1
|
Ruiz-Vera UM, Acevedo-Siaca LG, Brown KL, Afamefule C, Gherli H, Simkin AJ, Long SP, Lawson T, Raines CA. Field-grown ictB tobacco transformants show no difference in photosynthetic efficiency for biomass relative to the wild type. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4897-4907. [PMID: 35561330 PMCID: PMC9366323 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four tobacco transformants overexpressing the inorganic carbon transporter B gene (ictB) were screened for photosynthetic performance relative to the wild type (WT) in field-based conditions. The WT and transgenic tobacco plants were evaluated for photosynthetic performance to determine the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vc, max), maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax), the photosynthetic compensation point (Γ*), quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), and mesophyll conductance (gm). Additionally, all plants were harvested to compare differences in above-ground biomass. Overall, transformants did not perform better than the WT on photosynthesis-, biomass-, and leaf composition-related traits. This is in contrast to previous studies that have suggested significant increases in photosynthesis and yield with the overexpression of ictB, although not widely evaluated under field conditions. These findings suggest that the benefit of ictB is not universal and may only be seen under certain growth conditions. While there is certainly still potential benefit to utilizing ictB in the future, further effort must be concentrated on understanding the underlying function of the gene and in which environmental conditions it offers the greatest benefit to crop performance. As it stands at present, it is possible that ictB overexpression may be largely favorable in controlled environments, such as greenhouses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Ruiz-Vera
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, USA
- Bayer CropScience LLC, Bayer Marana Greenhouse, 9475 N Sanders Rd, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Liana G Acevedo-Siaca
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, USA
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), México-Veracruz, El Batán Km. 45, Mexico
| | - Kenny L Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
- N2 Applied AS, Hagaløkkveien 7, 1383 Asker, Norway
| | - Chidi Afamefule
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Hussein Gherli
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
- Crop Science and Production Systems, NIAB-EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent, UK
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Christine A Raines
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sagun JV, Badger MR, Chow WS, Ghannoum O. Mehler reaction plays a role in C 3 and C 4 photosynthesis under shade and low CO 2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:171-185. [PMID: 33534052 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alternative electron fluxes such as the cyclic electron flux (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) and Mehler reaction (Me) are essential for efficient photosynthesis because they generate additional ATP and protect both photosystems against photoinhibition. The capacity for Me can be estimated by measuring O2 exchange rate under varying irradiance and CO2 concentration. In this study, mass spectrometric measurements of O2 exchange were made using leaves of representative species of C3 and C4 grasses grown under natural light (control; PAR ~ 800 µmol quanta m-2 s-1) and shade (~ 300 µmol quanta m-2 s-1), and in representative species of gymnosperm, liverwort and fern grown under natural light. For all control grown plants measured at high CO2, O2 uptake rates were similar between the light and dark, and the ratio of Rubisco oxygenation to carboxylation (Vo/Vc) was low, which suggests little potential for Me, and that O2 uptake was mainly due to photorespiration or mitochondrial respiration under these conditions. Low CO2 stimulated O2 uptake in the light, Vo/Vc and Me in all species. The C3 species had similar Vo/Vc, but Me was highest in the grass and lowest in the fern. Among the C4 grasses, shade increased O2 uptake in the light, Vo/Vc and the assimilation quotient (AQ), particularly at low CO2, whilst Me was only substantial at low CO2 where it may contribute 20-50% of maximum electron flow under high light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Ver Sagun
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Murray R Badger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gu J, Yin X, Struik PC, Stomph TJ, Wang H. Using chromosome introgression lines to map quantitative trait loci for photosynthesis parameters in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves under drought and well-watered field conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:455-69. [PMID: 21984650 PMCID: PMC3245479 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is fundamental to biomass production, but sensitive to drought. To understand the genetics of leaf photosynthesis, especially under drought, upland rice cv. Haogelao, lowland rice cv. Shennong265, and 94 of their introgression lines (ILs) were studied at flowering and grain filling under drought and well-watered field conditions. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were conducted to evaluate eight photosynthetic traits. Since these traits are very sensitive to fluctuations in microclimate during measurements under field conditions, observations were adjusted for microclimatic differences through both a statistical covariant model and a physiological approach. Both approaches identified leaf-to-air vapour pressure difference as the variable influencing the traits most. Using the simple sequence repeat (SSR) linkage map for the IL population, 1-3 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected per trait-stage-treatment combination, which explained between 7.0% and 30.4% of the phenotypic variance of each trait. The clustered QTLs near marker RM410 (the interval from 57.3 cM to 68.4 cM on chromosome 9) were consistent over both development stages and both drought and well-watered conditions. This QTL consistency was verified by a greenhouse experiment under a controlled environment. The alleles from the upland rice at this interval had positive effects on net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII), and the maximum efficiency of light-adapted open PSII. However, the allele of another main QTL from upland rice was associated with increased drought sensitivity of photosynthesis. These results could potentially be used in breeding programmes through marker-assisted selection to improve drought tolerance and photosynthesis simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Gu
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd Jan Stomph
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huaqi Wang
- Plant Breeding & Genetics, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, PR China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maier A, Fahnenstich H, von Caemmerer S, Engqvist MKM, Weber APM, Flügge UI, Maurino VG. Transgenic Introduction of a Glycolate Oxidative Cycle into A. thaliana Chloroplasts Leads to Growth Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:38. [PMID: 22639647 PMCID: PMC3355595 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The photorespiratory pathway helps illuminated C(3)-plants under conditions of limited CO(2) availability by effectively exporting reducing equivalents in form of glycolate out of the chloroplast and regenerating glycerate-3-P as substrate for RubisCO. On the other hand, this pathway is considered as probably futile because previously assimilated CO(2) is released in mitochondria. Consequently, a lot of effort has been made to reduce this CO(2) loss either by reducing fluxes via engineering RubisCO or circumventing mitochondrial CO(2) release by the introduction of new enzyme activities. Here we present an approach following the latter route, introducing a complete glycolate catabolic cycle in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana comprising glycolate oxidase (GO), malate synthase (MS), and catalase (CAT). Results from plants bearing both GO and MS activities have already been reported (Fahnenstich et al., 2008). This previous work showed that the H(2)O(2) produced by GO had strongly negative effects. These effects can be prevented by introducing a plastidial catalase activity, as reported here. Transgenic lines bearing all three transgenic enzyme activities were identified and some with higher CAT activity showed higher dry weight, higher photosynthetic rates, and changes in glycine/serine ratio compared to the wild type. This indicates that the fine-tuning of transgenic enzyme activities in the chloroplasts seems crucial and strongly suggests that the approach is valid and that it is possible to improve the growth of A. thaliana by introducing a synthetic glycolate oxidative cycle into chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maier
- Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-UniversitätDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Fahnenstich
- Botanisches Institut, Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu KölnCologne, Germany
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Molecular Plant Physiology Group, Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-UniversitätDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulf-Ingo Flügge
- Botanisches Institut, Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu KölnCologne, Germany
| | - Veronica G. Maurino
- Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-UniversitätDüsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Veronica G. Maurino, Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yin X, Sun Z, Struik PC, Gu J. Evaluating a new method to estimate the rate of leaf respiration in the light by analysis of combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3489-99. [PMID: 21382918 PMCID: PMC3130174 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Day respiration (R(d)) is an important parameter in leaf ecophysiology. It is difficult to measure directly and is indirectly estimated from gas exchange (GE) measurements of the net photosynthetic rate (A), commonly using the Laisk method or the Kok method. Recently a new method was proposed to estimate R(d) indirectly from combined GE and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) measurements across a range of low irradiances. Here this method is tested for estimating R(d) in five C(3) and one C(4) crop species. Values estimated by this new method agreed with those by the Laisk method for the C(3) species. The Laisk method, however, is only valid for C(3) species and requires measurements at very low CO(2) levels. In contrast, the new method can be applied to both C(3) and C(4) plants and at any CO(2) level. The R(d) estimates by the new method were consistently somewhat higher than those by the Kok method, because using CF data corrects for errors due to any non-linearity between A and irradiance of the used data range. Like the Kok and Laisk methods, the new method is based on the assumption that R(d) varies little with light intensity, which is still subject to debate. Theoretically, the new method, like the Kok method, works best for non-photorespiratory conditions. As CF information is required, data for the new method are usually collected using a small leaf chamber, whereas the Kok and Laisk methods use only GE data, allowing the use of a larger chamber to reduce the noise-to-signal ratio of GE measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Braune H, Müller J, Diepenbrock W. Integrating effects of leaf nitrogen, age, rank, and growth temperature into the photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model LEAFC3-N parameterised for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Ecol Modell 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Bell GE, Danneberger TK, McMahon MJ. Spectral Irradiance Available for Turfgrass Growth in Sun and Shade. CROP SCIENCE 2000. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2000.401189x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Bell
- Dep. of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK 74078-6027 USA
| | - T. K. Danneberger
- Dep. of Hort. and Crop Science; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - M. J. McMahon
- Dep. of Hort. and Crop Science; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Sage RF, Santrucek J, Grise DJ. Temperature effects on the photosynthetic response of C3 plants to long-term CO2 enrichment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00044673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
10
|
Nikolov NT, Massman WJ, Schoettle AW. Coupling biochemical and biophysical processes at the leaf level: an equilibrium photosynthesis model for leaves of C3 plants. Ecol Modell 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3800(94)00072-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
11
|
von Caemmerer S. A model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and carbon-isotope discrimination in leaves of certain C3-C 4 intermediates. PLANTA 1989; 178:463-474. [PMID: 24213043 DOI: 10.1007/bf00963816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1988] [Accepted: 03/24/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A model of leaf, photosynthesis has been developed for C3-C4 intermediate species found in the generaPanicum, Moricandia, Parthenium andMollugo where no functional C4 pathway has been identified. Model assumptions are a functional C3 cycle in both mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells and that glycine formed in the mesophyll, as a consequence of the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39), diffuses to the bundle sheath, where most of the photorespiratory CO2 is released. The model describes the observed gas-exchange characteristics of these C3-C4 intermediates, such as low CO2-compensation points (Γ) at an O2 pressure of 200 mbar, a curvilinear response of Γ to changing O2 pressures, and typical responses of CO2-assimilation rate to intercellular CO2 pressure. The model predicts that bundle-sheath CO2 concentration is highest at low mesophyll CO2 pressures and decreases as mesophyll CO2 pressure increases. A partitioning of 5-15% of the total leaf Rubisco into the bundle-sheath cells and a bundlesheath conductance similar to that proposed for C4 species best mimics the gas-exchange results. The model predicts C3-like carbon-isotope discrimination for photosynthesis at atmospheric levels of CO2, but at low CO2 pressures it predicts a higher discrimination than is typically found during C3 photosynthesis at lower CO2 pressures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S von Caemmerer
- Plant Environmental Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, G.P.O. Box 475, 2601, Canberra City, A.C.T., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effects of high irradiances on photosynthesis, growth and crassulacean acid metabolism in the epiphyteKalanchoö uniflora. Oecologia 1988; 75:567-574. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00776421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1987] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Brooks A, Farquhar GD. Effect of temperature on the CO2/O 2 specificity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the rate of respiration in the light : Estimates from gas-exchange measurements on spinach. PLANTA 1985; 165:397-406. [PMID: 24241146 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/1984] [Accepted: 03/01/1985] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Responses of the rate of net CO2 assimilation (A) to the intercellular partial pressure of CO2 (p i ) were measured on intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves at different irradiances. These responses were analysed to find the value of p i at which the rate of photosynthetic CO2 uptake equalled that of photorespiratory CO2 evolution. At this CO2 partial pressure (denoted Г), net rate of CO2 assimilation was negative, indicating that there was non-photorespiratory CO2 evolution in the light. Hence Г was lower than the CO2 compensation point, Γ. Estimates of Г were obtained at leaf temperatures from 15 to 30°C, and the CO2/O2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (E.C. 4.1.1.39) was calculated from these data, taking into account changes in CO2 and O2 solubilities with temperature. The CO2/O2 specificity decreased with increasing temperature. Therefore we concluded that temperature effects on the ratio of photorespiration to photosynthesis were not solely the consequence of differential effects of temperature on the solubilities of CO2 and O2. Our estimates of the CO2/O2 specificity of RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase are compared with in-vitro measurements by other authors. The rate of nonphotorespiratory CO2 evolution in the light (R d ) was obtained from the value of A at Г. At this low CO2 partial pressure, R d was always less than the rate of CO2 evolution in darkness and appeared to decrease with increasing irradiance. The decline was most marked up to about 100 μmol quanta m(-2) s(-1) and less marked at higher irradiances. At one particular irradiance, however, R d as a proportion of the rate of CO2 evolution in darkness was similar in different leaves and this proportion was unaffected by leaf temperature or by [O2] (ambient and greater). After conditions of high [CO2] and high irradiance for several hours, the rate of CO2 evolution in darkness increased and R d also increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Brooks
- Department of Environmental Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, 2601, Canberra City, A.C.T., Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jordan DB, Ogren WL. The CO2/O 2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase : Dependence on ribulosebisphosphate concentration, pH and temperature. PLANTA 1984; 161:308-13. [PMID: 24253719 DOI: 10.1007/bf00398720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/1983] [Accepted: 03/12/1984] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The substrate specificity factor, V cKo/VoKc, of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was determined at ribulosebisphosphate concentrations between 0.63 and 200 μM, at pH values between 7.4 and 8.9, and at temperatures in the range of 5° C to 40° C. The CO2/O2 specificity was the same at all ribulosebisphosphate concentrations and largely independent of pH. With increasing temperature, the specificity decreased from values of about 160 at 5° C to about 50 at 40° C. The primary effects of temperature were on K c [Km(CO2)] and V c [Vmax (CO2)], which increased by factors of about 10 and 20, respectively, over the temperature range examined. In contrast, K o [Ki (O2)] was unchanged and V o [Vmax (O2)] increased by a factor of 5 over these temperatures. The CO2 compensation concentrations (Γ) were calculated from specificity values obtained at temperatures between 5° C and 40° C, and were compared with literature values of Γ. Quantitative agreement was found for the calculated and measured Γ values. The observations reported here indicate that the temperature response of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase kinetic parameters accounts for two-thirds of the temperature dependence of the photorespiration/photosynthesis ratio in C3 plants, with the remaining one-third the consequence of differential temperature effects on the solubilities of CO2 and O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Jordan
- Department of Agronomy, University of Illinois, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bauer H, Martha P, Kirchner-Heiss B, Mairhofer I. The CO2 Compensation Point of C3 Plants —A Re-Examination II. Intraspecific Variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(83)80203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|