excitation, and Group-IB DNs, which showed long-lasting inhibition had many overlapping regions on the cv1-NMNs. Our results indicate that the programmed behavior is instructed by these types of DNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Wada
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Collmann C, Carlsson MA, Hansson BS, Nighorn A. Odorant-evoked nitric oxide signals in the antennal lobe of Manduca sexta. J Neurosci 2005; 24:6070-7. [PMID: 15240798 PMCID: PMC1794326 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0710-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gaseous signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) can affect the activities of neurons and neural networks in many different systems. The strong expression of NO synthase (NOS) in the primary synaptic neuropil (the antennal lobe in insects and the olfactory bulb in vertebrates) of the olfactory system of most organisms, and the unique spheroidal geometry of olfactory glomeruli in those neuropils, have led to suggestions that NO signaling is important for processing olfactory information. No direct evidence exists, however, that NO signals are produced in olfactory glomeruli. We investigated the production of NO in the antennal lobe of the moth, Manduca sexta, by using immunocytochemistry and real-time optical imaging with a NO-sensitive fluorescent marker, diaminofluorescein diacetate. We confirmed that NOS was expressed in the axons of olfactory receptor neurons projecting to all glomeruli. Soluble guanylyl cyclase, the best characterized target of NO, was found in a subset of postsynaptic antennal lobe neurons that included projection neurons, a small number of GABA-immunoreactive neurons, and a serotonin-immunoreactive neuron. We found that odorant stimulation evoked NO signals that were reproducible and spatially focused. Different odorants evoked spatially distinct patterns of NO production. Increased concentrations of pheromone and plant odorants caused increases in peak signal intensity. Increased concentrations of plant odorants also evoked a dramatic increase in signal area. The results of these experiments show clearly that odorant stimulation can evoke NO production in the olfactory system. The NO signals produced are likely to play an important role in processing olfactory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Collmann
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Webb B, Harrison RR, Willis MA. Sensorimotor control of navigation in arthropod and artificial systems. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2004; 33:301-329. [PMID: 18089041 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods exhibit highly efficient solutions to sensorimotor navigation problems. They thus provide a source of inspiration and ideas to robotics researchers. At the same time, attempting to re-engineer these mechanisms in robot hardware and software provides useful insights into how the natural systems might work. This paper reviews three examples of arthropod sensorimotor control systems that have been implemented and tested on robots. First we discuss visual control mechanisms of flies, such as the optomotor reflex and collision avoidance, that have been replicated in analog VLSI (very large scale integration) hardware and used to produce corrective behavior in robot vehicles. Then, we present a robot model of auditory localization in the cricket; and discuss integration of this behavior with the optomotor behavior previously described. Finally we present a model of olfactory search in the moth, which makes use of several sensory cues, and has also been tested using robot hardware. We discuss some of the similarities and differences of the solutions obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Webb
- School of Informatics Office, University of Edinburgh, 2 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh EH8 9LW, Scotland, UK
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Okada R, Sakura M, Mizunami M. Distribution of dendrites of descending neurons and its implications for the basic organization of the cockroach brain. J Comp Neurol 2003; 458:158-74. [PMID: 12596256 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To determine precisely the brain areas from which descending neurons (DNs) originate, we examined the distribution of somata and dendrites of DNs in the cockroach brain by retrogradely filling their axons from the cervical connective. At least 235 pairs of somata of DNs were stained, and most of these were grouped into 22 clusters. Their dendrites were distributed in most brain areas, including lateral and medial protocerebra, which are major termination areas of output neurons of the mushroom body, but not in the optic and antennal lobes, the mushroom body, the central complex, or the posteroventral part of the lateral horn. The last area is the termination area of major types of olfactory projection neurons from the antennal lobe, i.e., uni- and macroglomerular projection neurons, so these neurons have no direct connections with DNs. The distribution of axon terminals of ascending neurons overlaps with that of DN dendrites. We propose, based on these findings, that there are numerous parallel processing streams from cephalic sensory areas to thoracic locomotory centers, many of which are via premotor brain areas from which DNs originate. In addition, outputs from the mushroom body, central complex, and posteroventral part of the lateral horn converge on some of the premotor areas, presumably to modulate the activity of some sensorimotor pathways. We propose, based on our results and documented findings, that many parallel processing streams function in various forms of reflexive and relatively stereotyped behaviors, whereas indirect pathways govern some forms of experience-dependent modification of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Okada
- Laboratory of Neuro-Cybernetics, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Lei H, Anton S, Hansson BS. Olfactory protocerebral pathways processing sex pheromone and plant odor information in the male moth Agrotis segetum. J Comp Neurol 2001; 432:356-70. [PMID: 11246213 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We investigated protocerebral processing of behaviorally relevant signals in the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum. Single neurons were studied both physiologically and morphologically using intracellular recording techniques. In moth pheromone communication systems, the presence of the complete, female-produced pheromone blend is necessary for male attraction. We predicted that more protocerebral neurons, compared with AL, would display blend interactions. However, only a few protocerebral neurons responded differently to the blend than could be deduced from the response to single components. The majority of the pheromone-sensitive protocerebral neurons identified in this study responded to the major pheromone component. In coding time, most AL neurons can follow a 5-Hz odor stimulus, whereas most protocerebral neurons failed at higher frequencies than 1 Hz. The majority of neurons that responded to the odorants tested innervated one or both of the protocerebral lateral accessory lobes. If only one of these was innervated, then the innervation always displayed a varicose appearance, suggesting a presynaptic function. Thus, information seems to be transferred from other protocerebral areas to the lateral accessory lobes. Into these, descending neurons sent smooth, postsynaptic branches. A majority of the neurons innervating the superior medial protocerebrum were found to display single-component specificity. Few additional correlations between odor specificity and structural characteristics were apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lei
- Department of Ecology, Lund University, Lund SE-22362, Sweden
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Heinbockel T, Christensen TA, Hildebrand JG. Temporal tuning of odor responses in pheromone-responsive projection neurons in the brain of the sphinx mothManduca sexta. J Comp Neurol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990621)409:1<1::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oland LA, Kirschenbaum SR, Pott WM, Mercer AR, Tolbert LP. Development of an identified serotonergic neuron in the antennal lobe of the moth and effects of reduction in serotonin during construction of olfactory glomeruli. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1995; 28:248-67. [PMID: 8537828 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480280210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Each olfactory (antennal) lobe of the moth Manduca sexta contains a single serotonin (5-HT) immunoreactive neuron whose processes form tufted arbors in the olfactory glomeruli. To extend our present understanding of the intercellular interactions involved in glomerulus development to the level of an individual, identified antennal lobe neuron, we first studied the morphological development of the 5-HT neuron in the presence and absence of receptor axons. Development of the neuron's glomerular tufts depends, as it does in the case of other multiglomerular neurons, on the presence of receptor axons. Processes of the 5-HT neuron are excluded from the region in which the initial steps of glomerulus construction occur and thus cannot provide a physical scaffolding on which the array of glomeruli is organized. Because the neuron's processes are present in the antennal lobe neuropil throughout postembryonic development, 5-HT could provide signals that influence the pattern of development in the lobe. By surgically producing 5-HT-depleted antennal lobes, we also tested the importance of 5-HT in the construction of olfactory glomeruli. Even in the apparent absence of 5-HT, the glomerular array initiated by the receptor axons was histologically normal, glial cells migrated to form glomerular borders, and receptor axons formed terminal branches in their normal region within each glomerulus. In some cases, 5-HT-immunoreactive processes from abnormal sources entered the lobe and formed the tufted intraglomerular branches typical of most antennal lobe neurons, suggesting that local cues strongly influence the branching patterns of developing antennal lobe neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Oland
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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24
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Cossé AA, Campbell MG, Glover TJ, Linn CE, Todd JL, Baker TC, Roelofs WL. Pheromone behavioral responses in unusual male European corn borer hybrid progeny not correlated to electrophysiological phenotypes of their pheromone-specific antennal neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01922435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Ochieng SA, Anderson P, Hansson BS. Antennal lobe projection patterns of olfactory receptor neurons involved in sex pheromone detection in Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Tissue Cell 1995; 27:221-32. [PMID: 7539947 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(95)80024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pheromone-specific receptor neurons in male and female cotton leafworms, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were typed physiologically and traced into the antennal lobe using cobalt lysine as a marker. In male S. littoralis, the macroglomerular complex (MGC), which is responsible for the initial integration of information concerning sex pheromone components, contains three glomerular compartments as revealed in a morphological study. No such specialized structure was seen in the female. In the male, olfactory receptor neurons that responded selectively to stimulation with the major sex pheromone component, (Z)9, (E)11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9E11-14:OAc), had arborizations that were restricted to a large glomerulus of the MGC (designated a), situated near the antennal nerve entrance into the antennal lobe. Neurons that were stimulated by (Z)9,(E)12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9E12-14:OAc), a second pheromone component, had arborizations in a lateral, smaller glomerulus of the MGC (designated c), while receptor neurons specifically tuned to a behavioural antagonist, (Z)-9-tetradecenol (Z9-14:OH), projected to a medial glomerulus of the MGC (b). In the female, receptor neurons tuned to the major pheromone component projected to a glomerulus situated at the entrance of the antennal nerve. This glomerulus did, however, not have the size or the structure of the male MGC. A second neuron housed in the same sensillum projected its axon to an ordinary glomerulus situated medially in the antennal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ochieng
- Department of Ecology, Lund University, Sweden
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26
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Abstract
Intraspecific and interspecific communication and recognition depend on olfaction in widely diverse species of animals. Olfaction, an ancient sensory modality, is based on principles of neural organization and function that appear to be remarkably similar throughout the zoosphere. Thus, the "primitives" of olfactory stimuli that determine the input information of olfaction, the kinds of "molecular images" formed at various levels in the olfactory pathway, and the cellular mechanisms that underlie olfactory information processing are comparable in invertebrates and vertebrates alike. A case in point is the male-specific olfactory subsystem in moths, which is specialized to detect and analyze the qualitative, quantitative, and temporal features of the con-specific females' sex-pheromonal chemical signal. This olfactory subsystem can be viewed, and is here presented, as a model in which common principles of organization and function of olfactory systems in general are exaggerated to serve the requirements of a chemical communication system that is crucial for reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Hildebrand
- Arizona Research Laboratories, Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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27
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Strausfeld NJ, Buschbeck EK, Gomez RS. The arthropod mushroom body: Its functional roles, evolutionary enigmas and mistaken identities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9219-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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28
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Anton S, Hansson BS. Central processing of sex pheromone, host odour, and oviposition deterrent information by interneurons in the antennal lobe of female Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Comp Neurol 1994; 350:199-214. [PMID: 7884038 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and anatomical characteristics of antennal lobe interneurons in female Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were investigated using intracellular recording and staining techniques. Responses of local interneurons and projection neurons to female sex pheromone components, host plant odours, and behaviourally active oviposition deterrents were recorded. We found local interneurons and projection neurons that responded specifically to only one or two of the tested odours, but we also found less specific cells, and neurons that responded to most of the tested odourants. These findings show that there are not only specific olfactory pathways in female moths up to the protocerebral level, but also that integration can begin in the antennal lobe. No correlation was found between the degree of specificity of either local interneurons or projection neurons and their respective morphological characteristics. Specialized and unspecialized local interneurons arborized throughout the antennal lobe. Specialized and unspecialized projection neurons had uniglomerular arborizations in the antennal lobe and sent their axons to the calyces of the mushroom body, and to the lateral horn of the protocerebrum. One specific projection neuron had multiglomerular arborizations and projected only to the lateral horn of the protocerebrum. Projection neurons arborizing in the glomeruli closest to the entrance of the antennal nerve always responded to pheromone components. No other correlations were found between the arborization pattern of projection neurons in the antennal lobe or in the protocerebrum and their response characteristics. The sensitivity of local interneurons and projection neurons was in the same range as that of receptor neurons in olfactory sensilla on the antennae, suggesting a much lower convergence in the central nervous system in females than in the pheromone-processing pathway in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anton
- Department of Ecology, Lund University, Sweden
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29
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Rospars JP, Hildebrand JG. Anatomical identification of glomeruli in the antennal lobes of the male sphinx moth Manduca sexta. Cell Tissue Res 1992; 270:205-27. [PMID: 1451169 DOI: 10.1007/bf00328007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Computer-assisted neuroanatomical methods have been used to demonstrate unique identities of the glomeruli of the antennal lobes (ALs) in males of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta. The glomerular neuropil consists of the male-specific macroglomerular complex, which comprises two closely apposed bulky subunits, and 64 +/- 1 "ordinary" glomeruli arrayed in a shell around a central region of coarse neuropil. Computer-generated maps show the exact locations of all glomeruli and adjacent groups of neuronal somata in a constant Cartesian coordinate system, such that these can be accurately identified in any individual. The glomeruli belong to three classes according to the number and type of identification criteria they satisfy. The larger class comprises glomeruli (n = 44) identified only in the computer-generated maps on the basis of their relative positions. The other two classes include glomeruli that were also identified in sections, either directly from their proximity to readily identifiable structures and their shape and size (n = 10, including the labial-palp-pit-organ (LPO) glomerulus), or indirectly from their positions relative to the former (n = 9). Two very small glomeruli were present in only one AL, demonstrating the existence of anomalous glomeruli, whereas another glomerulus had no homologue in both ALs of one individual. The true number of ordinary glomeruli (per male AL) was thus estimated to be 64. The uncertainty in delineating some glomeruli might affect this number without implying modification of the homologies proposed. The locations of tracts and cell groups, both within and near the AL, are also invariant with respect to glomeruli, as shown in the computer maps. The methods employed are general and might be useful to researchers in related fields. The results obtained call for more attention to the precise geometry of neural structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rospars
- Laboratoire de Biométrie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Versailles, France
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30
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Mitchell BK, Itagaki H. Interneurons of the subesophageal ganglion of Sarcophaga bullata responding to gustatory and mechanosensory stimuli. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1992; 171:213-30. [PMID: 1432857 DOI: 10.1007/bf00188929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular recordings were made from interneurons in the subesophageal ganglion (SEG) of Sarcophaga bullata while stimulating the labellar lobes with solutions of sucrose, NaCl and with distilled water. Neurons that responded to sucrose did not respond to NaCl and vice versa, while sucrose-sensitive neurons often responded weakly to water. Several of the recorded neurons were filled with Lucifer Yellow, and their morphology was reconstructed. Most showed extensive arborizations within the SEG, suggesting that they were local interneurons involved in the early stages of gustatory processing. Some of the filled neurons had extensive projections to the brain, in addition to arborizations in the SEG. This is the first published record of gustatory interneurons in the higher flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Mitchell
- Department of Entomology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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31
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Kanzaki R, Shibuya T. Long-lasting excitation of protocerebral bilateral neurons in the pheromone-processing pathways of the male moth Bombyx mori. Brain Res 1992; 587:211-5. [PMID: 1525657 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90999-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular recording and staining with Lucifer yellow were used to characterize the responses and structure of pheromone-processing bilateral neurons in the protocerebrum of the brain of the male silkworm moth Bombyx mori. Numerous olfactory bilateral neurons innervated a particular neuropil region lateral to the central body, the lateral accessory lobe (LAL). The LALs are linked to each other by bilateral neurons with arborizations in each LAL. The LAL appears to be important for collecting the olfactory information from both sides of the brain. Many of the bilateral neurons showed a characteristic long-lasting excitation (LLE) that outlasted the olfactory stimuli (1.5 s). In some preparations, the LLE lasted more than 20 s and the firing gradually decreased to the background level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kanzaki
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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32
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Hansson BS, Christensen TA, Hildebrand JG. Functionally distinct subdivisions of the macroglomerular complex in the antennal lobe of the male sphinx moth Manduca sexta. J Comp Neurol 1991; 312:264-78. [PMID: 1748732 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903120209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Each antennal lobe in the brain of a male moth has a distinctive neuropil structure, the macroglomerular complex (MGC), which is specialized for primary processing of information about the conspecific female sex-pheromone blend. Olfactory interneurons with dendritic arborizations in the MGC were examined by means of tandem intracellular recording and staining with Lucifer Yellow. Neurons that responded selectively to stimulation of the antenna with the major pheromone component, (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal, had arborizations that were restricted to a toroidal subdivision (the "toroid") of the MGC. Similarly, neurons that responded selectively to antennal stimulation with (E,Z)-11,13-pentadecadienal, a more stable mimic of a second essential but chemically unstable pheromone component, (E,E,Z)-10,12,14-hexadecatrienal, had arborizations confined to a globular subdivision (the "cumulus") of the MGC situated more proximally to the antennal nerve input. One neuron that responded to both of these stimuli clearly had arborizations in both subdivisions of the MGC. These anatomically distinct subdivisions of the MGC thus appear also to be functionally separate regions of pheromone-processing neuropil.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hansson
- Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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