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Detection of mosaicism for genome imbalance in a cohort of 3,042 clinical cases using an oligonucleotide array CGH platform. Eur J Med Genet 2011; 54:121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Perez MJ, Schneider A, Chaze AM, Bigi N, Lefort G, Rouleau C, Faure JM, Rahil H, Wadih N, Couture A, Boulot P, Blanchet P, Sarda P, Geneviève D. Epiphyseal punctate calcifications (stippling) in complete trisomy 9. Prenat Diagn 2010; 29:1085-8. [PMID: 19777540 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José Perez
- Service de Génétique Médicale et Chromosomique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs Sud-Languedoc Roussillon, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
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3
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Gérard-Blanluet M, Danan C, Sinico M, Lelong F, Borghi E, Dassieu G, Janaud JC, Odent S, Encha-Razavi F. Mosaic trisomy 9 and lobar holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 111:295-300. [PMID: 12210326 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The main features of trisomy 9 syndrome in mosaic and non-mosaic forms have been thoroughly described. Characteristic traits are low-set malformed ears, micrognathia, broad nose with bulbous tip, abnormal brain, congenital heart defects, abnormal hands and feet, genital abnormalities, and early death. We report a case of mosaic trisomy 9 with holoprosencephaly (HPE). The propositi was born at 37 weeks, with intra-uterine growth retardation, hypotelorism and single nostril, ventricular septal defect, anterior placement of anus, clenched hands with thumb adduction and ulnar deviation. Facial anomalies characteristic of trisomy 9 included deeply set eyes and short palpebral fissures, flat face with maxillary hypoplasia, small mouth, and low-set posteriorly angulated ears. Cytogenetic analysis showed mosaic trisomy 9 with 17% trisomic cells. Pathology confirmed lobar HPE. In literature, isolated arrhinia, related to the HPE spectrum, was reported in one case of mosaic trisomy 9. Our case raises the question of the causative role of trisomy 9 in full blown HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Japan.
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5
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Patel MS, Callahan JW, Zhang S, Chan AK, Unger S, Levin AV, Skomorowski MA, Feigenbaum AS, O'Brien K, Hellmann J, Ryan G, Velsher L, Chitayat D. Early-infantile galactosialidosis: Prenatal presentation and postnatal follow-up. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990702)85:1<38::aid-ajmg8>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Cantú ES, Eicher DJ, Pai GS, Donahue CJ, Harley RA. Mosaic vs. nonmosaic trisomy 9: report of a liveborn infant evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization and review of the literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 62:330-5. [PMID: 8723059 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960424)62:4<330::aid-ajmg1>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on a newborn infant with multiple congenital anomalies and apparent nonmosaic trisomy 9 in the blood (by conventional cytogenetic studies) who died shortly after birth. Clinical observations at birth and autopsy are compared with phenotypes of mosaic and nonmosaic trisomy 9 cases reported previously. Unlike the initial cytogenetic analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies of metaphase and interphase blood cells and skin fibroblasts detected the presence of euploid and trisomy 9 cells. These results suggest that earlier reports of trisomy 9, which relied on conventional chromosome analysis of a few metaphase cells and/or only one tissue type, may not have excluded mosaicism, and that trisomy 9 may be viable only in the mosaic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Cantú
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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7
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Saura R, Traore W, Taine L, Wen ZQ, Roux D, Maugey-Laulom B, Ruffie M, Vergnaud A, Horovitz J. Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 9. Six cases and a review of the literature. Prenat Diagn 1995; 15:609-14. [PMID: 8532619 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970150704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Six prenatally diagnosed cases of trisomy 9 are reported and 22 previously reported cases are reviewed; the difficulty of genetic counselling for such cases and the variation in the percentage of trisomic cells in different tissues, thus making accurate diagnosis of trisomy 9 difficult, are emphasized. In addition to karyotyping results, ultrasound findings are important in achieving diagnoses. Finally, a course of action when prenatal trisomy 9 is detected is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saura
- Centre de Diagnostic Prénatal, Maternité Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux, France
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8
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Wooldridge J, Zunich J. Trisomy 9 syndrome: report of a case with Crohn disease and review of the literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 56:258-64. [PMID: 7778585 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320560304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on a 6-year-old boy with mosaic trisomy 9. The patient was born at 42 weeks of gestation to a 27-year-old G1 white woman. Birth weight was 2,820 g, length 52 cm, and Apgar scores were 4 and 6 at 1 and 5 min, respectively. The infant presented with apparently low-set ears, overfolded helices, epicanthal folds, prominent nasal bridge, high-arched palate, micrognathia, bilateral dislocated hips, left genu recurvatum, and cryptorchidism. Chromosome analysis showed an unusual karyotype: 47,XY,+inv(9qh+)/47,XY,+mar. The marker chromosome was thought to be a remnant of the inv(9qh+) chromosome. The mother's karyotype was 46,XX,inv(9qh+), while the father's was 46,XY. At age 5 months, the patient developed seizures and gastroesophageal reflux. Crohn disease was diagnosed at age 2 years, although symptoms began at age 1 year. Recurrent bouts of pneumonia have occurred since the patient's birth. Severe psychomotor retardation was also noted. Trisomy 9 syndrome was first reported in 1973. Over 30 cases have been reported since then. Of these cases reports, only 5 patients were older than 1 year. Inflammatory bowel disease has been reported in association with other chromosome abnormalities, but to our knowledge, has not been reported in trisomy 9 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wooldridge
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Northwest Center for Medical Education, Gary 46408, USA
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9
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Arnold GL, Kirby RS, Stern TP, Sawyer JR. Trisomy 9: review and report of two new cases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 56:252-7. [PMID: 7778584 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320560303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 9 is a relatively uncommon chromosome abnormality that may sometimes be seen in the nonmosaic state. We reviewed 23 mosaic and 15 nonmosaic cases of trisomy 9, including 2 new cases, in order to better define the prognosis and phenotype of this disorder. A recognizable trisomy 9 phenotype was identified and included a "bulbous" nose, microphthalmia, and dislocated limbs. Other nonspecific anomalies involving various organ systems were also common. With one exception, all survivors had severe mental impairment. Mosaicism for trisomy 9 predicted longer survival, but the degree of mosaicism in lymphocytes or fibroblasts did not predict survival or degree of impairment. Parental chromosome variations were not uncommon. In contrast to prior reports, no specific prognostic finding was identified. A meiotic origin with loss of a trisomic cell line in mosaic cases is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Arnold
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
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Merino A, De Perdigo A, Nombalais F, Yvinec M, Le Roux MG, Bellec V. Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 9 mosaicism: two new cases. Prenat Diagn 1993; 13:1001-7. [PMID: 8309895 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970131016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We present two prenatal cases of trisomy 9 mosaicism, both of which presented intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and other abnormal ultrasound findings. In case A, mosaicism was found in amniotic fluid cell cultures, of which 65 per cent were trisomic cells, on average. In case B, trisomic cells were present in amniotic fluid cell cultures (12 per cent) but none were found in fetal cord blood. After autopsy, cytogenetic findings were confirmed in different tissue cultures. It is concluded that echographic indicators are a very useful tool for a correct prenatal diagnostic interpretation of trisomy 9. Suspected trisomy 9 mosaicism always requires further investigation and fetal cord blood cytogenetic analysis may not be considered as providing an accurate diagnosis of fetal trisomy 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merino
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Anténatale, Centre Hospitalaire et Universitaire de Nantes, France
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Stoll C, Chognot D, Halb A, Luckel JC. Trisomy 9 mosaicism in two girls with multiple congenital malformations and mental retardation. J Med Genet 1993; 30:433-5. [PMID: 8320712 PMCID: PMC1016387 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.5.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two girls with mosaicism for an extra chromosome 9 are reported. Clinical findings included growth and mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, delayed ossification, single flexion crease, gastro-oesophageal reflux in one girl, and ventricular and atrial septal defects in the other patient. These findings are compared to the other previously reported cases of trisomy 9 mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stoll
- Institut de Puériculture, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Strasbourg, France
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12
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Sherer DM, Wang N, Thompson HO, Peterson JC, Miller ME, Metlay LA, Abramowicz JS. An infant with trisomy 9 mosaicism presenting as a complete trisomy 9 by amniocentesis. Prenat Diagn 1992; 12:31-7. [PMID: 1557309 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970120105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a case in which amniocentesis performed at 33 weeks' gestation because of symmetrical intrauterine growth retardation and decreased amniotic fluid volume led to the prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with a karyotype of 47,XX,+9,t(1;20)(q42;p11.2) pat, i.e., with an extra chromosome 9 and a balanced translocation between chromosomes 1 and 20. At delivery, the baby showed clinical features of trisomy 9, yet chromosome analysis of the cord blood revealed no trisomy 9 cells, a finding confirmed by neonatal blood karyotyping. The balanced translocation was present in all cells. A skin biopsy confirmed trisomy 9 mosaicism with 10 per cent trisomy 9 cells. The baby died at 6 weeks and an autopsy was obtained. Chromosome analysis of different organs demonstrated different frequencies of the mosaicism of trisomy 9. The possible underlying mechanism for the discrepancy between the karyotype results by amniocentesis and those of other tissues is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Sherer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642
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13
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Abstract
The ocular pathology in a new patient with mosaic trisomy 9 comprised major anomalies and contrasted sharply with the findings in a previous case reported by us. The ocular changes in this case were, in essence, indistinguishable from those encountered in the most severe form of trisomy 13. Similarities to trisomy 18 and 21 were further evidence of the overlap of ocular findings in autosomal trisomies. There is increasing evidence that most, if not all, chromosomes have some role in regulating ocular embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ginsberg
- Charles J. Elsnic Ophthalmic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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Agematsu K, Koike K, Morosawa H, Nakahori Y, Nakagome Y, Akabane T. Chondrodysplasia punctata with X;Y translocation. Hum Genet 1988; 80:105-7. [PMID: 3417299 DOI: 10.1007/bf00451470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have studied a family in which the mother and her son were carriers of an X;Y translocation, der(X)t(X;Y) (p22.3;q11). The mother was of slightly short stature and had mildly short upper extremities. The son had epiphyseal punctate calcifications, mildly short extremities, a flattened nasal bridge, and mental retardation (chondrodysplasia punctata). The extra bands on the short arm of the X chromosome were identified as deriving from the long arm of the Y chromosome, using in situ hybridization with a Y-chromosome-specific DNA probe (pHY10). The chondrodysplasia punctata seen in our case may be associated with the abnormality of the distal short arm of the X chromosome caused by X;Y translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Agematsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Mosaic trisomy 9 was detected in an amniotic fluid cell culture from a 40-year-old woman evaluated because of advanced maternal age. After counselling, parents elected to terminate the pregnancy. On autopsy the fetus was found to have hydrocephalus and a single kidney. The diagnosis of trisomy 9 mosaicism was confirmed in cultured skin fibroblasts. This is the third reported case of trisomy 9 mosaicism diagnosed prenatally.
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Abstract
A clinical and pathologic study of a neonate with mosaic trisomy 9 revealed findings similar to those in other cases with this chromosomal anomaly. Except for deeply-set eyes and small palpebral fissures with slight telecanthus, our ocular findings have not previously been described in mosaic trisomy 9. The most striking ocular pathologic alterations involved the anterior segment and included a keratolenticular adhesion and marked iris hypoplasia. There were similarities to Peters' anomaly as well as to ocular lesions associated with aplasia of th optic nerve and Lowe's and Potter's syndrome. The ocular and extraocular anomalies in our patient appear to have resulted from a mesodermal dysgenesis operational between one and five and a half months of gestation.
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Frydman M, Shabtal F, Halbrecht I, Elian E. Normal psychomotor development in a child with mosaic trisomy and pericentric inversion of chromosome 9. J Med Genet 1981; 18:390-2. [PMID: 7328619 PMCID: PMC1048764 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.18.5.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A female infant with trisomy 9 in 58% of her cells is reported. Multiple congenital malformations were present, but she had normal psychomotor development. A pericentric inversion involving a portion of the centromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 9 was identified in the patient and her mother. This variant chromosome 9 was present in duplicate in the trisomic line. Since similar variants of 9qh have been found repeatedly in this syndrome, we feel that this association may be a non-random one.
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