1
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Belsley A. Quantum-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy with Bright Squeezed Frequency Combs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:133602. [PMID: 37067300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Absorption spectroscopy is a widely used technique that permits the detection and characterization of gas species at low concentrations. We propose a sensing strategy combining the advantages of frequency modulation spectroscopy with the reduced noise properties accessible by squeezing the probe state. A homodyne detection scheme allows the simultaneous measurement of the absorption at multiple frequencies and is robust against dispersion across the absorption profile. We predict a significant enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio that scales exponentially with the squeezing factor. An order of magnitude improvement beyond the standard quantum limit is possible with state-of-the-art squeezing levels facilitating high precision gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Belsley
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom and Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
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2
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Shajilal B, Thearle O, Tranter A, Lu Y, Huntington E, Assad S, Lam PK, Janousek J. 12.6 dB squeezed light at 1550 nm from a bow-tie cavity for long-term high duty cycle operation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:37213-37223. [PMID: 36258313 DOI: 10.1364/oe.465521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Squeezed states are an interesting class of quantum states that have numerous applications. This work presents the design, characterization, and operation of a bow-tie optical parametric amplifier (OPA) for squeezed vacuum generation. We report the high duty cycle operation and long-term stability of the system that makes it suitable for post-selection based continuous-variable quantum information protocols, cluster-state quantum computing, quantum metrology, and potentially gravitational wave detectors. Over a 50 hour continuous operation, the measured squeezing levels were greater than 10 dB with a duty cycle of 96.6%. Alternatively, in a different mode of operation, the squeezer can also operate 10 dB below the quantum noise limit over a 12 hour period with no relocks, with an average squeezing of 11.9 dB. We also measured a maximum squeezing level of 12.6 dB at 1550 nm. This represents one of the best reported squeezing results at 1550 nm to date for a bow-tie cavity. We discuss the design aspects of the experiment that contribute to the overall stability, reliability, and longevity of the OPA, along with the automated locking schemes and different modes of operation.
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3
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Heinze J, Danzmann K, Willke B, Vahlbruch H. 10 dB Quantum-Enhanced Michelson Interferometer with Balanced Homodyne Detection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:031101. [PMID: 35905370 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.031101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Future generations of gravitational-wave detectors (GWD) are targeting an effective quantum noise reduction of 10 dB via the application of squeezed states of light. In the last joint observation run O3, the advanced large-scale GWDs LIGO and Virgo already used the squeezing technology, albeit with a moderate efficiency. Here, we report on the first successful 10 dB sensitivity enhancement of a shot-noise limited tabletop Michelson interferometer via squeezed light in the fundamental Gaussian laser mode, where we also implement the balanced homodyne detection scheme that is planned for the third GWD generation. In addition, we achieved a similarly strong quantum noise reduction when the interferometer was operated in higher-order Hermite-Gaussian modes, which are discussed for the GWD thermal noise mitigation. Our results are an important step toward the targeted quantum noise level in future GWDs and, moreover, represent significant progress in the application of nonclassical states in higher-order modes for interferometry, increased spatial resolution, and multichannel sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Heinze
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Danzmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Benno Willke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Vahlbruch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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4
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Generation of Long-Term Stable Squeezed Vacuum States Using Dither-Locking Technique. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9070472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the generation of long-term stable squeezed vacuum states at 1064 nm using a degenerate optical parametric amplifier (DOPA) with a periodically poled KTiOPO4 crystal (PPKTP). The OPA is pumped by a 532 nm light produced by frequency doubling the fundamental light with a bow-tie enhancement second harmonic generator (SHG). When the DOPA and relative phases are locked using a dither-locking method, the squeezed vacuum states are stably measured over 2 h at 11 MHz. The highly compact and simple squeezed light source is suitable for applications in quantum optics experiments.
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5
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Heinze J, Willke B, Vahlbruch H. Observation of Squeezed States of Light in Higher-Order Hermite-Gaussian Modes with a Quantum Noise Reduction of up to 10 dB. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:083606. [PMID: 35275673 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.083606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mirror thermal noise will be a main limitation for the sensitivities of the next-generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors (Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer) at signal frequencies around 100 Hz. Using a higher-order spatial laser mode instead of the fundamental mode is one proposed method to further mitigate mirror thermal noise. In the current detectors, quantum noise is successfully reduced by the injection of squeezed vacuum states. The operation in a higher-order mode would then require the efficient generation of squeezed vacuum states in this mode to maintain a high quantum noise reduction. In our setup, we generate continuous-wave squeezed states at a wavelength of 1064 nm in the fundamental and three higher-order Hermite-Gaussian modes up to a mode order of 6 using a type-I optical parametric amplifier. We present a significant milestone with a quantum noise reduction of up to 10 dB at a measurement frequency of 4 MHz in the higher-order modes and pave the way for their usage in future gravitational-wave detectors as well as in other quantum noise limited experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Heinze
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Benno Willke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Vahlbruch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut) and Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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6
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Bai L, Zhang L, Yang Y, Chang R, Qin Y, He J, Wen X, Wang J. Enhancement of spin noise spectroscopy of rubidium atomic ensemble by using the polarization squeezed light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1925-1936. [PMID: 35209344 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We measured the spin noise spectroscopy (SNS) of rubidium atomic ensemble with two different kinds of atomic vapor cells (filled with buffer gas or coated with paraffin film on the inner wall) and demonstrated the enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by using polarization squeezed state (PSS) of 795-nm light field with Stokes operator S Λ 2 squeezed. The PSS is prepared by locking the relative phase between the squeezed vacuum state of light obtained with a sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator and the orthogonally polarized local oscillator beam by means of the quantum noise lock. Under the same conditions, the PSS can be employed not only to improve the SNR, but also to keep the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of SNS, compared with the case of using the polarization coherent state (PCS), enhancement of SNR is positively correlated with the squeezing level of the PSS. With increasing probe laser power and atomic number density, the SNR and FWHM of SNS will increase correspondingly. With the help of the PSS of the Stokes operator S Λ 2, quantum improvements of both the SNR and FWHM of SNS signal has been demonstrated by controlling optical power of polarization squeezed light beam or atomic number density in our experiments.
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7
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Lough J, Schreiber E, Bergamin F, Grote H, Mehmet M, Vahlbruch H, Affeldt C, Brinkmann M, Bisht A, Kringel V, Lück H, Mukund N, Nadji S, Sorazu B, Strain K, Weinert M, Danzmann K. First Demonstration of 6 dB Quantum Noise Reduction in a Kilometer Scale Gravitational Wave Observatory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:041102. [PMID: 33576646 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.041102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photon shot noise, arising from the quantum-mechanical nature of the light, currently limits the sensitivity of all the gravitational wave observatories at frequencies above one kilohertz. We report a successful application of squeezed vacuum states of light at the GEO 600 observatory and demonstrate for the first time a reduction of quantum noise up to 6.03±0.02 dB in a kilometer scale interferometer. This is equivalent at high frequencies to increasing the laser power circulating in the interferometer by a factor of 4. Achieving this milestone, a key goal for the upgrades of the advanced detectors required a better understanding of the noise sources and losses and implementation of robust control schemes to mitigate their contributions. In particular, we address the optical losses from beam propagation, phase noise from the squeezing ellipse, and backscattered light from the squeezed light source. The expertise gained from this work carried out at GEO 600 provides insight toward the implementation of 10 dB of squeezing envisioned for third-generation gravitational wave detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lough
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Emil Schreiber
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fabio Bergamin
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hartmut Grote
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz Mehmet
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Vahlbruch
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Affeldt
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Brinkmann
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aparna Bisht
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Kringel
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Lück
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nikhil Mukund
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Severin Nadji
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Borja Sorazu
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Strain
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Weinert
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Danzmann
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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8
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Gupta P, Speirs RW, Jones KM, Lett PD. Effect of imperfect homodyne visibility on multi-spatial-mode two-mode squeezing measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:652-664. [PMID: 32118988 DOI: 10.1364/oe.379033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study the effect of homodyne detector visibility on the measurement of quadrature squeezing for a spatially multi-mode source of two-mode squeezed light. Sources like optical parametric oscillators (OPO) typically produce squeezing in a single spatial mode because the nonlinear medium is within a mode-selective optical cavity. For such a source, imperfect interference visibility in the homodyne detector couples in additional vacuum noise, which can be accounted for by introducing an equivalent loss term. In a free-space multi-spatial-mode system imperfect homodyne detector visibility can couple in uncorrelated squeezed modes, and hence can cause faster degradation of the measured squeezing. We show experimentally the dependence of the measured squeezing level on the visibility of homodyne detectors used to probe two-mode squeezed states produced by a free space four-wave mixing process in 85Rb vapor, and also demonstrate that a simple theoretical model agrees closely with the experimental data.
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9
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Vahlbruch H, Wilken D, Mehmet M, Willke B. Laser Power Stabilization beyond the Shot Noise Limit Using Squeezed Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:173601. [PMID: 30411965 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.173601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High levels of laser power stability are necessary for high precision metrology applications. The classical limit for the achievable power stability is determined by the shot noise of the light used to generate a power control signal. Increasing the power of the detected light reduces the relative shot noise level and allows higher stabilities. However, sufficiently high power is not always available and the detection of high laser powers is challenging. Here, we demonstrate a nonclassical way to improve the achievable power stability without increasing the detected power. By the injection of a squeezed vacuum field of light we improve the classical laser power stability beyond its shot noise limit by 9.4_{-0.6}^{+0.6} dB at Fourier frequencies between 5 and 80 kHz. For only 90.6 μA of detected photocurrent we achieve a relative laser power noise of 2.0_{-0.1}^{+0.1}×10^{-8}/sqrt[Hz]. This is the first demonstration of a squeezed light-enhanced laser power stabilization and its performance is equivalent to an almost tenfold increase of detected laser power in a classical scheme. The analysis reveals that the technique presented here has the potential to achieve stability levels of 4.2×10^{-10}/sqrt[Hz] with 58 mA photocurrent measured on a single photodetector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Vahlbruch
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dennis Wilken
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Mehmet
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Benno Willke
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Compact 6 dB Two-Color Continuous Variable Entangled Source Based on a Single Ring Optical Resonator. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Schönbeck A, Thies F, Schnabel R. 13 dB squeezed vacuum states at 1550 nm from 12 mW external pump power at 775 nm. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:110-113. [PMID: 29328207 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Strongly squeezed light at telecommunication wavelengths is a necessary resource for one-sided device-independent quantum key distribution via fiber networks. Reducing the optical pump power that is required for its generation will advance this quantum technology towards efficient out-of-laboratory operation. Here, we investigate the second-harmonic pump power requirement for parametric generation of continuous-wave squeezed vacuum states at 1550 nm in a state-of-the-art doubly resonant standing-wave periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate cavity setup. We use coarse adjustment of the Gouy phase via the cavity length, together with temperature fine-tuning, for simultaneously achieving double resonance and (quasi) phase matching, and observe a squeeze factor of 13 dB at 1550 nm from just 12 mW of external pump power at 775 nm. We anticipate that optimizing the cavity coupler reflectivity will reduce the external pump power to 3 mW, without reducing the squeeze factor.
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12
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Yang W, Shi S, Wang Y, Ma W, Zheng Y, Peng K. Detection of stably bright squeezed light with the quantum noise reduction of 12.6 dB by mutually compensating the phase fluctuations. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4553-4556. [PMID: 29088211 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a mutual compensation scheme of three phase fluctuations, originating from the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) in the phase modulation process, in the bright squeezed light generation system. The influence of the RAM on each locking loop is harmonized by using one electro-optic modulator (EOM), and the direction of the phase fluctuation is manipulated by positioning the photodetector (PD) that extracts the error signal before or after the optical parametric amplifier (OPA). Therefore a bright squeezed light with non-classical noise reduction of π is obtained. By fitting the squeezing and antisqueezing measurement results, we confirm that the total phase fluctuation of the system is around 3.1 mrad. The fluctuation of the noise suppression is 0.2 dB for 3 h.
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13
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Wang Y, Yang W, Li Z, Zheng Y. Determination of blue-light-induced infrared absorption based on mode-matching efficiency in an optical parametric oscillator. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41405. [PMID: 28145483 PMCID: PMC5286444 DOI: 10.1038/srep41405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-classical squeezed states of light at a compatible atomic wavelength have a potential application in quantum information protocols for quantum states delaying or storaging. An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) is the most effective method for generating this squeezed state. However, it is a challege for the nonlinear interaction in PPKTP crystal at the D1 line of rubidium atomic, due to a strong blue-light-induced infrared absorption (BLIIRA). In this paper, we report an indirect measurement method for the BLIIRA through measuring the mode-matching efficiency in an optical parametric oscillator. In contrast to previous works, our method is not limited by the absolute power variation induced from the change of frequency conversion loss and the impedance matching originated from the change of absorption loss. Therefore, the measurement process is performed at the phase-matching condition. The measured results show that BLIIRA coefficient is quadratic dependence of blue light intensity below 1 kW per square centimeter in our PPKTP device, which will provide important basis for optimizing squeezed state generation at 795 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Wenhai Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Zhixiu Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yaohui Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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Vahlbruch H, Mehmet M, Danzmann K, Schnabel R. Detection of 15 dB Squeezed States of Light and their Application for the Absolute Calibration of Photoelectric Quantum Efficiency. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:110801. [PMID: 27661673 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Squeezed states of light belong to the most prominent nonclassical resources. They have compelling applications in metrology, which has been demonstrated by their routine exploitation for improving the sensitivity of a gravitational-wave detector since 2010. Here, we report on the direct measurement of 15 dB squeezed vacuum states of light and their application to calibrate the quantum efficiency of photoelectric detection. The object of calibration is a customized InGaAs positive intrinsic negative (p-i-n) photodiode optimized for high external quantum efficiency. The calibration yields a value of 99.5% with a 0.5% (k=2) uncertainty for a photon flux of the order 10^{17} s^{-1} at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The calibration neither requires any standard nor knowledge of the incident light power and thus represents a valuable application of squeezed states of light in quantum metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Vahlbruch
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Mehmet
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Danzmann
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Roman Schnabel
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover and Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), Callinstraße 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institut für Laserphysik and Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Chille V, Banzer P, Aiello A, Leuchs G, Marquardt C, Treps N, Fabre C. Quantum uncertainty in the beam width of spatial optical modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:32777-32787. [PMID: 26699067 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.032777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the quantum uncertainty in the beam width of transverse optical modes and, for this purpose, define a corresponding quantum operator. Single mode states are studied as well as multimode states with small quantum noise. General relations are derived, and specific examples of different modes and quantum states are examined. For the multimode case, we show that the quantum uncertainty in the beam width can be completely attributed to the amplitude quadrature uncertainty of one specific mode, which is uniquely determined by the field under investigation. This discovery provides us with a strategy for the reduction of the beam width noise by an appropriate choice of the quantum state.
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16
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Masada G, Suzudo T, Satoh Y, Ishizuki H, Taira T, Furusawa A. Efficient generation of highly squeezed light with periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:13114-13121. [PMID: 20588441 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.013114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on efficient generation of continuous-wave squeezed light and second harmonics with a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO(3) (PPMgLN) crystal which enables us to utilize the large nonlinear optical coefficient d(33). We achieved the squeezing level of -7.60+/-0.15 dB at 860 nm by utilizing a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator with a PPMgLN crystal. We also generated 400 mW of second harmonics at 430 nm from 570 mW of fundamental waves with 70% of conversion efficiency by using a PPMgLN crystal inside an external cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Masada
- 1Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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17
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Grosse NB, Assad S, Mehmet M, Schnabel R, Symul T, Lam PK. Observation of entanglement between two light beams spanning an octave in optical frequency. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:243601. [PMID: 18643584 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally demonstrated how two beams of light separated by an octave in frequency can become entangled after their interaction in a chi;{(2)} nonlinear medium. The entangler was a nonlinear optical resonator that was strongly driven by coherent light at the fundamental and second-harmonic wavelengths. An interconversion between the fields created quantum correlations in the amplitude and phase quadratures, which were measured by two independent homodyne detectors. Analysis of the resulting correlation matrix revealed a wave function inseparability of 0.74(1)<1, thereby satisfying the criterion of entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai B Grosse
- Quantum Optics Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
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Hall JL. Defining and measuring optical frequencies: the optical clock opportunity--and more (Nobel lecture). Chemphyschem 2007; 7:2242-58. [PMID: 17086589 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Four long-running currents in laser technology met and merged in 1999-2000. Two of these were the quest toward a stable repetitive sequence of ever-shorter optical pulses and, on the other hand, the quest for the most time-stable, unvarying optical frequency possible. The marriage of ultrafast- and ultrastable lasers was brokered mainly by two international teams and became exciting when a special "designer" microstructure optical fiber was shown to be nonlinear enough to produce "white light" from the femtosecond laser pulses, such that the output spectrum embraced a full optical octave. Then, for the first time, one could realize an optical frequency interval equal to the comb's lowest frequency, and count out this interval as a multiple of the repetition rate of the femtosecond pulse laser. This "gear-box" connection between the radiofrequency standard and any/all optical frequency standards came just as sensitivity-enhancing ideas were maturing. The four-way union empowered an explosion of accurate frequency measurement results in the standards field and prepared the way for refined tests of some of our cherished physical principles, such as the time-stability of some of the basic numbers in physics (e.g. the "fine-structure" constant, the speed of light, certain atomic mass ratios), and the equivalence of time-keeping by clocks based on different physics. The stable laser technology also allows time-synchronization between two independent femtosecond lasers so exact they can be made to appear as if the source were a single laser. By improving pump-probe experiments, one important application will be in bond-specific spatial scanning of biological samples. This next decade in optical physics should be a blast!
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Hall
- JILA, NIST, and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA.
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19
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KIMBLE HJ, CARNAL O, HU Z, MABUCHI H, POLZIK ES, THOMPSON RJ, TURCHETTE QA. Quantum Measurement in Quantum Opticsa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Tanimura T, Akamatsu D, Yokoi Y, Furusawa A, Kozuma M. Generation of a squeezed vacuum resonant on a rubidium D1 line with periodically poled KTiOPO4. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:2344-6. [PMID: 16832480 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the generation of a continuous-wave squeezed vacuum resonant on the Rb D1 line (795 nm) using periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) crystals. With a frequency doubler and an optical parametric oscillator based on PPKTP crystals, we observed a squeezing level of -2.75+/-0.14 dB and an antisqueezing level of +7.00+/-0.13 dB. This system could be utilized for demonstrating storage and retrieval of the squeezed vacuum, which is important for the ultraprecise measurement of atomic spins as well as quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Tanimura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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21
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Koike S, Takahashi H, Yonezawa H, Takei N, Braunstein SL, Aoki T, Furusawa A. Demonstration of quantum telecloning of optical coherent states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:060504. [PMID: 16605976 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate unconditional telecloning for the first time. In particular, we symmetrically and unconditionally teleclone coherent states of light from one sender to two receivers, achieving a fidelity for each clone of F = 0.58 +/- 0.01, which surpasses the classical limit. This is a manipulation of a new type of multipartite entanglement whose nature is neither purely bipartite nor purely tripartite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Koike
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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22
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Shimano R, Svirko YP, Mysyrowicz A, Kuwata-Gonokami M. Efficient two-photon light amplification by a coherent biexciton wave. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:233601. [PMID: 12485007 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A reversible coupling between photon pair states and a long-lived, highly coherent biexciton wave in CuCl allows efficient phase-sensitive two-photon amplification or attenuation of ultrashort light pulses. We demonstrate a gain of 350 cm(-1) for a pump intensity of 1 MW/cm(2), nearly 2 orders of magnitude higher than that achievable with conventional parametric crystal amplifiers. We develop a theoretical model that describes this new type of parametric converter where the light pump is replaced by a coherent biexciton wave and show that it is well suited for the generation of entangled photons and the squeezing of an optical beam with ultrafast time gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shimano
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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23
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Bowen WP, Schnabel R, Treps N, Bachor HA, Lam PK. Recovery of continuous wave squeezing at low frequencies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4266/4/6/309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Treps N, Andersen U, Buchler B, Lam PK, Maître A, Bachor HA, Fabre C. Surpassing the standard quantum limit for optical imaging using nonclassical multimode light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:203601. [PMID: 12005563 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.203601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using continuous wave superposition of spatial modes, we demonstrate experimentally displacement measurement of a light beam below the standard quantum limit. Multimode squeezed light is obtained by mixing a vacuum squeezed beam and a coherent beam that are spatially orthogonal. Although the resultant beam is not squeezed, it is shown to have strong internal spatial correlations. We show that the position of such a light beam can be measured using a split detector with an increased precision compared to a classical beam. This method can be used to improve the sensitivity of small displacement measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Treps
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, case 74, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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25
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Takeoka M, Ban M, Sasaki M. Quantum channel of continuous variable teleportation and nonclassicality of quantum states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4266/4/2/306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Lam PK, Ralph TC, Buchler BC, McClelland DE, Bachor HA, Gao J. Optimization and transfer of vacuum squeezing from an optical parametric oscillator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4266/1/4/319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Kuzmich A, Mandel L. Sub-shot-noise interferometric measurements with two-photon states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/1355-5111/10/3/008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Boller KJ, Scheidt M, Beier B, Becher C, Klein ME, Lee DH. Diode-pumped optical parametric oscillators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/1355-5111/9/2/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Furusawa A, Sorensen JL, Braunstein SL, Fuchs CA, Kimble HJ, Polzik ES. Unconditional quantum teleportation. Science 1998; 282:706-9. [PMID: 9784123 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5389.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantum teleportation of optical coherent states was demonstrated experimentally using squeezed-state entanglement. The quantum nature of the achieved teleportation was verified by the experimentally determined fidelity Fexp = 0.58 +/- 0.02, which describes the match between input and output states. A fidelity greater than 0.5 is not possible for coherent states without the use of entanglement. This is the first realization of unconditional quantum teleportation where every state entering the device is actually teleported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Furusawa
- A. Furusawa, C. A. Fuchs, and H. J. Kimble are in the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. J. L. Sorensen and E. S. Polzik are at the Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, A
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Schneider K, Bruckmeier R, Hansen H, Schiller S, Mlynek J. Bright squeezed-light generation by a continuous-wave semimonolithic parametric amplifier. OPTICS LETTERS 1996; 21:1396-1398. [PMID: 19876364 DOI: 10.1364/ol.21.001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-wave amplitude-squeezed light at 1064 nm has been generated with excellent long-term stability by use of a dual-port type I degenerate optical parametric amplifier pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. A seed wave at 1064 nm is resonantly injected through the low-transmission cavity port, whereas the parametrically deamplified and squeezed output wave is extracted from the high-transmission port. Amplitude noise reduction of as much as 4.3 dB is observed directly at an output power of 0.15 mW. Stable noise suppression exceeding 3.8 dB is obtained for several hours by phase locking of the pump wave. The longterm stability and simplicity make this device suitable for sub-shot-noise metrology.
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Cabrillo C, Swain S. Interaction between Two-Level Atoms and a Squeezed Vacuum in a Cavity: Effect on the Mean Photon Number. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:478-481. [PMID: 10062821 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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34
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Bosticky M, Ficek Z, Dalton BJ. Probe absorption spectra for driven atomic systems in a narrow bandwidth squeezed vacuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:4439-4467. [PMID: 9913419 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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35
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Agarwal GS, Scully MO. Ramsey spectroscopy with nonclassical light sources. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:467-470. [PMID: 9912903 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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36
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Shiv L, Sorensen JL, Polzik ES, Mizell G. Inhibited light-induced absorption in KNbO3. OPTICS LETTERS 1995; 20:2270. [PMID: 19865189 DOI: 10.1364/ol.20.002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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37
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Shichijyo S, Yamada K, Muro K. Efficient intracavity sum-frequency generation of 490-nm radiation by use of potassium niobate. OPTICS LETTERS 1994; 19:1022-1024. [PMID: 19844520 DOI: 10.1364/ol.19.001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Efficient sum-frequency generation of 910-nm radiation from a Ti:A1(2)O(3) laser and the circulating 1064-nm light inside a diode-pumped Nd:YVO(4) laser cavity has been achieved by use of b-axis KNbO(3). Blue-green output of 20 mW was generated with 100 mW of mixing power (910 nm) and a Nd:YVO(4) laser pumped by a 400-mW laser diode.
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