Center differences and cross-national invariance in help-seeking for panic disorder. A report from the cross-national collaborative panic study

Addressing the challenges of a cross-national investigation: lessons from the Pittsburgh-Pisa study of treatment-relevant phenotypes of unipolar depression

BACKGROUND

To date, no cross-national RCT has addressed the mechanisms underlying the relative success of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for depression. A multi-site clinical trial that includes psychotherapy as one of the treatments presents numerous challenges related to cross-site consistency and communication.

PURPOSE

This report describes how those challenges were met in the study "Depression: The Search for Treatment Relevant Phenotypes'', being carried out at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pisa, Italy.

METHODS

Implementing the study required the investigators to address methodological and practical challenges related to the different requirements of the two Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), psychotherapy training, independent evaluator training, patient recruitment, development of common tools for data entry, quality control and generation of weekly reports of patient progress as well as establishing a similar clinical and research framework in two countries with substantially different health care systems.

RESULTS

By having bilingual investigators and staff members who spent time at one another's sites, making use of frequent conference-call staff meetings and being flexible within the bounds of the sometimes contradictory requirements of the IRBs, the investigators were able to meet the human subjects protection requirements of both institutions, surmount language barriers to consistent therapist and evaluator training and develop common tools for study management. As a result, recruitment goals were met at both sites and retention rates were high. One instance of inconsistent implementation of the protocol was corrected within the first year.

LIMITATIONS

This study was conducted in two Western cultures by researchers with long-standing collaboration. Our findings may not be generalizable to other countries or research settings.

CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of a cross-national protocol and the adoption and maintenance of common procedures is possible when investigators are aware of the challenges this may present and are proactive in trying to address them.

New developments in panic disorder

Panic disorder is a distressing and disabling disorder characterized by recurring panic attacks; anticipatory anxiety about having additional attacks; and agoraphobic fear and avoidance of situations in which attacks have occurred, ready escape is difficult, or help is unavailable in the event of an attack. It is typically associated with impairment in social, emotional, and vocational functioning, as well as excessive utilization of the medical care system. A number of pharmacologic agents and cognitive-behavioral treatments have proven effective for the treatment of panic disorder. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are becoming first-line pharmacotherapy because of their favorable side effect profile and greater spectrum of efficacy in comparison with older classes of agents. In this article, we provide an overview of the prevalence, associated health care utilization, impairment in quality of life, and treatment of panic disorder.