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Božič D, Hočevar M, Kisovec M, Pajnič M, Pađen L, Jeran M, Bedina Zavec A, Podobnik M, Kogej K, Iglič A, Kralj-Iglič V. Stability of Erythrocyte-Derived Nanovesicles Assessed by Light Scattering and Electron Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312772. [PMID: 34884574 PMCID: PMC8657685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increasing amounts of attention due to their potential use in diagnostics and therapy, but the poor reproducibility of the studies that have been conducted on these structures hinders their breakthrough into routine practice. We believe that a better understanding of EVs stability and methods to control their integrity are the key to resolving this issue. In this work, erythrocyte EVs (hbEVs) were isolated by centrifugation from suspensions of human erythrocytes that had been aged in vitro. The isolate was characterised by scanning (SEM) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), flow cytometry (FCM), dynamic/static light scattering (LS), protein electrophoresis, and UV-V spectrometry. The hbEVs were exposed to various conditions (pH (4–10), osmolarity (50–1000 mOsm/L), temperature (15–60 °C), and surfactant Triton X-100 (10–500 μM)). Their stability was evaluated by LS by considering the hydrodynamic radius (Rh), intensity of scattered light (I), and the shape parameter (ρ). The morphology of the hbEVs that had been stored in phosphate-buffered saline with citrate (PBS–citrate) at 4 °C remained consistent for more than 6 months. A change in the media properties (50–1000 mOsm/L, pH 4–10) had no significant effect on the Rh (=100–130 nm). At pH values below 6 and above 8, at temperatures above 45 °C, and in the presence of Triton X-100, hbEVs degradation was indicated by a decrease in I of more than 20%. Due to the simple preparation, homogeneous morphology, and stability of hbEVs under a wide range of conditions, they are considered to be a suitable option for EV reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Božič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.B.); (M.P.); (L.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Matej Hočevar
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Institute of Metals and Technology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Matic Kisovec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (A.B.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Manca Pajnič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.B.); (M.P.); (L.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Ljubiša Pađen
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.B.); (M.P.); (L.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Marko Jeran
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.B.); (M.P.); (L.P.); (M.J.)
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Apolonija Bedina Zavec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (A.B.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (A.B.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Ksenija Kogej
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.B.); (M.P.); (L.P.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-4172-0766
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