1
|
Barbero-Aznarez P, Perez-Tanoira R, Aguirre-Mollehuanca D, Trascasa-Caño A, Fortes-Alen J, Manzarbeitia-Arrambari F, Castillo-Alvarez J, Montoya-Bordon J, Petkova-Saiz E, Prieto-Perez L. Isolated central nervous system Whipple disease. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:477. [DOI: 10.25259/sni_591_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Whipple disease (WD) is an infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei, which might present in three different forms: classical, localized, and isolated in the central nervous system (CNS).
Methods:
We report the result of a systematic review of the literature on WD unusually presenting with exclusively neurological symptoms, including two previously unpublished cases. A description of two cases with isolated CNS WD was performed, as well as a literature search in Cochrane, Scielo, and PubMed.
Results:
Two male adult patients presented with exclusively neurological symptomatology. Both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an intracranial mass suggestive of brain tumor. The histopathological examination was consistent with WD, with no systemic involvement. In the review of the literature, 35 cases of isolated CNS WD were retrieved. The median age at diagnosis was 43.5 (IQR 31.5–51.5). In 13 patients, the MRI showed a brain mass consistent with a brain tumor. The most common finding in the biopsy was the periodic-acid Schiff-stained foamy macrophages. Only five cases presented the pathognomonic sign of oculomasticatory myorhythmia. Thirteen cases had an adverse outcome that resulted in death during follow-up, whereas another 13 improved. The other nine patients remained stable or presented moderate improvement.
Conclusion:
Isolated CNS WD is a rare disease that should be considered among the differential diagnosis of CNS mass lesions. Brain biopsy is necessary to establish the diagnosis. It is stressed in the literature that an extended antibiotic course is required to prevent relapses and to control the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Barbero-Aznarez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Clavel, San Francisco De Asis University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Perez-Tanoira
- Department of Microbiology, Principe de Asturias University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Fortes-Alen
- Department of Pathology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Prieto-Perez
- Internal Medicine, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sung VW, Lyerly MJ, Fallon KB, Bashir K. Isolated CNS Whipple disease with normal brain MRI and false-positive CSF 14-3-3 protein: a case report and review of the literature. Brain Behav 2012; 2:838-43. [PMID: 23170246 PMCID: PMC3500470 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whipple disease (WD) is usually a systemic infectious disease that can have central nervous system (CNS) involvement. WD confined to the CNS is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose, but can be fatal if not treated in a timely fashion. We present the case of a 42-year-old man with a subacute dementia accompanied by a movement disorder consisting of progressive supranuclear gaze palsy, myoclonus, and ataxia. Our patient lacked the typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings reported with isolated CNS WD and had a false-positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 14-3-3 protein. The patient expired, and definitive diagnosis of isolated CNS WD was made by autopsy with characteristic macrophage accumulations found in the brain but not in the gastrointestinal tract. We examine the literature on isolated CNS WD and discuss how these previously unreported findings make a rare diagnosis even more challenging. The reported patient is the first in the literature with tissue diagnosis of isolated CNS WD in the setting of normal brain MRI and positive CSF 14-3-3 protein. Isolated CNS WD should be added to the list of considerations for a false-positive CSF 14-3-3 protein. Even in the absence of typical MRI lesions, a patient with subacute progressive dementia, supranuclear gaze palsy, and other various neurologic abnormalities should have the diagnosis of isolated CNS WD considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Sung
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Isolated inctracranial Whipple's disease—Report of a rare case and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci 2011; 308:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
4
|
Raheja AA, Lui YW, Pinzon-Ardila A, Lim RP, Sparr SA. Use of diffusion-weighted imaging in recurrent central nervous system Whipple's disease: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Imaging 2010; 34:143-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Frazier JL, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Isolated Whipple disease of the brain resembling a tumour. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2009; 151:173-5. [PMID: 19194653 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-008-0180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Isolated Whipple disease of the central nervous system is a rare occurrence. Migratory arthralgias and gastrointestinal problems, including malabsorption, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss, are common presenting symptoms. DISCUSSION For those patients with systemic signs and symptoms of Whipple disease, 6% to 43% will have clinically manifested CNS involvement that may include alterations in personality, ataxia, and dementia. We report our experience with a patient, who was successfully treated for Whipple disease 12 years prior to presentation and had a magnetic resonance image of the brain that revealed two solitary lesions resembling a tumor upon presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Frazier
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Neuro-Oncology Surgical Outcomes Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu L, Wang X, Wei H, Li C, Jia J. Diffuse cortical lesions with hemorrhage in cerebral Whipple's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007; 110:83-7. [PMID: 17923258 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 30-year-old Chinese male with a history of diarrhea and arthralgia presented for evaluation of progressive dementia, epilepsy, and increased intracranial pressure. Imaging of the brain showed progressive cortical and subcortical lesions with hemorrhage involving the bilateral temporal and occipital lobes, the posterior parietal lobes, and the left frontal lobe. "Foamy" periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive macrophages were demonstrated on brain biopsy. The patient showed clinical improvement following treatment with chloromycetin and sulfadiazine for 2 months. This constitutes the first reported case of cerebral Whipple's disease with diffuse cortical lesions with hemorrhage reported in a Chinese individual. Further, this case points out the significance of early recognition and treatment of cerebral Whipple's disease, especially in those cases with unusual manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of Whipple's disease, a rare systemic infection affecting predominantly the small bowel, is based on the identification of the bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. AIMS To make explicit diagnostic uncertainties in Whipple's disease through a decision analysis, considering two different clinical scenarios at presentation. METHODS Using appropriate software, a decision tree estimated the consequences after testing different strategies for diagnosis of Whipple's disease. Probabilities and outcomes to determine the optimum expected value were based on MEDLINE search. RESULTS In patients with clinically-predominant intestinal involvement, diagnostic strategies considering intestinal biopsy for histology (including appropriate staining) and the polymerase chain reaction testing for bacterial DNA were similarly effective. In case of failure of one procedure, the best sequential choice was a polymerase chain reaction analysis after a negative histology. Of the five strategies tested for cases with predominant focal neurological involvement, the stereotaxis cerebral biopsy evidenced the highest expected value. However, using quality-adjusted life-years considering the morbidity of methods, intestinal biopsy for PCR determination was the best choice. CONCLUSIONS In patients with Whipple's disease having predominant digestive involvement, intestinal biopsies for histology should be indicated first and, if negative, a bacterial polymerase chain reaction determination should be the next option. Although the molecular polymerase chain reaction assessment of cerebral biopsies has the highest diagnostic yield in neurological Whipple's disease, its associated morbidity means that analyses of intestinal samples are more appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Olmos
- Small Bowel Section, Department of Medicine, Hospital de Gastroenterología 'Dr Carlos Bonorino Udaondo' and Gastroenterology Service, Hospital General de Agudos 'Juan Fernandez', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schröter A, Brinkhoff J, Günthner-Lengsfeld T, Suerbaum S, Reiners K, Messmann H, Naumann M. Whipple's disease presenting as an isolated lesion of the cervical spinal cord. Eur J Neurol 2005; 12:276-9. [PMID: 15804244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelitis from Whipple's disease of the spinal cord is extremely rare. The differential diagnosis includes chronic inflammatory lesions, viral or bacterial infections, and tumours of the spinal cord. Here we present a 50-year-old man with mild sensory deficits because of a large lesion of the cervical spinal cord who markedly showed improvement during probatory antibiotic therapy. PCR and jejunal biopsy were initially negative and only later confirmed the diagnosis of Whipple's disease. Clinical and neuroradiological criteria are suggested which may be of help in the early diagnosis of spinal Whipple's disease before confirmation by molecular biology or histology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schröter
- Department of Neurology, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Galldiks N, Burghaus L, Vollmar S, Cizek J, Impekoven P, Thomas A, Jacobs AH, Herholz K. Novel Neuroimaging Findings in a Patient with Cerebral Whipple's Disease: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography Study. J Neuroimaging 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2004.tb00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
|
10
|
Löhr M, Stenzel W, Plum G, Gross WP, Deckert M, Klug N. Whipple disease confined to the central nervous system presenting as a solitary frontal tumor. Case report. J Neurosurg 2004; 101:336-9. [PMID: 15309928 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.2.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Whipple disease is a rare infection caused by the bacterium Tropheryma whippelii. Patients usually present with gastrointestinal symptoms or migratory arthralgias. Although symptomatic central nervous system (CNS) involvement frequently occurs, Whipple disease confined to the CNS is rare. The authors present the case of a 40-year-old man who was surgically treated for a symptomatic left frontal tumor that had the neuroimaging features of a low-grade glioma (LGG). A histopathological investigation revealed a perivascular accentuated inflammation with macrophages harboring PAS-positive diastase-resistant rods, which are distinctive features of cerebral Whipple disease. The patient received cotrimoxazole for 1 year postoperatively and recovered well. This case is exceptional because it represents an isolated cerebral manifestation of Whipple disease that presented as a solitary frontal tumor, thus raising the differential diagnosis of LGG. A review of diagnostic and therapeutic options in suspected cases is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
França MC, Castro RD, Balthazar MLF, Malveira GLS, Pirani C, Deus-Silva L, Paz ARD, Queiroz LS, Damasceno BP. Whipple's disease with neurological manifestions: case report. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2004; 62:342-6. [PMID: 15235743 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2004000200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Whipple's disease (WD) is an uncommon multisystem condition caused by the bacillus Tropheryma whipplei. Central nervous system involvement is a classical feature of the disease observed in 20 to 40% of the patients. We report the case of a 62 yeards old man with WD that developed neurological manifestations during its course, and discuss the most usual signs and symptoms focusing on recent diagnostic criteria and novel treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcondes C França
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vázquez Muñoz E, Pérez Villacastín B, Franco López A. [Imaging in Whipples disease]. Med Clin (Barc) 2004; 122:719. [PMID: 15171837 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(04)74366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
13
|
Love S. Autopsy approach to infections of the CNS. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 2001; 95:1-50. [PMID: 11545050 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59554-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Love
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Whipple's disease is a rare bacterial infection that may involve any organ system in the body. It occurs primarily in Caucasian males older than 40 years. The gastrointestinal tract is the most frequently involved organ, with manifestations such as abdominal pain, malabsorption syndrome with diarrhea, and weight loss. Other signs include low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, skin hyperpigmentation, endocarditis, pleuritis, seronegative arthritis, uveitis, spondylodiscitis, and neurological manifestations, and these signs may occur in the absence of gastrointestinal manifestations. Due to the wide variability of manifestations, clinical diagnosis is very difficult and is often made only years or even decades after the initial symptoms have appeared. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for at least 1 year is usually considered adequate to eradicate the infection. The microbiological diagnosis of this insidious disease is rendered difficult by the virtual lack of culture and serodiagnostic methods. It is usually based on the demonstration of periodic acid-Schiff-positive particles in infected tissues and/or the presence of bacteria with an unusual trilaminar cell wall ultrastructure by electron microscopy. Recently, the Whipple bacteria have been characterized at the molecular level by amplification of their 16S rRNA gene(s). Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences revealed a new bacterial species related to the actinomycete branch which was named "Tropheryma whippelli." Based on its unique 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence, species-specific primers were selected for the detection of the organism in clinical specimens by PCR. This technique is currently used as one of the standard methods for establishing the diagnosis of Whipple's disease. Specific and broad-spectrum PCR amplifications mainly but not exclusively from extraintestinal specimens have significantly improved diagnosis, being more sensitive than histopathologic analysis. However, "T. whippelii" DNA has also been found in persons without clinical and histological evidence of Whipple's disease. It is unclear whether these patients are true asymptomatic carriers or whether differences in virulence exist among strains of "T. whippelii" that might account for the variable clinical manifestations. So far, six different "T. whippelii" subtypes have been found by analysis of their 16S-23S rDNA spacer region. Further studies of the pathogen "T. whippelii" as well as the host immune response are needed to fully understand this fascinating disease. The recent cultivation of the organisms is a promising major step in this direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Dutly
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, CH-8028 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Süzer T, Demirkan N, Tahta K, Coskun E, Cetin B. Whipple's disease confined to the central nervous system: case report and review of the literature. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1999; 31:411-4. [PMID: 10528884 DOI: 10.1080/00365549950163897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Whipple's disease confined exclusively to the CNS without systemic involvement appears to be very rare, with only 8 cases reported in the literature. We present here a further case of primary cerebral Whipple's disease in which the neurological symptoms were seen in the absence of systemic involvement and emphasize the importance of diagnosing this treatable disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Süzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|