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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have evolved to complement T and B cells in host defense against pathogens and cancer. They recognize infected cells and tumors using a sophisticated array of activating, costimulatory, and inhibitory receptors that are expressed on NK cell subsets to create extensive functional diversity. NK cells can be targeted to kill with exquisite antigen specificity by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. NK and T cells share many of the costimulatory and inhibitory receptors that are currently under evaluation in the clinic for cancer immunotherapy. As with T cells, genetic engineering is being employed to modify NK cells to specifically target them to tumors and to enhance their effector functions. As the selective pressures exerted by immunotherapies to augment CD8+T cell responses may result in loss of MHC class I, NK cells may provide an important fail-safe to eliminate these tumors by their capacity to eliminate tumors that are “missing self.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Horikoshi Y, Kitatani K, Toriumi K, Fukunishi N, Itoh Y, Nakamura N, Ohno S, Matsura T, Takekoshi S. Aberrant activation of atypical protein kinase C in carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress provokes a disturbance of cell polarity and sealing of bile canalicular lumen. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:958-68. [PMID: 25688837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarized hepatocytes contain tight junctions (TJs), which are among the most important junctions for sealing the bile canalicular lumen from the sinusoidal space. Alterations in TJs are implicated in chronic cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, which have lipid peroxidation marker elevations or antioxidant vitamin decreases. However, the effect of oxidative stress on hepatocyte polarity or liver morphology is unknown. We found that carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress resulted in disassembly of TJs. Ultrastructural analysis revealed disruption in TJs, Golgi morphology, and expansion of the bile canalicular lumen size in CCl4-treated hepatocytes. The Par complex [Par-3-atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and Par-6 ternary complex] regulates TJs and lumen formation, and the Par-3-aPKC complex formation was inhibited by CCl4 treatment. Moreover, the antioxidant compound vitamin E prohibited a CCl4-induced disturbance in TJs and Par-3-aPKC complex formation. aPKC phosphorylates Par-3 and down-regulates its own affinity with Par-3. Importantly, aPKC kinase activity and Par-3 phosphorylation were significantly increased in CCl4-treated rat livers. These results indicate that the Par-3-aPKC complex plays a crucial role in the maintenance of hepatocyte polarity and sealing of the bile canalicular lumen. Our findings suggest that bile canalicular lumen expansion might explain the presence of cholestasis in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Horikoshi
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kanae Kitatani
- Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Department of Cell Biology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kentaro Toriumi
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Nahoko Fukunishi
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Itoh
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Matsura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Susumu Takekoshi
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Department of Cell Biology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
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3
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Cichocki F, Verneris MR, Cooley S, Bachanova V, Brunstein CG, Blazar BR, Wagner J, Schlums H, Bryceson YT, Weisdorf DJ, Miller JS. The Past, Present, and Future of NK Cells in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Adoptive Transfer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 395:225-43. [PMID: 26037048 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has been used as a part of cancer therapy for over half a decade. Beyond the necessity for donor-derived cells to reconstitute hematopoiesis after radiation and chemotherapy, immunologic reconstitution from allogeneic cells is important for the elimination of residual tumor cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are first among lymphocytes to reconstitute post-transplant and protect against cancer relapse. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the role of NK cells in cancer control in the transplant setting and focus on current research aimed at improving NK cell responses for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cichocki
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Sarah Cooley
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heinrich Schlums
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Broeglmann Research Laboratory, Clinical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel J Weisdorf
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,MMC 806, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Harvard Street at East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trauner
- Department of Medicine, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
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Cantoni L, Carelli M, Ghezzi P, Delgado R, Faggioni R, Rizzardini M. Mechanisms of interleukin-2-induced depression of hepatic cytochrome P-450 in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 292:257-63. [PMID: 7796864 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6917(95)90030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (15 micrograms/mouse, i.p. twice daily for 4 days and once on the 5th day) significantly lowered cytochrome P-450 and heme content and increased heme oxygenase mRNA accumulation; the activities of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, ethoxy- and pentoxyphenoxazone O-dealkylases were decreased. The activity of the type O form of hepatic xanthine oxidase increased, but there was no increase in lipid peroxide, expressed in terms of microsomal malondialdehyde. In vivo inactivation of xanthine oxidase activity by feeding mice with tungstate did not substantially change the degree of interleukin-2-induced cytochrome P-450 depression, suggesting that the two processes are not causally linked. Induction of tolerance to endotoxin by a 4-day pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide resulted in 50% protection against this depression despite inhibition of the interleukin-2 induced formation of tumor necrosis factor. This suggests that the release of tumor necrosis factor per se does not fully account for the depression of cytochrome P-450. Dexamethasone, already used in patients to reduce the toxicity of interleukin-2 therapy, provided full protection against the cytochrome P-450 depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cantoni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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6
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is increasingly used to treat patients with cancers refractory to conventional treatment. Flu-like syndromes are extremely frequent but usually mild. A variety of skin complications (mostly erythema and mucositis) have been reported. Life-threatening skin reactions have also been described. Acute reactivation of psoriasis can also occur. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions have so far not been described, but IL-2 treatment has been shown to predispose to acute hypersensitivity reactions to iodine-containing contrast media. Hypothyroidism is the major endocrine complication and antithyroid antibodies have been detected in approximately 50% of patients. Neurological and psychiatric disturbances with moderate or severe mental status changes are common and sometimes treatment-limiting. The occurrence of peritumoural oedema in patients with brain metastases can also be a major practical problem. Musculoskeletal disorders are transient and resolve spontaneously. The vascular leak syndrome is the most frequent and severe complication of IL-2 of which weight gain, generalised oedema, hypotension and impaired renal function are the main features. Even though a damaging effect on vascular endothelium cells by various cytokines released by activated lymphoid cells or mediated by non-lymphocyte-dependent factors has been proposed to be involved, the mechanism remains unclear. Other cardiovascular injuries, possibly life-threatening, including myocarditis, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, can occur during the first days of treatment. Supraventricular arrhythmias are the most common rhythmic disorder. Decreases in myocardial contractility and haemodynamic pattern similar to those of septic shock have been encountered in most cases. Acute renal dysfunction is common but resolves with symptomatic management. Intrahepatic cholestasis with hyperbilirubinaemia is observed in most patients but permanent liver damage has not been described. Several cases of pancreatitis have been reported. Anaemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphocytopenia and eosinophilia are frequent and occur in most if not all patients. Some data suggest a high incidence of infectious complications, particularly in patients with surgically tunnelled catheters, but marked flu-like syndromes may be confounding. Finally, death directly related to IL-2 treatment has been noted in less than 1% of all patients. Investigations are under way to minimise IL-2 toxicity with varying dose regimens and combined treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vial
- Laboratoire d'Immunotoxicologie Fondamentale et Clinique, INSERM U80, Faculté de Médecine Alexis Carrel, Lyon, France
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7
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Kroemer G, Andreu JL, Gonzalo JA, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Martínez C. Interleukin-2, autotolerance, and autoimmunity. Adv Immunol 1991; 50:147-235. [PMID: 1950796 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Kroemer
- Centro de Biología Molecular (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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