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Righetti L, Bhandari DR, Rolli E, Tortorella S, Bruni R, Dall'Asta C, Spengler B. Unveiling the spatial distribution of aflatoxin B1 and plant defense metabolites in maize using AP-SMALDI mass spectrometry imaging. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:185-199. [PMID: 33421236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to cope with the presence of unfavorable compounds, plants can biotransform xenobiotics, translocate both parent compounds and metabolites, and perform compartmentation and segregation at the cellular or tissue level. Such a scenario also applies to mycotoxins, fungal secondary metabolites with a pre-eminent role in plant infection. In this work, we aimed to describe the effect of the interplay between Zea mays (maize) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at the tissue and organ level. To address this challenge, we used atmospheric pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AP-SMALDI MSI) to investigate the biotransformation, localization and subsequent effects of AFB1 on primary and secondary metabolism of healthy maize plants, both in situ and from a metabolomics standpoint. High spatial resolution (5 µm) provided fine localization of AFB1, which was located within the root intercellular spaces, and co-localized with its phase-I metabolite aflatoxin M2. We provided a parallel visualization of maize metabolic changes, induced in different organs and tissues by an accumulation of AFB1. According to our untargeted metabolomics investigation, anthocyanin biosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism in roots are most affected. The biosynthesis of these metabolites appears to be inhibited by AFB1 accumulation. On the other hand, metabolites found in above-ground organs suggest that the presence of AFB1 may also activate the biochemical response in the absence of an actual fungal infection; indeed, several plant secondary metabolites known for their antimicrobial or antioxidant activities were localized in the outer tissues, such as phenylpropanoids, benzoxazinoids, phytohormones and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Dhaka Ram Bhandari
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Enrico Rolli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 11/a, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Sara Tortorella
- Molecular Horizon Srl, Via Montelino 30, Bettona, Perugia, 06084, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen, 35392, Germany
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Llewellyn GC, O'Donnell WA, Dashek WV. Aflatoxin influences on seed germination and root elongation by two cultivars of Glycine max and uptake of 65 Zn-ZnCl2 by the cultivars. Mycopathologia 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00441120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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