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Kane CN, McAdam SAM. Abscisic acid can augment, but is not essential for, autumnal leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3255-3266. [PMID: 36882050 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Senescence vividly marks the onset of the final stages of the life of a leaf, yet the triggers and drivers of this process are still not fully understood. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is an important regulator of leaf senescence in model herbs, but the function of this hormone has not been widely tested in deciduous trees. Here we investigate the importance of ABA as a driver of leaf senescence in winter deciduous trees. In four diverse species we tracked leaf gas exchange, water potential, chlorophyll content, and leaf ABA levels from the end of summer until leaves were abscised or died. We found that no change in ABA levels occurred at the onset of chlorophyll decline or throughout the duration of leaf senescence. To test whether ABA could enhance leaf senescence, we girdled branches to disrupt ABA export in the phloem. Girdling increased leaf ABA levels in two of the species, and this increase triggered an accelerated rate of chlorophyll decline in these species. We conclude that an increase in ABA level may augment leaf senescence in winter deciduous species but that it is not essential for this annual process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cade N Kane
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Cottrell TE, Wood BW. Gibberellic acid decreases Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) population density and chlorotic feeding injury to foliage in pecan orchards. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1512-1519. [PMID: 33155396 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis), Monellia caryella (Fitch), and Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell (Hemiptera: Aphididae) attack pecan foliage (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch). Unlike M. caryella and M. pecanis, feeding by M. caryaefoliae triggers a physiological change within foliage mimicking natural leaf senescence; it can lead to defoliation. Pretreatment of pecan foliage with gibberellic acid (GA3 ) mitigates M. caryaefoliae-elicited physiological disturbances. GA3 application to pecan was evaluated for efficacy regarding effects on M. caryaefoliae populations and possible negative side-effects on two natural enemy species and on return bloom of pecan. RESULTS All GA3 treatment rate schedules significantly reduced M. caryaefoliae nymphs but not adults or adults and nymphs of M. caryella or M. pecanis. Percentage leaf chlorosis elicited by M. caryaefoliae was significantly reduced by GA3 (i.e., 39.5 to 197.7 g a.i./ha). No negative side-effects of GA3 treatment were detected regarding certain key natural enemy species or on return bloom of pecan. CONCULUSION Application of GA3 to the orchard canopy protects foliage from senescence-like physiological responses triggered by M. caryaefoliae. This reduces detrimental leaflet chlorosis, both senescence and abscission processes and horticulturally significant feeding injury. Additionally, the absence of apparent negative side-effects on key natural enemies and return bloom is suggestive of a practical means for efficacious non-insecticidal control of M. caryaefoliae populations in orchards. This novel protective effect of GA3 against aphid-elicited, senescence-like physiological responses may merit investigation as an IPM tool to manage aphid species eliciting similar senescence-like damage to other crop species. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted E Cottrell
- Agricultural Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, USDA, Byron, GA, USA
| | - Bruce W Wood
- Agricultural Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, USDA, Byron, GA, USA
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3
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Zhou Q, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Lai Q, Li Y, Zhao F, Zhao Z. Tree age did not affect the leaf anatomical structure or ultrastructure of Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7938. [PMID: 31681514 PMCID: PMC6824329 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree aging is a new research area and has attracted research interest in recent years. Trees show extraordinary longevity; Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) has a lifespan of thousands of years. Ancient trees are precious historical heritage and scientific research materials. However, tree aging and tree senescence have different definitions and are poorly understood. Since leaves are the most sensitive organ of a tree, we studied the structural response of leaves to tree age. Experiments investigating the leaf morphological structure, anatomical structure and ultrastructure were conducted in healthy P. orientalis at three different ages (ancient trees >2,000 years, 200 years < middle-aged trees <500 years, young trees <50 years) at the world’s largest planted pure forest in the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor, Shaanxi Province, China. Interestingly, tree age did not significantly impact leaf cellular structure. Ancient P. orientalis trees in forests older than 2,000 years still have very strong vitality, and their leaves still maintained a perfect anatomical structure and ultrastructure. Our observations provide new evidence for the unique pattern of tree aging, especially healthy aging. Understanding the relationships between leaf structure and tree age will enhance the understanding of tree aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhou
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaohong Jiang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Lai
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
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4
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Influence of Preharvest Gibberellic Acid Treatments on Postharvest Quality of Minimally Processed Leaf Lettuce and Rocket. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth regulators are used in high-value vegetable crops during cultivation and after harvest to increase yield, enhance crop management, and improve or retain the produce quality. The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality characteristics during cold storage of minimally processed leaf lettuce and rocket, obtained from plants grown in a hydroponic floating system with mineral nutrient solutions (MNS) containing different levels of gibberellic acid (GA3). Plants were grown in greenhouse conditions on nutrient solutions containing 0, 10−8, and 10−6 M GA3. At harvest, lettuce and rocket were immediately processed as fresh-cut vegetables and stored for 21 d at 4 °C. After processing, weight loss, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and nitrate content, leaf color characteristics, and overall quality were evaluated. Adding 10−6 M GA3 to the MNS of a floating system significantly increased the yield of leaf lettuce and rocket plants and of minimally-processed leaves. In addition, preharvest GA3 treatments had positive effects on delaying senescence and enhancing shelf-life of minimally processed lettuce and rocket. The slowed senescence of GA3-treated samples maintained an overall quality over the threshold of marketability in both lettuce and rocket for up to 21 d of cold storage.
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Zhou Q, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Zhang T, Zhu H, Cui B, Li Y, Zhao F, Zhao Z. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure in senescing ancient tree, Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6766. [PMID: 30997297 PMCID: PMC6462394 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycladus orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) has a lifespan of thousands of years. Ancient trees have very high scientific, economic and cultural values. The senescence of ancient trees is a new research area but is poorly understood. Leaves are the primary and the most sensitive organ of a tree. To understand leaf structural response to tree senescence in ancient trees, experiments investigating the morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure were conducted with one-year leaves of ancient P. orientalis (ancient tree >2,000 years) at three different tree senescent levels (healthy, sub-healthy and senescent) at the world's largest planted pure forest in the Mausoleum of Yellow Emperor, Shaanxi Province, China. Observations showed that leaf structure significantly changed with the senescence of trees. The chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuole and cell wall of mesophyll cells were the most significant markers of cellular ultrastructure during tree senescence. Leaf ultrastructure clearly reflected the senescence degree of ancient trees, confirming the visual evaluation from above-ground parts of trees. Understanding the relationships between leaf structure and tree senescence can support decision makers in planning the protection of ancient trees more promptly and effectively by adopting the timely rejuvenation techniques before the whole tree irreversibly recesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhou
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaohong Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailan Zhu
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bei Cui
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry, College of Forestry, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, China
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6
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Zhalnina K, Louie KB, Hao Z, Mansoori N, da Rocha UN, Shi S, Cho H, Karaoz U, Loqué D, Bowen BP, Firestone MK, Northen TR, Brodie EL. Dynamic root exudate chemistry and microbial substrate preferences drive patterns in rhizosphere microbial community assembly. Nat Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29556109 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-520920-5.50016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Like all higher organisms, plants have evolved in the context of a microbial world, shaping both their evolution and their contemporary ecology. Interactions between plant roots and soil microorganisms are critical for plant fitness in natural environments. Given this co-evolution and the pivotal importance of plant-microbial interactions, it has been hypothesized, and a growing body of literature suggests, that plants may regulate the composition of their rhizosphere to promote the growth of microorganisms that improve plant fitness in a given ecosystem. Here, using a combination of comparative genomics and exometabolomics, we show that pre-programmed developmental processes in plants (Avena barbata) result in consistent patterns in the chemical composition of root exudates. This chemical succession in the rhizosphere interacts with microbial metabolite substrate preferences that are predictable from genome sequences. Specifically, we observed a preference by rhizosphere bacteria for consumption of aromatic organic acids exuded by plants (nicotinic, shikimic, salicylic, cinnamic and indole-3-acetic). The combination of these plant exudation traits and microbial substrate uptake traits interact to yield the patterns of microbial community assembly observed in the rhizosphere of an annual grass. This discovery provides a mechanistic underpinning for the process of rhizosphere microbial community assembly and provides an attractive direction for the manipulation of the rhizosphere microbiome for beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Zhalnina
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine B Louie
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhao Hao
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nasim Mansoori
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Biosystems Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Ulisses Nunes da Rocha
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shengjing Shi
- Lincoln Science Centre, AgResearch Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Heejung Cho
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ulas Karaoz
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Loqué
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Biosystems Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- INSA de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benjamin P Bowen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary K Firestone
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Eoin L Brodie
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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7
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Nadeem F, Ahmad Z, Wang R, Han J, Shen Q, Chang F, Diao X, Zhang F, Li X. Foxtail Millet [ Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] Grown under Low Nitrogen Shows a Smaller Root System, Enhanced Biomass Accumulation, and Nitrate Transporter Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29520286 PMCID: PMC5826958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Foxtail millet (FM) [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] is a grain and forage crop well adapted to nutrient-poor soils. To date little is known how FM adapts to low nitrogen (LN) at the morphological, physiological, and molecular levels. Using the FM variety Yugu1, we found that LN led to lower chlorophyll contents and N concentrations, and higher root/shoot and C/N ratios and N utilization efficiencies under hydroponic culture. Importantly, enhanced biomass accumulation in the root under LN was in contrast to a smaller root system, as indicated by significant decreases in total root length; crown root number and length; and lateral root number, length, and density. Enhanced carbon allocation toward the root was rather for significant increases in average diameter of the LN root, potentially favorable for wider xylem vessels or other anatomical alterations facilitating nutrient transport. Lower levels of IAA and CKs were consistent with a smaller root system and higher levels of GA may promote root thickening under LN. Further, up-regulation of SiNRT1.1, SiNRT2.1, and SiNAR2.1 expression and nitrate influx in the root and that of SiNRT1.11 and SiNRT1.12 expression in the shoot probably favored nitrate uptake and remobilization as a whole. Lastly, more soluble proteins accumulated in the N-deficient root likely as a result of increases of N utilization efficiencies. Such "excessive" protein-N was possibly available for shoot delivery. Thus, FM may preferentially transport carbon toward the root facilitating root thickening/nutrient transport and allocate N toward the shoot maximizing photosynthesis/carbon fixation as a primary adaptive strategy to N limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Nadeem
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jienan Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feiran Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexian Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuexian Li,
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8
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Yu J, Han J, Wang R, Li X. Down-regulation of nitrogen/carbon metabolism coupled with coordinative hormone modulation contributes to developmental inhibition of the maize ear under nitrogen limitation. PLANTA 2016; 244:111-24. [PMID: 26979324 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental inhibition of the maize ear by nitrogen limitation is due to overall down-regulation of nitrogen/carbon metabolism, coordinative hormonal modulation, and probable early senescence. The kernel number is primarily determined from 2 weeks pre-silking to 3 weeks post-silking, largely depending on dynamic nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate metabolism and accumulation in the maize ear. Underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms of kernel abortion caused by N limitation needs to be further investigated. Using a widely grown maize hybrid ZD958, we found that the N deficient ear was shorter, with less biomass accumulation, lower N concentrations, and overall lower concentrations of N assimilates and soluble sugars at 1- or 2-week after silking. Such negative alterations were probably due to significant decreases in activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, sucrose phosphate synthetase, and sucrose synthetase in the N deficient maize ear especially after silking. Compensatory up-regulation of corresponding gene expression, together with co-downregulation of gene expression and enzyme activities in certain circumstances, suggested regulatory complexity and mechanistic differentiation from gene expression to functioning at physiological and molecular levels in quickly developing maize ear in counteracting N deficiency. Importantly, auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid may act in a coordinative manner to negatively modulate ear development under N limitation, as indicated by their concentration variations and substantial up-regulation of IAA14, GA2-ox1, and CKX12. Lastly, early senescence may occur in the low-N ear driven by interplay of hormone functioning and senescence-related gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yu
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, China
| | - Jienan Han
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexian Li
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, China.
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9
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Yu K, Wei J, Ma Q, Yu D, Li J. Senescence of aerial parts is impeded by exogenous gibberellic acid in herbaceous perennial Paris polyphylla. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:819-830. [PMID: 19106015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of gibberellin A(3) (GA(3)) on natural senescence and the relationship between gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA), and senescence are not fully understood. For example, it is still unclear whether GA and ABA act antagonistically. There are only few reports on senescence-related changes in physiological parameters of herbaceous perennials. This study was designed to investigate the effects of exogenous GA(3) on the senescence of aerial parts in a herbaceous perennial species, Paris polyphylla, and to test the hypothesis that GA and ABA display antagonistic effects in this process. Physiological changes associated with senescence, in particular of the hormonal and oxidative metabolisms, were also investigated. GA(3) was sprayed on mature leaves at weekly intervals, which significantly impeded senescence of aerial parts and slowed the decline of pigments and total soluble protein. Treated plants suffered less oxidative stress as revealed by reduced lipid peroxidation, a lower hydrogen peroxide level and modified activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and their respective isozyme profiles. In GA(3) treated plants GA(4)+GA(7) (GAs) levels increased progressively and became significantly higher than those of control plants, whereas ABA increased in controls. When plants were treated with GA-synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PCB), GAs decreased, ABA increased, and senescence was promoted. Application of a mixture of GA(3) and PCB restored the accumulation of GAs, reduced ABA, and ultimately senescence was delayed. These results suggest that GA and ABA play antagonistic roles in the senescence of aerial parts in P. polyphylla, and this process is associated with oxidative stress and regulated by endogenous hormones and extrinsic factors. Possible mechanisms that control this GA(3)-mediated inhibition of senescence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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10
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Yu K, Wang Y, Wei J, Ma Q, Yu D, Li J. Improving rhizome yield and quality of Paris polyphylla through gibberellic acid-induced retardation of senescence of aerial parts. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:413-5. [PMID: 19816118 PMCID: PMC2676751 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.5.8268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Senescence in perennials has not been extensively studied compared to that in annual plants, and the effects of delaying senescence on plant biomass and metabolic features in herbaceous perennials has also been poorly reported. We recently examined the effects of gibberellin A(3) (GA(3)) on senescence of aerial parts of Paris polyphylla, which characterize the metabolic changes associated with senescence, and found antagonistic effects of GA and abscisic acid during this process. Rhizome yield and quality (saponin content) of Paris polyphylla were both improved by GA(3)-induced retardation of senescence. We propose that GA(3)-induced retardation of senescence increases green leaf area and prolongs the duration of photosynthesis, leading to increased rhizome yield. The increased saponin accumulation in GA(3)-treated plants may be explained by the longer growth phase and ensuing increased environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan, China
| | | | - Qing Ma
- Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd.; Kunming, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaru Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan, China
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11
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Haroun S. A., Aldesuquy H. S., Abo-Hamed S. A., El-Said A. A.. Kinetin-induced modification in growth criteria, ion contents and water relations of sorghum plants treated with cadmium chloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1556/abot.45.2003.1-2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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MOHAMMED MAJEED, WICKHAM LYNDAD. POSTHARVEST RETARDATION OF SENESCENCE IN SHADO BENNI (ERYNGIUM FOETIDUM, L.) PLANTS. J FOOD QUALITY 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1995.tb00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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13
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Sharma PN, Tripathi A, Bisht SS. Zinc Requirement for Stomatal Opening in Cauliflower. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995. [PMID: 12228399 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-1617(11)81944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Zn deficiency induced increases in epicuticular wax deposits, lamina thickness, degree of succulence, water saturation deficit, diffusive resistance, and proline accumulation and decreases in carbonic anhydrase activity, water potential, stomatal aperture, and transpiration in the leaves of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis cv Pusa) plants. Restoration of Zn supply to the deficient plants increased stomatal aperture, transpiration, and carbonic anhydrase activity significantly within 2 h. However, leaf water potential in the Zn-deficient plants did not recover within 24 h after resupply of Zn. The guard cells in epidermal peels from the Zn-deficient leaves had less K+ than those from the controls. Stomatal aperture in the epidermal peels from Zn-deficient leaves was 64% less than in the controls when the epidermal strips were floated on 125 mM KCl. Supplementing the ambient medium 25 mM KCl with ZnCl2 enhanced stomatal aperture in both control and Zn-deficient peels, and the effect was significant in the latter. The observations indicate involvement of Zn in stomatal opening, possibly as a constituent of carbonic anhydrase needed for maintaining adequate [HCO3-] in the guard cells, and also as a factor affecting K+ uptake by the guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. N. Sharma
- Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow-226 007, India
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14
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Abstract
Leaf senescence is a hiphly-controlled sequence of events comprising the final stage of development. Cells remain viable during the process and new gene expression is required. There is some similarity between senescence in plants and programmed cell death in animals. In this review, different classes of senescence-related genes are defined and progress towards isolating such genes is reported. A range of internal and external factors which appear to cause leaf senescence is considered and various models for the mechanism of senescence- initiation are described. The current understanding of senescence at the wrganelle and molecular levels is presented. Finally, same ideas are mooted as to why senescence occurs and why it should be studied further. Contents Summary 419 I. Introduction 420 II. Internal factors that cause senescence 423 III. External factors that cause senescence 427 IV. What is the mechanism of senescence initiation? 428 V. Progress in the understanding of organelle senescence 431 VI. Progress in the understanding of senescence at the molecular level 434 VII. The control of senescence in animals and plants 440 VIII. Why is senescence necessary? 441 IX. Why study senescence? 441 References 442.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Smart
- Cell Biology Department, Institute of Grassland and Environment Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
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15
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THOMAS RONNIEL, MORR CHARLESV, JEN JOSEPHJ. OXIDATION OF INDOLEACETIC ACID BY A HOMOGENEOUS TOMATO FRUIT PEROXIDASE. J Food Biochem 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1980.tb00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Colquhoun A, Hillman J. Endogenous abscisic acid and the senescence of leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(75)80059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Malik NS, Berrie AM. Correlative effects of fruits and leaves in senescence of pea plants. PLANTA 1975; 124:169-175. [PMID: 24435234 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1975] [Accepted: 04/02/1975] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole plant senescence was studied in peas (Pisum sativum L.) by defruiting, defoliating, and grafting. Fruit removal delays senescence. The delay in senescence is associated with the initiation of bud expansion at nodes near those producing pods. The apical meristem dies regardless of defruiting though later than normal phants.Graft unions are only made if the stock is defruited The pattern of senescence of unions indicates a non polar movement of senescence factors from fruits.Leaves seem not to be involved in whole plant senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Malik
- Department of Botany, The University, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Reid DM, Railton ID. The influence of benzyladenine on the growth and gibberellin content of shoots of waterlogged tomato plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(74)90013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Railton ID. Effects of N(6)-benzyladenine on the rate of turnover of [(3)H]GA 20 by shoots of dwarf Pisum sativum. PLANTA 1974; 120:197-200. [PMID: 24442659 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Application of the cytokinin, N(6)-benzyladenine, to light-grown shoots of dwarf "Meteor" pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.) markedly increased the rate of turnover of GA20, a native pea gibberellin. It is suggested that endogenous cytokinins may affect gibberellin metabolism in plants by controlling rates of gibberellin turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Railton
- Department of Botany, The University, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, U.K
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20
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Gegensätzliche Wirkung der Sproßalterung auf die Blütenbildung bei Lemna paucicostata und Lemna gibba. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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22
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Jones TW, Stoddart JL. Correlative effects of leaf age on reproductive growth in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). PLANTA 1973; 113:67-77. [PMID: 24468847 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/1973] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of individual leaves towards the flowering response in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seedlings at the three-leaf stage is described. Removal of the first (oldest) or first and second leaves resulted in large increases (up to 300%) in both the rate of stem extension and the degree of apical differentiation.Removal of the youngest leaves depressed both processes. Application of cycloheximide to specific leaves produced effects similar to defoliation, but chloramphenicol was generally inhibitory and kinetin substantially ineffective. Translocation patterns between leaves and the shoot apex were studied using [(14)C] sucrose and [(3)H] gibberellin A1. There was appreciable movement between leaves, but exposure to long-days depressed the transport of labelled assimilate. Label arriving at the apex was increasingly derived from the younger leaves as floral induction proceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Jones
- Welsh Plant Breeding Station, SY23-3EB, Aberystwyth, UK
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23
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Loveys BR, Wareing PF. The hormonal control of wheat leaf unrolling. PLANTA 1971; 98:117-127. [PMID: 24493345 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/1970] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The unrolling of etiolated wheat leaf sections in the dark is stimulated by the application of gibberellic acid (GA3). GA3 is most effective if applied for a short time at the beginning of incubation. Kinetin also stimulated leaf unrolling in the dark. AMO1618 and CCC inhibit red light and kinetin-stimulated unrolling. Gibberellin-like substances extracted from red light-treated leaf tissue are effective in stimulating leaf unrolling.Ethylene production in leaf sections is stimulated by IAA, GA3 and kinetin and inhibited by ABA. A brief exposure to red light decreases the ability of the tissue to produce ethylene. It is concluded that ethylene plays no important role in the control of leaf unrolling by red light or by the application of hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Loveys
- Botany Department, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, U.K
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