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Sestili P, Calcabrini C, Diaz AR, Fimognari C, Stocchi V. The Fast-Halo Assay for the Detection of DNA Damage. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1644:75-93. [PMID: 28710754 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7187-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The need for express screening of the DNA damaging potential of chemicals has progressively increased over the past 20 years due to the wide number of new synthetic molecules to be evaluated, as well as the adoption of more stringent chemical regulations such as the EU REACH and risk reduction politics. In this regard, DNA diffusion assays such as the microelectrophoretic comet assay paved the way for rapid genotoxicity testing. A more significant simplification and speeding up of the experimental processes was achieved with the fast halo assay (FHA) described in the present chapter. FHA operates at the single cell level and relies on radial dispersion of the fragments of damaged DNA from intact nuclear DNA. The fragmented DNA is separated by diffusion in an alkaline solvent and is stained, visualized, and finally quantified using computer-assisted image analysis programs. This permits the rapid assessment of the extent of DNA breakage caused by different types of DNA lesions. FHA has proven to be sensitive, reliable, and flexible. This is currently one of the simplest, cheapest, and quickest assays for studying DNA damage and repair in living cells. It does not need expensive reagents or electrophoretic equipment and requires only 40 min to prepare samples for computer-based quantification. This technique can be particularly useful in rapid genotoxicity assessments and in high-throughput genotoxicity screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Sestili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via Saffi, 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Calcabrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via Saffi, 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Diaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via Saffi, 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via Saffi, 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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Wang XF, Zhao ZF, Chen MH, Yuan QH, Li YL, Jiang CL. Epirubicin inhibits growth and alters the malignant phenotype of the U‑87 glioma cell line. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5917-23. [PMID: 26300546 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epirubicin, an anthracycline derivative, is one of the main line treatments for brain tumors. The aim of the present study was to verify that epirubicin alters the growth and morphological characteristics of U‑87 glioma cells. In the present study, the effects of epirubicin were tested using cellular and biochemical assays, which demonstrated its anti‑proliferative and cytotoxic effects, with an IC50 of 6.3 µM for the U‑87 cell line, while rat normal neuronal cells were resistant to epirubicin. Epirubicin also reduced the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase‑9 by 48 and 56% at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 µM, respectively. Exposure to epirubicin also diminished levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in U‑87 cells. Furthermore, a cell migration assay showed a significant decrease in cell migration from 28 to 59% following exposure to 1 µM epirubicin. The present study demonstrated the cytotoxic, anti‑proliferative and anti‑migrative potential of epirubicin against glioma cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Feng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Hua Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Li Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Wang F, Liu X, Liu C, Liu Z, Sun L. Effects of antibiotic antitumor drugs on nucleotide levels in cultured tumor cells: an exploratory method to distinguish the mechanisms of antitumor drug action based on targeted metabolomics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:223-30. [PMID: 26579450 PMCID: PMC4629260 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide pools in mammalian cells change due to the influence of antitumor drugs, which may help in evaluating the drug effect and understanding the mechanism of drug action. In this study, an ion-pair RP-HPLC method was used for a simple, sensitive and simultaneous determination of the levels of 12 nucleotides in mammalian cells treated with antibiotic antitumor drugs (daunorubicin, epirubicin and dactinomycin D). Through the use of this targeted metabolomics approach to find potential biomarkers, UTP and ATP were verified to be the most appropriate biomarkers. Moreover, a holistic statistical approach was put forward to develop a model which could distinguish 4 categories of drugs with different mechanisms of action. This model can be further validated by evaluating drugs with different mechanisms of action. This targeted metabolomics study may provide a novel approach to predict the mechanism of action of antitumor drugs.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AMP, adenosine monophosphate
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AUC, area under the curve
- Antibiotic anticancer drugs
- CDP, cytidine diphosphate
- CTP, cytidine triphosphate
- DMEM, Dulbecco׳s modified eagle׳s cell culture media
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EC, energy charge
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GDP, guanosine diphosphate
- GMP, guanosine monophosphate
- GTP, guanosine triphosphate
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- Ion-pair HPLC
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Mechanisms of antitumor drug action
- Nucleotides
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PCA, principal component analysis
- Potential biomarkers
- Principal component analysis
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- RPMI-1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640
- TBAHS, tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- Targeted metabolomics analysis
- Tumor cells
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
- UTP, uridine triphosphate
- dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate
- dCDP, deoxycytidine diphosphate
- dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate
- dGMP, deoxyribonucleic monophosphate
- dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate
- dUDP, deoxyuridine diphpsphate
- dUTP, deoxyuridine triphosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Cuichai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Life Science and Bio-pharmaceutics Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 24 23986365; fax: +86 24 23986259.
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Sestili P, Fimognari C. Alkaline nuclear dispersion assays for the determination of DNA damage at the single cell level. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1094:49-70. [PMID: 24162979 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-706-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades the development of methods for visualizing at the cell level the extent of DNA breakage significantly contributed to genotoxicity testing: their availability greatly improved the knowledge in the field of genetic toxicology. These procedures are based on the separation and visualization of DNA fragments resulting from cleavage of nuclear DNA. The separation process can be obtained either electrically (comet assay, linear migration of DNA fragments) or chemically (alkaline dispersion assays, radial diffusion of DNA fragments). Once separated and stained, intact and fragmented DNA can be observed with fluorescence or light microscope. Appropriate computer-assisted image analysis allows quantitative determination of the extent of DNA breakage. These procedures have been proven to be sensitive, flexible, and reliable, and, as compared to former methods, they are simpler, are less time and money consuming, and have the unique capability of detecting DNA damage at the single cell level. This last feature has the additional advantage of allowing the identification of cellular subpopulations characterized by different sensitivity to the damaging agent. The fast halo assay (FHA) is currently the simplest and quickest nuclear dispersion assay; recent modifications of FHA have further improved the assay and pave the way to a full exploitation of its analytical potential. In this chapter the development, procedures, applications, and limits of these dispersion assays, with a particular focus on FHA, will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Sestili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
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Kyle AH, Huxham LA, Chiam ASJ, Sim DH, Minchinton AI. Direct assessment of drug penetration into tissue using a novel application of three-dimensional cell culture. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6304-9. [PMID: 15342419 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The failure of many anticancer drugs to control growth of solid cancers may stem in part from inadequate delivery to tumor regions distant from vasculature. Although the identification of new anticancer drug targets has led to the development of many new drug candidates, there is a lack of methodology for identifying drugs that adequately penetrate tumor tissue. We have developed a novel multilayered cell culture-based assay, which detects the penetration of anticancer drugs based on their effect within tissue. Drug exposures are made over 1 hour to one side of a disk of tissue approximately 150-microm thick, with the other side temporarily closed off, and penetration is then assessed 1-3 days later via bromodeoxyuridine-based detection of S-phase cells. Using this assay, the tissue distribution of a selection of anthracycline analogues was assessed. At clinically relevant exposures, none of the agents were able to affect cells on the far side of the culture at levels approaching that seen on the near (exposed) side. Doxorubicin and epirubicin exhibited approximately 10-fold decreases in the drug exposure seen by the cells on the far side relative to those on the near side of the cultures, whereas for daunorubicin and mitoxantrone, approximately 30-fold and >30-fold decreases were observed respectively. Results were consistent with the observed gradients in drug-derived fluorescence of doxorubicin, epirubicin, and daunorubicin. This model could be applied as a simple anticancer drug development screen to discover drugs that exhibit desirable penetration properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair H Kyle
- Department of Medical Biophysics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ramanathan-Girish S, Boroujerdi M. Contradistinction between doxorubicin and epirubicin: in-vitro interaction with blood components. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:815-21. [PMID: 11428657 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011776162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structure and anti-tumour activity of doxorubicin and epirubicin are similar. However, the incidence of their cardiotoxicity occurs at different cumulative dose concentrations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in-vitro interaction of these two drugs with different blood components, namely intact erythrocytes, haemoglobin and erythrocyte ghosts. Plasma protein binding was also evaluated. The intended goal was to identify the most relevant samples among total blood, plasma or blood cells for pharmacokinetic analysis. The methodology involved the incubation of each of the blood components (the intact erythrocytes, erythrocyte ghosts, haemoglobin and plasma proteins) at physiological pH and temperature with different concentrations of each drug, followed by measurement by HPLC and fluorometry at excitation and emission wavelengths of 480 and 580 nm, respectively. The results indicated that the binding of doxorubicin and epirubicin to plasma proteins, erythrocyte ghosts and intact erythrocytes was essentially the same. However, the binding of both compounds to intact erythrocytes was significantly different from erythrocyte ghosts, which indicates that haemoglobin plays an important role in the binding to and uptake by erythrocytes. The isotherms of binding to haemoglobin revealed that the maximum binding of doxorubicin was approximately 0.42 microg mg(-1) haemoglobin; for epirubicin this value was ten times greater than for doxorubicin. The Scatchard plot of binding of both drugs to haemoglobin exhibited two distinct binding sites for each drug. The constant of association of high affinity and low capacity binding sites was significantly greater for epirubicin, whereas the constant of association of low affinity and high capacity binding sites was significantly higher for doxorubicin. The number of high affinity binding sites per mg of haemoglobin was estimated to be 0.072 for doxorubcin and 0.030 for epirubicin. The number of low affinity binding sites was significantly greater for epirubicin (1.963) than for doxorubicin (0.305). Since the combined number of binding sites for epirubicin was more than doxorubicin, and the total uptake by erythrocytes remained the same for both drugs, it was concluded that epirubicin, being a more lipophilic compound, may diffuse more freely into the cells. Therefore, it binds more to haemoglobin, whereas doxorubicin remains more adsorbed on the surface of the cells due to its self-association property. It was concluded that the interaction of both drugs with erythrocytes, although it appears to be similar, is significantly different due to the interaction with haemoglobin. The difference in this interaction is expected to influence the disposition of both drugs in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramanathan-Girish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Richardson DS, Johnson SA. Anthracyclines in haematology: preclinical studies, toxicity and delivery systems. Blood Rev 1997; 11:201-23. [PMID: 9481450 DOI: 10.1016/s0268-960x(97)90020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anthracyclines are widely used in the treatment of haematological and non-haematological malignancy and there is now more than 30 years' clinical experience with these agents but despite this, their mechanism of action is incompletely understood. The anthracyclines have been shown to intercalate with DNA and indirectly inhibit the activity of the enzyme topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA strand breaks. More recently, workers have focused on induction of apoptosis and have shown that daunorubicin stimulates production of the apoptotic mediator, ceramide and that the activity of doxorubicin can be blocked by inhibitors of CD95 (fas). One of the major problems with anthracycline therapy is the development of resistance which may be mediated by p-glycoprotein or by other mechanisms. Much recent research has concentrated on methods to modulate the drug-resistant phenotype and these include development of new analogues and use of specific reversal agents. The toxicity profile of the anthracyclines includes bone marrow suppression, severe local reaction following extravasation, radiation recall, alopecia, gastrointestinal and hepatic effects, development of secondary malignancies and significant cardiac toxicity. The risk factors for the development of anthracycline-related cardiac toxicity are well documented and several methods have been exploited in attempts at prevention. Finally, a number of drug delivery systems have been developed in order to improve therapeutic response and reduce toxicity to normal tissues, including the use of liposomal preparations.
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8
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Launchbury AP, Habboubi N. Epirubicin and doxorubicin: a comparison of their characteristics, therapeutic activity and toxicity. Cancer Treat Rev 1993; 19:197-228. [PMID: 8334677 DOI: 10.1016/0305-7372(93)90036-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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9
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Plosker GL, Faulds D. Epirubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in cancer chemotherapy. Drugs 1993; 45:788-856. [PMID: 7686469 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199345050-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epirubicin is the 4' epimer of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin, and has been used alone or in combination with other cytotoxic agents in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Comparative and noncomparative clinical trials have demonstrated that regimens containing conventional doses of epirubicin achieved equivalent objective response rates and overall median survival as similar doxorubicin-containing regimens in the treatment of advanced and early breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer and nonresectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, dose-intensive regimens of epirubicin have achieved high response rates in a number of malignancies including early and advanced breast cancer and lung cancer. The major acute dose-limiting toxicity of anthracyclines is myelosuppression. In vitro and clinical studies have shown that, at equimolar doses, epirubicin is less myelotoxic than doxorubicin. The lower haematological toxicity of epirubicin, as well as the recent introduction of supportive measures such as colony-stimulating factors, has allowed dose-intensification of epirubicin-containing regimens, which is particularly significant because of the definite dose-response relationship of anthracyclines. Cardiotoxicity, which is manifested clinically as irreversible congestive heart failure and/or cardiomyopathy, is the most important chronic cumulative dose-limiting toxicity of anthracyclines. Epirubicin has a lower propensity to produce cardiotoxic effects than doxorubicin, and its recommended maximum cumulative dose is almost double that of doxorubicin, thus allowing for more treatment cycles and/or higher doses of epirubicin. In summary, dose-intensive epirubicin-containing regimens, which are feasible due to its lower myelosuppression and cardiotoxicity, have produced high response rates in early breast cancer, a potentially curable malignancy, as well as advanced breast, and lung cancers. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that improved response rates can improve quality of life in some clinical settings, but whether this leads to prolonged survival has not yet been determined. Recently implemented supportive measures such as colony-stimulating factors, prophylactic antimicrobials and peripheral blood stem cell support may help achieve other potential advantages of dose-intensive epirubicin-containing regimens such as reductions in morbidity and length of hospital admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Plosker
- Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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Bartkowiak D, Hemmer J, Röttinger E. Dose dependence of the cytokinetic and cytotoxic effects of epirubicin in vitro. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992; 30:189-92. [PMID: 1628367 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CHO cells were exposed in vitro for 1 h to concentrations of 0.1-20 micrograms/ml of the cytostatic drug epirubicin. Population growth, survival fractions, cell-cycle-phase distribution, and BrdU incorporation were analyzed. A fraction of the cells showed a transitory cytostatic reaction at 1 microgram/ml, and greater than 99% of the cells were killed at 10 micrograms/ml. The survival curve was biphasic with a steep slope at concentrations of up to 5 micrograms/ml. Approximately 0.1% of the cells were resistant to higher concentrations of epirubicin. Bivariate DNA/BrdU flow cytometry revealed that the sensitive cells were blocked and probably killed in the G2M phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bartkowiak
- Department of Radiotherapy, University of Ulm, Federal of Germany
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