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Riabinin A, Pankratova M, Rogovaya O, Vorotelyak E, Terskikh V, Vasiliev A. Ideal Living Skin Equivalents, From Old Technologies and Models to Advanced Ones: The Prospects for an Integrated Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:9947692. [PMID: 39184355 PMCID: PMC11343635 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9947692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of technologies for the generation and transplantation of living skin equivalents (LSEs) is a significant area of translational medicine. Such functional equivalents can be used to model and study the morphogenesis of the skin and its derivatives, to test drugs, and to improve the healing of chronic wounds, burns, and other skin injuries. The evolution of LSEs over the past 50 years has demonstrated the leap in technology and quality and the shift from classical full-thickness LSEs to principled new models, including modification of classical models and skin organoids with skin derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (hiPSCs). Modern methods and approaches make it possible to create LSEs that successfully mimic native skin, including derivatives such as hair follicles (HFs), sebaceous and sweat glands, blood vessels, melanocytes, and nerve cells. New technologies such as 3D and 4D bioprinting, microfluidic systems, and genetic modification enable achievement of new goals, cost reductions, and the scaled-up production of LSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Riabinin
- Department of Cell BiologyKoltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Pankratova
- Department of Cell BiologyKoltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Rogovaya
- Department of Cell BiologyKoltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Vorotelyak
- Department of Cell BiologyKoltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Terskikh
- Department of Cell BiologyKoltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Vasiliev
- Department of Cell BiologyKoltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Sachs D, Jakob R, Restivo G, Hafner J, Lindenblatt N, Ehret AE, Mazza E. A quadriphasic mechanical model of the human dermis. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:1121-1136. [PMID: 38489079 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigates the multiphasic nature of the mechanical behavior of human dermis. Motivated by experimental observations and by consideration of its composition, a quadriphasic model of the dermis is proposed, distinguishing solid matrix components, interstitial fluid and charged constituents moving within the fluid, i.e., anions and cations. Compression and tensile experiments with and without change of osmolarity of the bath are performed to characterize the chemo-mechanical coupling in the dermis. Model parameters are determined through inverse analysis. The computations predict a dominant role of the permeability in the determination of the temporal evolution of the mechanical response of the tissue. In line with the previous studies on other tissues, the analysis shows that an ideal model based on Donnan's equilibrium overestimates the osmotic pressure in skin for the case of very dilute solutions. The quadriphasic model is applied to predict changes in dermal cell environment and therefore alterations in what is called the "mechanome," associated with skin stretch. The simulations indicate that skin deformation causes a variation in several local variables, including in particular the electric field associated with a deformation-induced non-homogeneous distribution of fixed charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sachs
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Raphael Jakob
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gaetana Restivo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Lindenblatt
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander E Ehret
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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3
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De Tollenaere M, Meunier M, Durduret A, Chapuis E, Auriol P, Auriol D, Scandolera A, Reynaud R. Facial pore refining by targeting dermal and epidermal functions: Assessment across age and gender. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 39086149 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conspicuous facial pores are benign but represent a cosmetic concern for men and women. Recent works described dermal and epidermal impairments as clinical causes of enlarged pores. Morphological modifications of skin at the site of pores were associated with collagen density loss, possible alteration of extracellular matrix and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. AIMS A composition containing mannose-6-phosphate (Active Complex) was designed to address these different aspects of pore enlargement. In vitro and ex vivo evaluations were conducted in different models mimicking disturbance of dermal and epidermal functions. The pore refining activity of Active Complex was assessed in two clinical trials studying a Caucasian women cohort and an Asian men cohort. RESULTS At the dermal level, Active Complex upregulated collagen I and decorin synthesis, and genes encoding collagens I, III, V, VII, XVII; suggesting its ability to favor collagen fiber organization and anchorage. The downregulation of matrix metalloprotease, involved in extracellular matrix degradation, reinforced the protective effect of Active Complex in the dermis. Active Complex down modulated differentiation markers in keratinocytes as well as genes involved in cell renewal. Study of reconstructed human epidermis modeling keratinocyte hyperproliferation revealed that Active Complex mitigated two markers of this state: number of nuclei in the stratum corneum and involucrin expression. Clinical trials confirmed the pore refining activity of Active Complex on men and women of different ages and ethnicities; -24% total skin pore area after 56 days of application on women, and -30.2% on men after 7 days. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates the interest to target dermal and epidermal modifications described in conspicuous pore area, especially dermis fiber organization, to address this cosmetic concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane De Tollenaere
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Marie Meunier
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Anaïs Durduret
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Emilie Chapuis
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Pascale Auriol
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Auriol
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Amandine Scandolera
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Romain Reynaud
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
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4
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Polak J, Sachs D, Scherrer N, Süess A, Liu H, Levesque M, Werner S, Mazza E, Restivo G, Meboldt M, Giampietro C. Radial matrix constraint influences tissue contraction and promotes maturation of bi-layered skin equivalents. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 156:213702. [PMID: 37992477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) serve as important tools for mechanistic studies with human skin cells, drug discovery, pre-clinical applications in the field of tissue engineering and for skin transplantation on skin defects. Besides the cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) components used for HSEs, physical constraints applied on the scaffold during HSEs maturation influence tissue organization, functionality, and homogeneity. In this study, we introduce a 3D-printed culture insert that exposes bi-layered HSEs to a static radial constraint through matrix adhesion. We examine the effect of various diameters of the ring-shaped culture insert on the HSE's characteristics and compare them to state-of-the-art unconstrained and planar constrained HSEs. We show that radial matrix constraint of HSEs regulates tissue contraction, promotes fibroblast and matrix organization that is similar to human skin in vivo and improves keratinocyte differentiation, epidermal stratification, and basement membrane formation depending on the culture insert diameter. Together, these data demonstrate that the degree of HSE's contraction is an important design consideration in skin tissue engineering. Therefore, this study can help to mimic various in vivo skin conditions and to increase the control of relevant tissue properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Polak
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - David Sachs
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Nino Scherrer
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Süess
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Huan Liu
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dubendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Gaetana Restivo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Meboldt
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dubendorf 8600, Switzerland
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5
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Ricci V, Cocco G, Donati D, Farì G, Chang KV, Özçakar L. From Histopathology to High-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging of Skin Scars. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3629. [PMID: 38132213 PMCID: PMC10742690 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, modern ultrasound machines and high-frequency transducers allow us to accurately assess the superficial soft tissues of the human body. In this sense, sonographic evaluation of the skin and related pathologies is progressively growing in the pertinent literature. To the best of our knowledge, a standardized sonographic protocol focused on the assessment of pathological skin scars is still lacking. As such, the main purpose of the present study was to propose a technical guide to sonographically assess skin scars in the daily practice of clinicians-starting from knowledge on their histopathological features. In order to standardize the ultrasound examination, a superficial-to-deep, layer-by-layer approach has been proposed to optimize its reproducibility and to promote a common language among the different healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ricci
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cocco
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Danilo Donati
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Farì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Ke-Vin Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Levent Özçakar
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
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6
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Abu Rached N, Kley S, Storck M, Meyer T, Stücker M. Cold Plasma Therapy in Chronic Wounds-A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (Plasma on Chronic Wounds for Epidermal Regeneration Study): Preliminary Results. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5121. [PMID: 37568525 PMCID: PMC10419810 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds (CWs) pose a significant health challenge in clinical practice. Standard wound therapy (SWT) is currently considered the gold standard. However, recent evidence suggests that cold plasma therapy (CPT) holds promise for improving CWs. In light of this, the POWER study was conducted as a multicenter, randomized clinical trial to investigate the effect of large-area plasma application compared with SWT in patients with chronic, non-healing arterial or venous wounds on the lower leg. To analyze the interim results, we employed a comprehensive range of statistical tests, including both parametric and non-parametric methods, as well as GLS model regression and an ordinal mixed model. Our findings clearly demonstrate that CPT therapy significantly accelerates wound closure compared with SWT. In fact, complete wound closure was exclusively observed in the CPT group during the intervention period. Additionally, the CPT group required significantly less antibiotic therapy (4%) compared with the SWT group (23%). Furthermore, CPT led to a significant reduction in wound pain and improved quality of life compared with SWT. In conclusion, the study highlights that the combination of CPT and SWT surpasses monotherapy with SWT alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessr Abu Rached
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Susanne Kley
- Scientific Institute for Health Economics and Health Research, Markt 9, 04109 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Martin Storck
- Municipal Hospital Karlsruhe gGmbH, Moltkestraße 90, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Markus Stücker
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
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7
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Kim HY, Im HY, Chang HK, Jeong HD, Park JH, Kim HI, Yi HS, Kim YS. Correlation between Collagen Type I/III Ratio and Scar Formation in Patients Undergoing Immediate Reconstruction with the Round Block Technique after Breast-Conserving Surgery. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041089. [PMID: 37189707 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the collagen type I/III ratio and scarring in patients who underwent immediate reconstruction with the round block technique (RBT) after breast conservation surgery. Seventy-eight patients were included, and demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. The collagen type I/III ratio was measured using immunofluorescence staining and digital imaging, and scarring was assessed using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS). The mean VSS scores were 1.92 ± 2.01 and 1.79 ± 1.89, as assessed by two independent plastic surgeons, with good reliability of the scores. A significant positive correlation was found between VSS and the collagen type I/III ratio (r = 0.552, p < 0.01), and a significant negative correlation was found between VSS and the collagen type III content (r = −0.326, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the collagen type I/III ratio had a significant positive effect on VSS (β = 0.415, p = 0.028), whereas the collagen type I and collagen type III content had no significant effect on VSS. These findings suggest that the collagen type I/III ratio is associated with scar development in patients undergoing RBT after breast conservation surgery. Further research is needed to develop a patient-specific scar prediction model based on genetic factors affecting the collagen type I/III ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-young Kim
- We Are the Plastic Surgery, 415, Haeun-daero, Haeundae-gu, Busan 48064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-young Im
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 262, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-kyung Chang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 262, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-do Jeong
- Kosin Innovative Smart Healthcare Research Center, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, 262, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-hyung Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 262, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-il Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 262, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-suk Yi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 262, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-soo Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Kosin University, 262, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
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8
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Deng L, Fan Z, Chen B, Zhai H, He H, He C, Sun Y, Wang Y, Ma H. A Dual-Modality Imaging Method Based on Polarimetry and Second Harmonic Generation for Characterization and Evaluation of Skin Tissue Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044206. [PMID: 36835613 PMCID: PMC9966533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization and evaluation of skin tissue structures are crucial for dermatological applications. Recently, Mueller matrix polarimetry and second harmonic generation microscopy have been widely used in skin tissue imaging due to their unique advantages. However, the features of layered skin tissue structures are too complicated to use a single imaging modality for achieving a comprehensive evaluation. In this study, we propose a dual-modality imaging method combining Mueller matrix polarimetry and second harmonic generation microscopy for quantitative characterization of skin tissue structures. It is demonstrated that the dual-modality method can well divide the mouse tail skin tissue specimens' images into three layers of stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis. Then, to quantitatively analyze the structural features of different skin layers, the gray level co-occurrence matrix is adopted to provide various evaluating parameters after the image segmentations. Finally, to quantitatively measure the structural differences between damaged and normal skin areas, an index named Q-Health is defined based on cosine similarity and the gray-level co-occurrence matrix parameters of imaging results. The experiments confirm the effectiveness of the dual-modality imaging parameters for skin tissue structure discrimination and assessment. It shows the potential of the proposed method for dermatological practices and lays the foundation for further, in-depth evaluation of the health status of human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Deng
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Binguo Chen
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haoyu Zhai
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Honghui He
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Chao He
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (C.H.)
| | - Yanan Sun
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Zinc and Zinc Transporters in Dermatology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416165. [PMID: 36555806 PMCID: PMC9785331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an important trace mineral in the human body and a daily intake of zinc is required to maintain a healthy status. Over the past decades, zinc has been used in formulating topical and systemic therapies for various skin disorders owing to its wound healing and antimicrobial properties. Zinc transporters play a major role in maintaining the integrity of the integumentary system by controlling zinc homeostasis within dermal layers. Mutations and abnormal function of zinc-transporting proteins can lead to disease development, such as spondylocheirodysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (SCD-EDS) and acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) which can be fatal if left untreated. This review discusses the layers of the skin, the importance of zinc and zinc transporters in each layer, and the various skin disorders caused by zinc deficiency, in addition to zinc-containing compounds used for treating different skin disorders and skin protection.
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10
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Ricci V, Ricci C, Cocco G, Donati D, Farì G, Mezian K, Naňka O, Özçakar L. From Histology to Sonography in Skin and Superficial Tissue Disorders: EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM* Approach. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 237:154003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Ganier C, Rognoni E, Goss G, Lynch M, Watt FM. Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Healthy and Wounded Skin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a041238. [PMID: 35667795 PMCID: PMC9248828 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the main cell type in the dermis. They are responsible for the synthesis and deposition of structural proteins such as collagen and elastin, which are integrated into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Mouse and human studies using flow cytometry, cell culture, skin reconstitution, and lineage tracing experiments have shown the existence of different subpopulations of fibroblasts, including papillary fibroblasts, reticular fibroblasts, and fibroblasts comprising the dermal papilla at the base of the hair follicle. In recent years, the technological advances in single-cell sequencing have allowed researchers to study the repertoire of cells present in full-thickness skin including the dermis. Multiple groups have confirmed that distinct fibroblast populations can be identified in mouse and human dermis on the basis of differences in the transcriptional profile. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding dermal fibroblast heterogeneity in healthy mouse and human skin, highlighting the similarities and differences between mouse and human fibroblast subpopulations. We also discuss how fibroblast heterogeneity may provide insights into physiological wound healing and its dysfunction in pathological states such as hypertrophic and keloid scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Ganier
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuel Rognoni
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Goss
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Lynch
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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12
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Su CY, Hughes MW, Liu TY, Chuong CM, Wang HV, Yang WC. Defining Wound Healing Progression in Cetacean Skin: Characteristics of Full-Thickness Wound Healing in Fraser's Dolphins ( Lagenodelphis hosei). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050537. [PMID: 35268108 PMCID: PMC8908859 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cutaneous wound healing is a complex and tightly regulated biological process to restore physiological and anatomic function. Current knowledge of cutaneous wound healing is mostly based on studies in laboratory animals and humans. The histological and immunological features of skin, for example, cutaneous thickness, cellular components, and immune response, are not identical among animal species, and these differences may lead to substantial effects in cutaneous wound healing. In field observation, large cutaneous wounds in cetaceans could heal without medical treatments. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms, and there is no histological study on full-thickness wound healing in cetaceans. The current study characterizes the macroscopic and histological features of large full-thickness wound healing in Fraser’s dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei). The differences of wound healing between cetaceans and terrestrial mammals were shown from the histological aspect, including rete and dermal ridge appearance, repigmentation, and adipose tissue regeneration. Better understanding of the mechanism of full-thickness wound healing in cetaceans will shed light on veterinary and human regenerative medicine, leading to novel therapies. Abstract Cetaceans are tight-skinned mammals that exhibit an extraordinary capacity to heal deep soft tissue injuries. However, essential information of large full-thickness wound healing in cetaceans is still lacking. Here, the stages of full-thickness wound healing were characterized in Fraser’s dolphins (Lagenodelphis hosei). The skin samples were collected from normal skin and full-thickness cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis)-bite wounds of stranded carcasses. We defined five stages of wound healing according to macroscopic and histopathological examinations. Wounds in Stage 1 and 2 were characterized by intercellular and intracellular edema in the epidermal cells near the wound edge, mixed inflammatory cell infiltration, and degradation of collagen fibers. In Stage 3 wounds, melanocytes, melanin granules, rete and dermal ridges were noticed in the neo-epidermis, and the adipose tissue in adjacent blubber was replaced by cells and fibers. Wounds in Stage 4 and 5 were characterized by gradual restoration of the normal skin architecture including rete and dermal ridges, collagen bundles, and adipose tissue. These phenomena were quite different from previous studies in terrestrial tight-skinned mammals, and therefore, further in-depth research into the mechanisms of dolphin wound healing would be needed to gain new insights into veterinary and human regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Su
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Michael W. Hughes
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (M.W.H.); (T.-Y.L.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Liu
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (M.W.H.); (T.-Y.L.)
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Hao-Ven Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Marine Biology and Cetacean Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-V.W.); (W.-C.Y.)
| | - Wei-Cheng Yang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (H.-V.W.); (W.-C.Y.)
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13
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Costello L, Dicolandrea T, Tasseff R, Isfort R, Bascom C, von Zglinicki T, Przyborski S. Tissue engineering strategies to bioengineer the ageing skin phenotype in vitro. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13550. [PMID: 35037366 PMCID: PMC8844123 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin ageing is a complex and heterogeneous process, which is influenced by genetically determined intrinsic factors and accelerated by cumulative exposure to extrinsic stressors. In the current world ageing demographic, there is a requirement for a bioengineered ageing skin model, to further the understanding of the intricate molecular mechanisms of skin ageing, and provide a distinct and biologically relevant platform for testing actives and formulations. There have been many recent advances in the development of skin models that recapitulate aspects of the ageing phenotype in vitro. This review encompasses the features of skin ageing, the molecular mechanisms that drive the ageing phenotype, and tissue engineering strategies that have been utilised to bioengineer ageing skin in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan Tasseff
- Procter and Gamble Mason Business Center Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Robert Isfort
- Procter and Gamble Mason Business Center Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Charlie Bascom
- Procter and Gamble Mason Business Center Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences Durham University Durham UK
- Reprocell Europe Glasgow, Durham UK
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14
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Xue M, Zhao R, March L, Jackson C. Dermal Fibroblast Heterogeneity and Its Contribution to the Skin Repair and Regeneration. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:87-107. [PMID: 33607934 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2020.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Dermal fibroblasts are the major cell type in the skin's dermal layer. These cells originate from distinct locations of the embryo and reside in unique niches in the dermis. Different dermal fibroblasts exhibit distinct roles in skin development, homeostasis, and wound healing. Therefore, these cells are becoming attractive candidates for cell-based therapies in wound healing. Recent Advances: Human skin dermis comprises multiple fibroblast subtypes, including papillary, reticular, and hair follicle-associated fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts after wounding. Recent studies reveal that these cells play distinct roles in wound healing and contribute to diverse healing outcomes, including nonhealing chronic wound or excessive scar formation, such as hypertrophic scars (HTS) and keloids, with papillary fibroblasts having antiscarring and reticular fibroblast scar-forming properties. Critical Issues: The identities and functions of dermal fibroblast subpopulations in many respects remain unknown. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of dermal fibroblast heterogeneity, including their defined cell markers and dermal niches, dynamic changes, and contributions to skin wound healing, with the emphasis on scarless healing, healing with excessive scars (HTS and keloids), chronic wounds, and the potential application of this heterogeneity for developing cell-based therapies that allow wounds to heal faster with less scarring. Future Directions: Heterogeneous dermal fibroblast populations and their functions are poorly characterized. Refining and advancing our understanding of dermal fibroblast heterogeneity and their participation in skin homeostasis and wound healing may create potential therapeutic applications for nonhealing chronic wounds or wounds that heal with excessive scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilang Xue
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruilong Zhao
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lyn March
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Sutton Arthritis Research Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Ricci V, Ricci C, Gervasoni F, Andreoli A, Özçakar L. From histo-anatomy to sonography in lymphedema: EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM approach. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2022; 58:108-117. [PMID: 33861039 PMCID: PMC9980573 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.21.06853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema is a disorder characterized by the accumulation of protein-rich lymphatic fluid in the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue. Based on the underlying causes, it is classified into primary and secondary forms. The use of ultrasound has recently become widespread in the field of lymphedema - especially for its diagnosis and treatment planning. In this study, we briefly reviewed the anatomy and histology of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - to propose a standardized ultrasound assessment of the superficial tissues in patients with upper-/lower-limb lymphedema. We believe that identification of the sono-histological patterns of the dermo-epidermal complex and subcutaneous tissue has place to serve as a simple and reproducible strategy to evaluate their edema diseases that are often subject to an inaccurate diagnosis in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ricci
- Unit of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy -
| | - Costantino Ricci
- Unit of Pathology, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gervasoni
- Unit of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Andreoli
- Unit of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Levent Özçakar
- Hacettepe University Medical School, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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MicroRNA31 and MMP-1 contribute to the differentiated pathway of invasion -with enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition- in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:767-775. [PMID: 34647185 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism of invasion in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) and has been found to be enhanced in tumors originated from actinic keratosis with transformation limited to the basal epithelial layer -differentiated pathway-, compared to cases with invasion subsequent to complete epidermal transformation -classical pathway-. Several microRNAs and proteins can contribute to EMT modulation in cSCCs. MicroRNA21 and microRNA31 are involved in posttranscriptional regulation of protein expression and could play a relevant role in EMT and cSCC progression. Throughout the EMT process upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) enhances invasiveness and MMP-1 and MMP-3 contribute to local invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis in cSCCs. Additionally, cSCC development is associated with PTEN loss and NF-κB, NOTCH-1 and p63 activation. The aim of this work is to identify differences in the expression of those molecules between both pathways of cSCCs development. Eight tissue microarrays from 80 consecutive cSCCs were analyzed using LNA-based miRNA in situ hybridization for miRNA21 and miRNA31 evaluation, and immunohistochemistry for MMP-1, MMP-3, PTEN, NOTCH-1, NF-κB, p63 and CD31. Significantly higher expression of miRNA31 (p < 0.0001) and MMP-1 (p = 0.0072) and angiogenesis (p = 0.0199) were found in the differentiated pathway, whereas PTEN loss (p = 0.0430) was more marked in the classical pathway. No significant differences were found for the other markers. Our findings support a contribution of miRNA31 and MMP-1 in the differentiated pathway, associated to EMT and increased microvascularization. The greater PTEN loss in the classical pathway indicate that its relevance in cSCC is not EMT-related.
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17
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Characterization of Collagen I Fiber Thickness, Density, and Orientation in the Human Skin In Vivo Using Second-Harmonic Generation Imaging. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8090404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of dermal alterations is necessary to monitor skin aging, cancer, and other skin diseases and alterations. The gold standard of morphologic diagnostics is still histopathology. Here, we proposed parameters to distinguish morphologically different collagen I structures in the extracellular matrix and to characterize varying collagen I structures in the skin with similar SAAID (SHG-to-AF Aging Index of Dermis, SHG—second-harmonic generation; AF—autofluorescence) values. Test datasets for the papillary and reticular extracellular matrix from images in 24 female subjects, 36 to 50 years of age, were generated. Parameters for SAAID, edge detection, and fast Fourier transformation directionality were determined. Additionally, textural analyses based on the grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) were conducted. At first, changes in the GLCM parameters were determined in the native greyscale images and, furthermore, in the Hilbert-transformed images. Our results demonstrate a robust set of parameters for noninvasive in vivo classification for morphologically different collagen I structures in the skin, with similar and different SAAID values. We anticipate our method to enable an automated prevention and monitoring system with an age- and gender-specific algorithm.
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18
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Acetylated Resveratrol and Oxyresveratrol Suppress UVB-Induced MMP-1 Expression in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081252. [PMID: 34439500 PMCID: PMC8389240 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) and oxyresveratrol (OXYRES) are considered and utilized as active ingredients of anti-aging skin cosmetics. However, these compounds are susceptible to oxidative discoloration and unpleasant odor in solutions, limiting their use in cosmetics. Accordingly, RES and OXYRES were chemically modified to acetylated derivatives with enhanced stability, and their anti-aging effect on the skin and detailed molecular mechanism of their acetylated derivatives were investigated. Acetylated RES and OXYRES lost their acetyl group and exerted an inhibitory effect on H2O2-induced ROS levels in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. In addition, RES, OXYRES, and their acetylated derivatives suppressed UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, RES, OXYRES, and their acetylated derivatives suppressed type I collagen in TPA-treated HDF cells. Collectively, these results suggest the beneficial effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of RES, OXYRES, and their acetylated derivatives for anti- skin aging applications.
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19
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Pereira D, Sequeira I. A Scarless Healing Tale: Comparing Homeostasis and Wound Healing of Oral Mucosa With Skin and Oesophagus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682143. [PMID: 34381771 PMCID: PMC8350526 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are the most rapidly dividing tissues in the body, holding a natural ability for renewal and regeneration. This ability is crucial for survival as epithelia are essential to provide the ultimate barrier against the external environment, protecting the underlying tissues. Tissue stem and progenitor cells are responsible for self-renewal and repair during homeostasis and following injury. Upon wounding, epithelial tissues undergo different phases of haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling, often resulting in fibrosis and scarring. In this review, we explore the phenotypic differences between the skin, the oesophagus and the oral mucosa. We discuss the plasticity of these epithelial stem cells and contribution of different fibroblast subpopulations for tissue regeneration and wound healing. While these epithelial tissues share global mechanisms of stem cell behaviour for tissue renewal and regeneration, the oral mucosa is known for its outstanding healing potential with minimal scarring. We aim to provide an updated review of recent studies that combined cell therapy with bioengineering exporting the unique scarless properties of the oral mucosa to improve skin and oesophageal wound healing and to reduce fibrotic tissue formation. These advances open new avenues toward the ultimate goal of achieving scarless wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inês Sequeira
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Meunier M, Chapuis E, Lapierre L, Auriol P, Paulus C, Elbaum B, Don Simoni E, Sandré J, Auriol D, Scandolera A, Reynaud R. Mannose-6-phosphate complex and improvement in biomechanical properties of the skin. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:1598-1610. [PMID: 33580613 PMCID: PMC8251629 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dermis is composed of a tangle of macromolecules that provides the skin its biomechanical properties. During chronological aging, fibroblasts lose their ability to synthesize collagen and an accumulation of matrix metalloproteinases leads to an increase in collagen degradation. As a result, there is a decline in the biomechanical properties of the skin. Skin aging is accelerated by external factors such as UV radiation and pollution, which induce accumulation of oxidants, and so of oxidized proteins in the skin. AIMS Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as an alternative method for studying the biomechanical properties of skin cells and tissues. METHODS/RESULTS Thus, we identified mannose-6-phosphate complex as a new powerful molecule capable of reversing the visible signs of aging by reorganizing the collagen network of the dermis and by improving the skin biomechanical properties. This effect was correlated with clinical studies that showed a marked antiaging effect through a reduction in the number of crow's feet and in the depth and size of neck wrinkles. CONCLUSION Mannose-6-phosphate complex appeared to be able to protect proteins in the dermis scaffold against oxidation and degradation, allowing an improvement in the skin biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Meunier
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Pomacle, France
| | - Emilie Chapuis
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Pomacle, France
| | - Laura Lapierre
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Pomacle, France
| | - Pascale Auriol
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Toulouse, France
| | - Chantal Paulus
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Toulouse, France
| | - Boris Elbaum
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Daniel Auriol
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Romain Reynaud
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Toulouse, France
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21
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Sachs D, Wahlsten A, Kozerke S, Restivo G, Mazza E. A biphasic multilayer computational model of human skin. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:969-982. [PMID: 33566274 PMCID: PMC8154831 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the layer-specific mechanical behavior of human skin. Motivated by skin’s histology, a biphasic model is proposed which differentiates between epidermis, papillary and reticular dermis, and hypodermis. Inverse analysis of ex vivo tensile and in vivo suction experiments yields mechanical parameters for each layer and predicts a stiff reticular dermis and successively softer papillary dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. Layer-specific analysis of simulations underlines the dominating role of the reticular dermis in tensile loading. Furthermore, it shows that the observed out-of-plane deflection in ex vivo tensile tests is a direct consequence of the layered structure of skin. In in vivo suction experiments, the softer upper layers strongly influence the mechanical response, whose dissipative part is determined by interstitial fluid redistribution within the tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging-based visualization of skin deformation in suction experiments confirms the deformation pattern predicted by the multilayer model, showing a consistent decrease in dermal thickness for large probe opening diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sachs
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Wahlsten
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- University and ETH Zurich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gaetana Restivo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Mechanical Systems, Zürich, Switzerland
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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22
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Balcázar M, Cañizares S, Borja T, Pontón P, Bisiou S, Carabasse E, Bacilieri A, Canavese C, Diaz RF, Cabrera F, Caicedo A. Bases for Treating Skin Aging With Artificial Mitochondrial Transfer/Transplant (AMT/T). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:919. [PMID: 32903493 PMCID: PMC7438394 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of mitochondria as only the powerhouse of the cell has dramatically changed in the last decade. It is now accepted that in addition to being essential intracellularly, mitochondria can promote cellular repair when transferred from healthy to damaged cells. The artificial mitochondria transfer/transplant (AMT/T) group of techniques emulate this naturally occurring process and have been used to develop therapies to treat a range of diseases including cardiac and neurodegenerative. Mitochondria accumulate damage with time, resulting in cellular senescence. Skin cells and its mitochondria are profoundly affected by ultraviolet radiation and other factors that induce premature and accelerated aging. In this article, we propose the basis to use AMT/T to treat skin aging by transferring healthy mitochondria to senescent cells, possibly revitalizing them. We provide insightful information about how skin structure, components, and cells could age rapidly depending on the amount of damage received. Arguments are shown in favor of the use of AMT/T to treat aging skin and its cells, among them the possibility to stop free radical production, add new genetic material, and provide an energetic boost to help cells prolong their viability over time. This article intends to present one of the many aspects in which mitochondria could be used as a universal treatment for cell and tissue damage and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Balcázar
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud COCSA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Stalin Cañizares
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud COCSA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Tatiana Borja
- Servicio de Patología, Hospital Voz Andes, Quito, Ecuador.,CEDIA-USFQ Research Initiative, Corporación Ecuatoriana para el Desarrollo de la Investigación y Académica CEDIA and Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Pontón
- Servicio de Patología, Hospital Voz Andes, Quito, Ecuador.,CEDIA-USFQ Research Initiative, Corporación Ecuatoriana para el Desarrollo de la Investigación y Académica CEDIA and Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sirivanh Bisiou
- Université de Montpellier, Faculté de Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Carabasse
- Université de Montpellier, Faculté de Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Angela Bacilieri
- Université de Montpellier, Faculté de Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Celia Canavese
- Université de Montpellier, Faculté de Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Ramiro F Diaz
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud COCSA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Mito-Act Research Consortium, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Cabrera
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud COCSA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Mito-Act Research Consortium, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud COCSA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,CEDIA-USFQ Research Initiative, Corporación Ecuatoriana para el Desarrollo de la Investigación y Académica CEDIA and Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Mito-Act Research Consortium, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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23
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Griffin MF, desJardins-Park HE, Mascharak S, Borrelli MR, Longaker MT. Understanding the impact of fibroblast heterogeneity on skin fibrosis. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/6/dmm044164. [PMID: 32541065 PMCID: PMC7328159 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix and can occur as part of the body's natural wound healing process upon injury, or as a consequence of diseases such as systemic sclerosis. Skin fibrosis contributes to significant morbidity due to the prevalence of injuries resulting from trauma and burn. Fibroblasts, the principal cells of the dermis, synthesize extracellular matrix to maintain the skin during homeostasis and also play a pivotal role in all stages of wound healing. Although it was previously believed that fibroblasts are homogeneous and mostly quiescent cells, it has become increasingly recognized that numerous fibroblast subtypes with unique functions and morphologies exist. This Review provides an overview of fibroblast heterogeneity in the mammalian dermis. We explain how fibroblast identity relates to their developmental origin, anatomical site and precise location within the skin tissue architecture in both human and mouse dermis. We discuss current evidence for the varied functionality of fibroblasts within the dermis and the relationships between fibroblast subtypes, and explain the current understanding of how fibroblast subpopulations may be controlled through transcriptional regulatory networks and paracrine communications. We consider how fibroblast heterogeneity can influence wound healing and fibrosis, and how insight into fibroblast heterogeneity could lead to novel therapeutic developments and targets for skin fibrosis. Finally, we contemplate how future studies should be shaped to implement knowledge of fibroblast heterogeneity into clinical practice in order to lessen the burden of skin fibrosis. Summary: This Review discusses the multifaceted aspects of fibroblast heterogeneity and the different roles of fibroblast subpopulations to help overcome skin scarring and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Griffin
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heather E desJardins-Park
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shamik Mascharak
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford, CA 94305, USA .,Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Andrographis Paniculata and Its Bioactive Diterpenoids Protect Dermal Fibroblasts Against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050432. [PMID: 32429312 PMCID: PMC7278656 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) has long been used in ayurvedic medicine through its anti-inflammatory properties. However, its protective effect of skin aging has not been studied in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the anti-aging effects of methanolic extract (ME), andrographolide (ANDRO), neoandrographolide (NEO), 14-deoxyandrographolide (14DAP) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (14DAP11-12) on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) under pro-oxidant or pro-inflammatory condition. The in vitro anti-aging capacity of ME, ANDRO, NEO, 14DAP, and 14DAP11-12 (1, 2.5 and 5 µg/mL) was performed in HDFa. Oxidative stress and inflammation were induced by hydrogen peroxide and lipopolysaccharide/TNF-α, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured by the fluorescence of DCF-DA probe and cytokines were quantified by ELISA (IL6 and IL8) or RTqPCR (TNF-α). Procollagen type I production was determined by an ELISA. Our results showed a decrease in ROS production with ME and 14DAP at 5 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, IL-6 production and TNF-α expression decreased under ANDRO and ME at 5 µg/mL. Our data indicated that ME and 14DAP protect from oxidative stress. Additionally, ME and ANDRO decreased an inflammation marker, IL-6. This suggests their potential natural treatment against skin damage. Hence, their applications could be of interest in cosmetics for preventing skin ageing.
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Morikawa T, Inoue N, Nakanishi Y, Manse Y, Matsuura H, Okino K, Hamasaki S, Yoshikawa M, Muraoka O, Ninomiya K. Collagen synthesis-promoting and collagenase inhibitory activities of constituents isolated from the rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Fitoterapia 2020; 143:104584. [PMID: 32247053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three new acylated phenylethanoid glycosides, kurroaosides A (14), B (15), and C (16), and a new acylated cucurbitane-type triterpene glycoside, kurroaoside D (17), were isolated from a methanol extract of the rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae) along with 29 known isolates including 10 acylated phenylethanoid glycosides (18-27), three cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides (32-34), and a nortriterpene glycoside (35). The structures of these new compounds (14-17), including their stereochemistry, were determined based on chemical and physicochemical evidence derived from NMR and MS analysis. Among the isolates, acylated iridoid glycosides, picrosides I (8), II (9), III (10), and IV (11) and 6-feruloylcatalpol (12), phenylethanoid glycosides (14-16), triterpene glycosides, cucurbitacin B 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (32) and 25-acetoxy-2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3,16,20-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5-en-22-one (35), and an acetophenone glycoside, picein (36), significantly promoted collagen synthesis at 10-30 μM, with no cytotoxicity being observed at the effective concentrations. Furthermore, acylated phenylethanoid glycosides, calceolarioside A (19, IC50 = 69.2 μM), plantamajoside (20, 51.8 μM), isoplantamajoside (21, 76.8 μM), and scroside E (23, 65.5 μM), exhibited collagenase inhibitory activity equivalent to that of positive agents caffeic acid (75.6 μM) and epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (75.4 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakanishi
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Manse
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Okino
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shinya Hamasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Antiaging Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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26
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Abstract
An 18-year-old male presented with complaints of gradually decreasing vision in both eyes for 6 years. He was a diagnosed with juvenile scleroderma at the age of 11 years by a pediatric rheumatologist. Clinical slit lamp examination showed features of ectasia, thinning, Vogt's striae, and apical scarring in both eyes. Bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva was quiet and normal. Corneal tomography revealed mean keratometry 65.8 and 65.4 diopters, thinnest pachymetry of 351 and 224 microns in the right and left eye, respectively. There was no history of itching and eye rubbing in the past. Patients of juvenile scleroderma may have associated keratoconus. The management of advanced keratoconus presents challenges related to handling and insertion of contact lenses in this condition. Keratoplasty is an option in those patients when contact lenses are not acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Biala
- Refractive Surgery Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohd Kazi
- Contact Lens Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sunita Chaurasia
- Refractive Surgery Services; Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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27
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Slade EA, Thorn RMS, Young A, Reynolds DM. An in vitro collagen perfusion wound biofilm model; with applications for antimicrobial studies and microbial metabolomics. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:310. [PMID: 31888471 PMCID: PMC6937849 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of in vitro studies of medically relevant biofilms involve the development of biofilm on an inanimate solid surface. However, infection in vivo consists of biofilm growth on, or suspended within, the semi-solid matrix of the tissue, whereby current models do not effectively simulate the nature of the in vivo environment. This paper describes development of an in vitro method for culturing wound associated microorganisms in a system that combines a semi-solid collagen gel matrix with continuous flow of simulated wound fluid. This enables culture of wound associated reproducible steady state biofilms under conditions that more closely simulate the dynamic wound environment. To demonstrate the use of this model the antimicrobial kinetics of ceftazidime, against both mature and developing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, was assessed. In addition, we have shown the potential application of this model system for investigating microbial metabolomics by employing selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) to monitor ammonia and hydrogen cyanide production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in real-time. Results The collagen wound biofilm model facilitates growth of steady-state reproducible Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms under wound like conditions. A maximum biofilm density of 1010 cfu slide− 1 was achieved by 30 h of continuous culture and maintained throughout the remainder of the experiment. Treatment with ceftazidime at a clinically relevant dose resulted in a 1.2–1.6 log reduction in biofilm density at 72 h compared to untreated controls. Treatment resulted in loss of complex biofilm architecture and morphological changes to bacterial cells, visualised using confocal microscopy. When monitoring the biofilms using SIFT-MS, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide levels peaked at 12 h at 2273 ppb (±826.4) and 138 ppb (±49.1) respectively and were detectable throughout experimentation. Conclusions The collagen wound biofilm model has been developed to facilitate growth of reproducible biofilms under wound-like conditions. We have successfully used this method to: (1) evaluate antimicrobial efficacy and kinetics, clearly demonstrating the development of antimicrobial tolerance in biofilm cultures; (2) characterise volatile metabolite production by P. aeruginosa biofilms, demonstrating the potential use of this method in metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Slade
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Robin M S Thorn
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Amber Young
- Scar Free Foundation Centre for Children's Burns Research, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Darren M Reynolds
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. .,University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, England.
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Park YK, Yadav AK, Roshanzadeh A, Ryoo YW, Kim BH, Cha JY, Son YK, Lee NY, Jang BC. 7‑MEGA™ 500 regulates the expression of COX‑2, MMP‑3 and type 1 procollagen in UVB‑irradiated human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:1346-1355. [PMID: 31894328 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AlaskOmega® Omega 7 500, also known as Omega‑7 fatty acid or 7‑MEGA™, is a highly concentrated palmitoleic acid (C16:1). Little is known about how 7‑MEGA regulates skin inflammation and wrinkle formation in cultured skin cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 7‑MEGA on the expression of cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2), matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)‑1/3 and type 1 procollagen, which are markers of skin inflammation and wrinkle formation, in ultraviolet B (UVB)‑irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and keratinocytes (HaCaT). No toxicity was observed upon treatment of HDFs and HaCaT cells with 0.5‑2.5 µl/ml 7‑MEGA. The exposure of HaCaT cells to 10 mJ/cm2 UVB for 6 h resulted in increased protein and/or mRNA expression of COX‑2 and MMP‑3. Treatment of HaCaT cells with 2.5 µl/ml 7‑MEGA suppressed the UVB‑induced expression of COX‑2 and MMP‑3 in these cells. In addition, treatment with 2.5 µl/ml 7‑MEGA attenuated the UVB‑induced expression and phosphorylation levels of c‑Fos and c‑Jun, two components of the activator protein‑1 (AP‑1) transcription factor, in HaCaT cells. Exposure of HDFs to 60 mJ/cm2 UVB for 6 h significantly decreased the expression of type 1 procollagen protein, whereas treatment with 2.5 µl/ml 7‑MEGA partially reversed the effects of UVB on the expression of type 1 procollagen protein. These results demonstrated for the first time that 7‑MEGA regulated the expression of COX‑2, MMP‑3 and type 1 procollagen in UVB‑irradiated skin cells. The present study suggested that 7‑MEGA may serve as a novel agent against UVB‑induced skin inflammation and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, North Gyeongsang 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Anil Kumar Yadav
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, North Gyeongsang 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Amir Roshanzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, North Gyeongsang 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wook Ryoo
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, North Gyeongsang 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, North Gyeongsang 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Cha
- R&D Team, Food and Supplement Health Claims, Vitech, Iksan 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Son
- R&D Team, Food and Supplement Health Claims, Vitech, Iksan 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Lee
- R&D Team, Food and Supplement Health Claims, Vitech, Iksan 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, North Gyeongsang 42601, Republic of Korea
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29
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Choi SI, Jung TD, Cho BY, Choi SH, Sim WS, Han X, Lee SJ, Kim YC, Lee OH. Anti‑photoaging effect of fermented agricultural by‑products on ultraviolet B‑irradiated hairless mouse skin. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:559-568. [PMID: 31198982 PMCID: PMC6605975 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Processed products from agricultural produce generate a large number of agricultural by‑products that contain a number of functional substances. These are often discarded owing to the lack of suitable processing methods. The present study investigated the anti‑photoaging properties of fermented rice bran (FRB), soybean cake (FSB) and sesame seed cake (FSC) on ultraviolet B (UVB)‑irradiated hairless mouse skin. Results indicated that the oral administration of FRB, FSB and FSC effectively inhibited the UVB irradiation‑induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2, MMP‑9, MMP‑3 and MMP‑13. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction results also demonstrated that FRB, FSB and FSC significantly inhibited the UVB‑induced expression of the genes encoding tumor necrosis factor‑α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)‑6 and IL‑1β when compared with the UVB‑vehicle group (P<0.05). Additionally, collagen degradation and mast cell infiltration were reduced in hairless mouse skin. Furthermore, UVB‑induced wrinkle formation was also significantly reduced in mouse skin compared with the UVB‑vehicle group (P<0.05). These results reveal that fermented agricultural by‑products may serve as potential functional materials with anti‑photoaging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Il Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341
| | - Tae-Dong Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341
| | - Bong-Yeon Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341
| | - Seung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341
| | - Wan-Sup Sim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341
| | - Xionggao Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341
| | - Sang Jong Lee
- STR Biotech Co., Ltd., Chuncheon 24232, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Cheul Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341
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30
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Regeneration of Dermis: Scarring and Cells Involved. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060607. [PMID: 31216669 PMCID: PMC6627856 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many studies on certain skin cell specifications and their contribution to wound healing. In this review, we provide an overview of dermal cell heterogeneity and their participation in skin repair, scar formation, and in the composition of skin substitutes. The papillary, reticular, and hair follicle associated fibroblasts differ not only topographically, but also functionally. Human skin has a number of particular characteristics that are different from murine skin. This should be taken into account in experimental procedures. Dermal cells react differently to skin wounding, remodel the extracellular matrix in their own manner, and convert to myofibroblasts to different extents. Recent studies indicate a special role of papillary fibroblasts in the favorable outcome of wound healing and epithelial-mesenchyme interactions. Neofolliculogenesis can substantially reduce scarring. The role of hair follicle mesenchyme cells in skin repair and possible therapeutic applications is discussed. Participation of dermal cell types in wound healing is described, with the addition of possible mechanisms underlying different outcomes in embryonic and adult tissues in the context of cell population characteristics and extracellular matrix composition and properties. Dermal white adipose tissue involvement in wound healing is also overviewed. Characteristics of myofibroblasts and their activity in scar formation is extensively discussed. Cellular mechanisms of scarring and possible ways for its prevention are highlighted. Data on keloid cells are provided with emphasis on their specific characteristics. We also discuss the contribution of tissue tension to the scar formation as well as the criteria and effectiveness of skin substitutes in skin reconstruction. Special attention is given to the properties of skin substitutes in terms of cell composition and the ability to prevent scarring.
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31
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Ohto-Fujita E, Shimizu M, Sano S, Kurimoto M, Yamazawa K, Atomi T, Sakurai T, Murakami Y, Takami T, Murakami T, Yoshimura K, Hasebe Y, Atomi Y. Solubilized eggshell membrane supplies a type III collagen-rich elastic dermal papilla. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 376:123-135. [PMID: 30448901 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2954-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Signs of aging in facial skin correlate with lifespan and chronic disease; however, the health of aging skin has not been extensively studied. In healthy young skin, the dermis forms a type III collagen-rich dermal papilla, where capillary vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to basal epidermal cells. Chicken eggshell membranes (ESMs) have been used as traditional medicines to promote skin wound healing in Asian countries for many years. Previously, we designed an experimental system in which human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were cultured on a dish with a solubilized ESM (S-ESM) bound to an artificial phosphorylcholine polymer; we found that genes that promoted the health of the papillary dermis, such as those encoding type III collagen, were induced in the S-ESM environment. The present study found that a gel with a ratio of 20% type III/80% type I collagen, similar to that of the baby skin, resulted in a higher elasticity than 100% type I collagen (p < 0.05) and that HDFs in the gel showed high mitochondrial activity. Thus, we decided to perform further evaluations to identify the effects of S-ESM on gene expression in the skin of hairless mice and found a significant increase of type III collagen in S-ESM. Picrosirius Red staining showed that type III collagen significantly increased in the papillary dermis after S-ESM treatment. Moreover, S-ESM application significantly improved human arm elasticity and reduced facial wrinkles. ESMs may have applications in extending lifespan by reducing the loss of tissue elasticity through the increase of type III collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ohto-Fujita
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Miho Shimizu
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shoei Sano
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masashi Kurimoto
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kai Yamazawa
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Atomi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Life Sciences, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 33 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Murakami
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Taku Takami
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yoshimura
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yukio Hasebe
- Almado Inc., 3-6-18 Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0031, Japan
| | - Yoriko Atomi
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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32
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Iwasa SN, Popovic MR, Morshead CM. Skin-derived precursor cells undergo substrate-dependent galvanotaxis that can be modified by neighbouring cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 31:95-101. [PMID: 30059907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell types respond to electric fields (EFs) through cell migration, a process termed galvanotaxis. The galvanotactic response is critical for development and wound healing. Here we investigate whether skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs), which have the potential to differentiate into mesodermal and peripheral neural cell types, undergo directed migration in the presence of an EF. We found that EF application promotes SKP migration towards the anode. The migratory response is substrate-dependent as SKPs undergo directed migration on laminin and Matrigel, but not collagen. The majority of SKPs express the undifferentiated cell markers nestin, fibronectin and Sox2, after both EF application and in sister cultures with no EF application, suggesting that EFs do not promote cell differentiation. Co-cultures of SKPs and brain-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs), a population of cells that undergo rapid, cathode-directed migration, reveal that in the presence of NPCs an increased percentage of SKPs undergo galvanotaxis, providing evidence that cells can provide cues to modify the galvanotactic response. We propose that a better understanding of SKP migration in the presence of EFs may provide insight into improved strategies for wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Iwasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canada.
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M4G 3V9, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.
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33
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Kim HI, Kwak CY, Kim HY, Yi HS, Park EJ, Kim JH, Park JH. Correlation between dermal thickness and scar formation in female patients after thyroidectomy. Arch Craniofac Surg 2018; 19:120-126. [PMID: 29996640 PMCID: PMC6057126 DOI: 10.7181/acfs.2018.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minimizing scarring has long been a challenge in plastic surgery. Factors affecting scar formation are well known, but the effect of some patient-specific factors such as dermal thickness remains unverified. Management of factors predictive of scarring can improve postoperative patient satisfaction and scar treatment. Methods For 3 years, we used ultrasonography to measure dermal thickness in female patients who had undergone thyroidectomy for cancer at our hospital. We confirmed the influence of dermal thickness on hypertrophic scar formation and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale scar score 6 months after surgery. Results There was a positive correlation between dermal thickness and scar score (p<0.05), and dermal thickness appears to be a cause of hypertrophic scar formation (p<0.05). Conclusion Thick dermis was found to cause poor scar formation and hypertrophic scarring. Prediction of factors that can influence scar formation can be used to educate patients before surgery and can help in scar management and improvement in patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Il Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Chan Yee Kwak
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyo Young Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyung Suk Yi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin Hyung Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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34
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Kim DU, Chung HC, Choi J, Sakai Y, Lee BY. Oral Intake of Low-Molecular-Weight Collagen Peptide Improves Hydration, Elasticity, and Wrinkling in Human Skin: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070826. [PMID: 29949889 PMCID: PMC6073484 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen-peptide supplementation could be an effective remedy to improve hydration, elasticity, and wrinkling in human skin. The aim of this study was to conduct a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to clinically evaluate the effect on human skin hydration, wrinkling, and elasticity of Low-molecular-weight Collagen peptide (LMWCP) with a tripetide (Gly-X-Y) content >15% including 3% Gly-Pro-Hyp. Individuals (n = 64) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 1000 mg of LMWCP once daily for 12 weeks. Parameters of skin hydration, wrinkling, and elasticity were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Compared with the placebo group, skin-hydration values were significantly higher in the LMWCP group after 6 weeks and 12 weeks. After 12 weeks in the LMWCP group, visual assessment score and three parameters of skin wrinkling were significantly improved compared with the placebo group. In case of skin elasticity, one parameter out of three was significantly improved in the LMWCP group from the baseline after 12 weeks, while, compared with the placebo group, two parameters out of three in the LMWCP group were higher with significance after 12 weeks. In terms of the safety of LMWCP, none of the subjects presented adverse symptoms related to the test material during the study period. These results suggest that LMWCP can be used as a health functional food ingredient to improve human skin hydration, elasticity, and wrinkling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Un Kim
- Newtree, Seongnam 13207, Gyeonggi, Korea.
| | | | - Jia Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Gyeonggi, Korea.
| | - Yasuo Sakai
- Central Research Institute, Jellice, Sakae, Tagajo 985-0833, Japan.
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Gyeonggi, Korea.
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Prognostic Significance of Periadnexal Extension in Cutaneous Melanoma and its Implications for Pathologic Reporting and Staging. Am J Surg Pathol 2018; 42:359-366. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Extracellular matrix regulation of fibroblast function: redefining our perspective on skin aging. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:35-43. [PMID: 29455303 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) comprises the bulk of skin and confers strength and resiliency. In young skin, fibroblasts produce and adhere to the dermal ECM, which is composed primarily of type I collagen fibrils. Adherence allows fibroblasts to spread and exert mechanical force on the surrounding ECM. In this state, fibroblasts display a "youthful" phenotype characterized by maintenance of the composition and structural organization of the dermal ECM. During aging, fibroblast-ECM interactions become disrupted due to fragmentation of collagen fibrils. This disruption causes loss of fibroblast spreading and mechanical force, which inextricably lead to an "aged" phenotype; fibroblasts synthesize less ECM proteins and more matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. This imbalance of ECM homeostasis further drives collagen fibril fragmentation in a self-perpetuating cycle. This article summarizes age-related changes in the dermal ECM and the mechanisms by which these changes alter the interplay between fibroblasts and their extracellular matrix microenvironment that drive the aging process in human skin.
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Lynch MD, Watt FM. Fibroblast heterogeneity: implications for human disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:26-35. [PMID: 29293096 DOI: 10.1172/jci93555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts synthesize the extracellular matrix of connective tissue and play an essential role in maintaining the structural integrity of most tissues. Researchers have long suspected that fibroblasts exhibit functional specialization according to their organ of origin, body site, and spatial location. In recent years, a number of approaches have revealed the existence of fibroblast subtypes in mice. Here, we discuss fibroblast heterogeneity with a focus on the mammalian dermis, which has proven an accessible and tractable system for the dissection of these relationships. We begin by considering differences in fibroblast identity according to anatomical site of origin. Subsequently, we discuss new results relating to the existence of multiple fibroblast subtypes within the mouse dermis. We consider the developmental origin of fibroblasts and how this influences heterogeneity and lineage restriction. We discuss the mechanisms by which fibroblast heterogeneity arises, including intrinsic specification by transcriptional regulatory networks and epigenetic factors in combination with extrinsic effects of the spatial context within tissue. Finally, we discuss how fibroblast heterogeneity may provide insights into pathological states including wound healing, fibrotic diseases, and aging. Our evolving understanding suggests that ex vivo expansion or in vivo inhibition of specific fibroblast subtypes may have important therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus D Lynch
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom.,St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Watt
- King's College London Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
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Morikawa T, Nagatomo A, Kitazawa K, Muraoka O, Kikuchi T, Yamada T, Tanaka R, Ninomiya K. Collagen Synthesis-Promoting Effects of Andiroba Oil and its Limonoid Constituents in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:1271-1277. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University
| | | | | | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University
| | | | | | | | - Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University
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39
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Wei JCJ, Edwards GA, Martin DJ, Huang H, Crichton ML, Kendall MAF. Allometric scaling of skin thickness, elasticity, viscoelasticity to mass for micro-medical device translation: from mice, rats, rabbits, pigs to humans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15885. [PMID: 29162871 PMCID: PMC5698453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging micro-scale medical devices are showing promise, whether in delivering drugs or extracting diagnostic biomarkers from skin. In progressing these devices through animal models towards clinical products, understanding the mechanical properties and skin tissue structure with which they interact will be important. Here, through measurement and analytical modelling, we advanced knowledge of these properties for commonly used laboratory animals and humans (~30 g to ~150 kg). We hypothesised that skin's stiffness is a function of the thickness of its layers through allometric scaling, which could be estimated from knowing a species' body mass. Results suggest that skin layer thicknesses are proportional to body mass with similar composition ratios, inter- and intra-species. Experimental trends showed elastic moduli increased with body mass, except for human skin. To interpret the relationship between species, we developed a simple analytical model for the bulk elastic moduli of skin, which correlated well with experimental data. Our model suggest that layer thicknesses may be a key driver of structural stiffness, as the skin layer constituents are physically and therefore mechanically similar between species. Our findings help advance the knowledge of mammalian skin mechanical properties, providing a route towards streamlined micro-device research and development onto clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C J Wei
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Grant A Edwards
- Martin group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Darren J Martin
- Martin group, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Han Huang
- Nanomechanics and Nanomanufacturing Group, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Michael L Crichton
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark A F Kendall
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston QLD, 4006, Australia.
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MARCOS-GARCÉS V, HARVAT M, MOLINA AGUILAR P, FERRÁNDEZ IZQUIERDO A, RUIZ-SAURÍ A. Comparative measurement of collagen bundle orientation by Fourier analysis and semiquantitative evaluation: reliability and agreement in Masson's trichrome, Picrosirius red and confocal microscopy techniques. J Microsc 2017; 267:130-142. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. MARCOS-GARCÉS
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - M. HARVAT
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - P. MOLINA AGUILAR
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - A. FERRÁNDEZ IZQUIERDO
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute; Valencia Spain
- Service of Pathology; University Clinical Hospital; Valencia Spain
| | - A. RUIZ-SAURÍ
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute; Valencia Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering; Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); Spain
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Helling AL, Tsekoura EK, Biggs M, Bayon Y, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. In Vitro Enzymatic Degradation of Tissue Grafts and Collagen Biomaterials by Matrix Metalloproteinases: Improving the Collagenase Assay. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:1922-1932. [PMID: 33440550 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -8 are active during the wound healing and remodelling processes, degrading native extracellular matrix and implantable devices. However, traditional in vitro assays utilize primarily matrix metalloproteinase-1 to mimic the in vivo degradation microenvironment. Herein, we assessed the influence of various concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase- 1 and 8 (50, 100, and 200 U/mL) as a function of pH (5.5 and 7.4) and time (3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h) on the degradation profile of three tissue grafts (chemically cross-linked Permacol, nonchemically cross-linked Permacol and nonchemically cross-linked Strattice) and a collagen biomaterial (nonchemically cross-linked collagen sponge). Chemically cross-linked and nonchemically cross-linked Permacol samples exhibited the highest resistance to enzymatic degradation, while nonchemically cross-linked collagen sponges exhibited the least resistance to enzymatic degradation. Qualitative and quantitative degradation analysis of all samples revealed a similar degradation profile over time, independently of the matrix metalloproteinase used and its respective concentration and pH. These data indicate that matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-8 exhibit similar degradation profile in vitro, suggesting that matrix metalloproteinase-8 should be used for collagenase assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Y Bayon
- Sofradim Production, A Medtronic Company, Trévoux, France
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42
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Li L, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Herlyn M. Establishing Human Skin Grafts in Mice as Model for Melanoma Progression. Methods Mol Biol 2015:10.1007/7651_2015_301. [PMID: 26659798 PMCID: PMC5148711 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances often dictate progress in cancer research. Melanoma research has been considerably influenced by implementation of novel techniques and has contributed to our understanding of the mechanism of tumor progression. The three-dimensional (3D) human skin reconstruct is an ideal model to dissect each step of melanoma development and progression. Reconstructed human skin consists of fibroblast-contracted collagen gels as a dermal compartment and a stratified epidermal compartment. The epidermis comprises keratinocytes and normal melanocytes or melanoma cells from different stages. Normal melanocytes in skin reconstructs remain singly distributed at the basement membrane within the basal layer of keratinocytes. The radial growth phase (RGP) melanoma cells grow as cell clusters in the epidermis. The vertical growth phase (VGP) melanoma cells invade the dermis of reconstructs. Metastatic melanoma cells aggressively invade deep into the dermis. Grafting melanoma skin reconstructs onto mice induces local tumor formation and metastatic foci in distant organs such as lungs. The growth patterns and the range of metastases reflect proliferation and metastatic capacity of the original tumors. Skin reconstruct as xenografts enable us to observe to which organs melanoma cells spread. In this chapter, we describe the usefulness of the model in studying not only melanocyte physiology but also pathophysiological conditions such as melanocyte transformation and melanoma progression. A better understanding of these processes will benefit the entire melanoma field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- The Wistar Institute, Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Meenhard Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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43
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Yokoyama S, Hiramoto K, Koyama M, Ooi K. Chronic liver injury in mice promotes impairment of skin barrier function via tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 35:194-203. [PMID: 26362357 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2015.1076433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alcohol is frequently used to induce chronic liver injury in laboratory animals. Alcohol causes oxidative stress in the liver and increases the expression of inflammatory mediators that cause hepatocellular damage. However, during chronic liver injury, it is unclear if/how these liver-derived factors affect distal tissues, such as the skin. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate skin barrier function during chronic liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hairless mice were administered 5% or 10% ethanol for 8 weeks, and damages to the liver and skin were assessed using histological and protein-analysis methods, as well as by detecting inflammatory mediators in the plasma. RESULTS After alcohol administration, the plasma concentration of the aspartate and alanine aminotransferases increased, while albumin levels decreased. In mice with alcohol-induced liver injury, transepidermal water loss was significantly increased, and skin hydration decreased concurrent with ceramide and type I collagen degradation. The plasma concentrations of [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were significantly increased in mice with induced liver injury. TNF receptor (TNFR) 2 expression was upregulated in the skin of alcohol-administered mice, while TNFR1 levels remained constant. Interestingly, the impairment of skin barrier function in mice administered with 10% ethanol was ameliorated by administering an anti-TNF-α antibody. CONCLUSIONS We propose a novel mechanism whereby plasma TNF-α, via TNFR2 alone or with TNFR1, plays an important role in skin barrier function during chronic liver disease in these mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yokoyama
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Suzuka University of Medical Science , Suzuka , Japan
| | - Keiichi Hiramoto
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Suzuka University of Medical Science , Suzuka , Japan
| | - Mayu Koyama
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Suzuka University of Medical Science , Suzuka , Japan
| | - Kazuya Ooi
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Suzuka University of Medical Science , Suzuka , Japan
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Morikawa T, Ninomiya K, Takamori Y, Nishida E, Yasue M, Hayakawa T, Muraoka O, Li X, Nakamura S, Yoshikawa M, Matsuda H. Oleanane-type triterpene saponins with collagen synthesis-promoting activity from the flowers of Bellis perennis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 116:203-212. [PMID: 26028520 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The methanol extract from Bellis perennis (Asteraceae) flowers was found to promote collagen synthesis in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Seven oleanane-type triterpene saponins, perennisosides XIII-XIX, and two known saponins, bellissaponins BS5 and BS9, were isolated from the methanol extract. The structures were determined based on chemical and physicochemical data, and confirmed using previously isolated related compounds as references. Among the isolates, including 19 previously reported saponins, perennisosides XVIII, I, II, VII, IX, and XI, asterbatanoside D, bernardioside B2, and bellissaponins BS5 and BS9 significantly promoted collagen synthesis at 3-30μM without cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Morikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Antiaging Centre, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Kiyofumi Ninomiya
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Antiaging Centre, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Takamori
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Eriko Nishida
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Misato Yasue
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takao Hayakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Osamu Muraoka
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Antiaging Centre, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Xuezheng Li
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Seikou Nakamura
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsuda
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
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Greco KV, Francis L, Somasundaram M, Greco G, English NR, Roether JA, Boccaccini AR, Sibbons P, Ansari T. Characterisation of porcine dermis scaffolds decellularised using a novel non-enzymatic method for biomedical applications. J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:239-53. [PMID: 25855682 DOI: 10.1177/0885328215578638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Off-the-shelf availability of tissue-engineered skin constructs, tailored by different combinations of reagents to produce a highly preserved biological matrix is often the only means to help patients suffering skin damage. This study assessed the effect of five different decellularisation methods on porcine dermal scaffolds with regard to matrix composition, biomechanical strength, and cytotoxicity using an in vitro biocompatibility assay. Results demonstrated that four out of the five tested decellularisation protocols were efficient in producing acellular scaffolds. Nevertheless, decellularisation method using osmotic shock without enzymatic digestion showed to be efficient not only in removing cellular material and debris from dermal scaffolds but was also beneficial in the preservation of extracellular matrix components (glycosaminoglycans and collagen). Histological assessment revealed that the dermal architecture of coarse collagen bundles was preserved. Examinations by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the arrangement and ultrastructure of collagen fibrils in the scaffolds were retained following non-enzymatic method of decellularisation and also after collagen crosslinking using genipin. Moreover, this decellularised scaffold was not only shown to be biologically compatible when co-cultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts, but also stimulated the cells to release trophic factors essential for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Greco
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Harrow, UK
| | - L Francis
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Harrow, UK
| | - M Somasundaram
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Harrow, UK Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital Headington, University of Oxford, UK
| | - G Greco
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Harrow, UK
| | - Nicholas R English
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London/NPIMR, Harrow, UK
| | - Judith A Roether
- Institute of Polymer Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Sibbons
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Harrow, UK
| | - T Ansari
- Department of Surgical Research, NPIMR, Harrow, UK
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Carey LE, Dearth CL, Johnson SA, Londono R, Medberry CJ, Daly KA, Badylak SF. In vivo degradation of 14C-labeled porcine dermis biologic scaffold. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8297-304. [PMID: 24997479 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biologic scaffold materials are used for repair and reconstruction of injured or missing tissues. Such materials are often composed of allogeneic or xenogeneic extracellular matrix (ECM) manufactured by decellularization of source tissue, such as dermis. Dermal ECM (D-ECM) has been observed to degrade and remodel in vivo more slowly than other biologic scaffold materials, such as small intestinal submucosa (SIS-ECM). Histologic examination is a common method for evaluating material degradation, but it lacks sensitivity and is subject to observer bias. Utilization of (14)C-proline labeled ECM is a quantitative alternative for measuring degradation of ECM scaffolds. Using both methods, the amount of degradation of D-ECM and SIS-ECM was determined at 2, 4, and 24 weeks post-implantation in a rodent model. Results utilizing (14)C liquid scintillation counting (LSC) analysis showed distinct differences in degradation at the three time points. D-ECM material in situ stayed the same at 76% remaining from 2 to 4 weeks post-implantation, and then decreased to 44% remaining at 24 weeks. In the same time period, implanted SIS-ECM material decreased from 72% to 13% to 0%. Visual examination of device degradation by histology overestimated degradation at 2 weeks and underestimated device degradation at 24 weeks, compared to the (14)C method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Carey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Christopher L Dearth
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Scott A Johnson
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Ricardo Londono
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Christopher J Medberry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Kerry A Daly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Agriculture, GPO Box 858, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Osman OS, Selway JL, Harikumar PE, Stocker CJ, Wargent ET, Cawthorne MA, Jassim S, Langlands K. A novel method to assess collagen architecture in skin. BMC Bioinformatics 2013; 14:260. [PMID: 23971965 PMCID: PMC3765639 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Texture within biological specimens may reveal critical insights, while being very difficult to quantify. This is a particular problem in histological analysis. For example, cross-polar images of picrosirius stained skin reveal exquisite structure, allowing changes in the basketweave conformation of healthy collagen to be assessed. Existing techniques measure gross pathological changes, such as fibrosis, but are not sufficiently sensitive to detect more subtle and progressive pathological changes in the dermis, such as those seen in ageing. Moreover, screening methods for cutaneous therapeutics require accurate, unsupervised and high-throughput image analysis techniques. Results By analyzing spectra of images post Gabor filtering and Fast Fourier Transform, we were able to measure subtle changes in collagen fibre orientation intractable to existing techniques. We detected the progressive loss of collagen basketweave structure in a series of chronologically aged skin samples, as well as in skin derived from a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions We describe a novel bioimaging approach with implications for the evaluation of pathology in a broader range of biological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman S Osman
- The Clore Laboratory, The University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK.
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Balasubramanian P, Prabhakaran MP, Sireesha M, Ramakrishna S. Collagen in Human Tissues: Structure, Function, and Biomedical Implications from a Tissue Engineering Perspective. POLYMER COMPOSITES – POLYOLEFIN FRACTIONATION – POLYMERIC PEPTIDOMIMETICS – COLLAGENS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2012_176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Turner NJ, Pezzone MA, Brown BN, Badylak SF. Quantitative multispectral imaging of Herovici's polychrome for the assessment of collagen content and tissue remodelling. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 7:139-48. [PMID: 22072426 DOI: 10.1002/term.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioprosthetic devices, constructed from a variety of materials, are routinely implanted in a variety of anatomical locations. Essential to their success is the formation of a non-destructive interface with the host tissue and appropriate tissue remodelling. Traditionally, the main method of assessing the host-material interface has been qualitative histological evaluation, using pattern recognition and comparative assessment to identify changes in the normal tissue architecture that are characteristic of scar tissue. In the present study, the recently developed technique of multispectral imaging was used to revisit a little-described histological stain, Herovici's polychrome, which is capable of distinguishing between types I and III collagen. Combined, these techniques allowed quantification of collagen content and distribution of collagen types within a tissue sample. Samples of rat tail and human scar tissue were used to optimize the staining, while comparison with immunolabelled samples was used to develop a reproducible quantification system, based on the specific colour profiles for types I and III collagen. Finally the remodelling of rat abdominal wall defects repaired with crosslinked or non-crosslinked extracellular matrix scaffolds derived from porcine urinary bladder was assessed with this technique. Compared to standard histological assessment, the combination of multispectral imaging and Herovici's polychrome staining presents a quick, simple, reliable technique that can provide accurate quantification of tissue remodelling and specifically identify the expression and distribution of types I and III collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neill J Turner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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The viscoelastic, hyperelastic and scale dependent behaviour of freshly excised individual skin layers. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4670-81. [PMID: 21458062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Micro-devices using mechanical means to target skin for improved drug and vaccine delivery have great promise for improved clinical healthcare. Fully realizing this promise requires a greater understanding of key micro-biomechanical properties for each of the different skin layers - that are both the mechanical barriers and biological targets of these devices. Here, we performed atomic force microscopy indentation on a micro-nano scale to quantify separately, in fresh mouse skin, the viscous and elastic behaviour of the stratum corneum, viable epidermis and dermis. By accessing each layer directly, we examined the response to nanoindentation at sub-cellular and bulk-cellular scale. We found that the dermis showed greatest mechanical stiffness (elastic moduli of 7.33-13.48 MPa for 6.62 μm and 1.90 μm diameter spherical probes respectively). In comparison, the stratum corneum and viable epidermis were weaker at 0.75-1.62 MPa and 0.49-1.51 MPa respectively (again with the lower values resulting from indentations with the large probe 6.62 μm). The living cell layer of the epidermis (viable epidermis) showed greatest viscoelasticity - almost fully relaxing from shallow indentation - whilst the other layers reached a plateau after relaxing by around 40%. With small scale (sub-micron) AFM indentation, we directly determined the effects of different layer constituents - in particular, the dermis showed that some indents contacted collagen fibrils and others contacted ground substance/cellular areas. This work has far reaching implications for the design of micro-devices using mechanical means to deliver drugs or vaccines into the skin; providing key characterized mechanical property values for each constituent of the target delivery material.
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