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Miguel Telega L, Berti R, Blazhenets G, Domogalla LC, Steinacker N, Omrane MA, Meyer PT, Coenen VA, Eder AC, Döbrössy MD. Reserpine-induced rat model for depression: Behavioral, physiological and PET-based dopamine receptor availability validation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 133:111013. [PMID: 38636702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reserpine (RES), a Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor agent, has been used in preclinical research for many years to create animal models for depression and to test experimental antidepressant strategies. Nevertheless, evidence of the potential use and validity of RES as a chronic pharmacological model for depression is lacking, and there are no comprehensive studies of the behavioral effects in conjunction with molecular outcomes. METHODS Experiment 1. Following baseline behavior testing sensitive to depression-like phenotype and locomotion (Phase 1), 27 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received i.p. either vehicle solution (0.0 mg/kg), low (0.2 mg/kg) or high (0.8 mg/kg) RES dose for 20 days using a pre-determined schedule and reassessed for behavioral phenotypes (Phase 2). After 10 days washout period, and a final behavioral assessment (Phase 3), the brains were collected 16 days after the last injection for mRNA-expression assessment. Experiment 2. In a similar timetable as in Experiment 1 but without the behavioral testing, 12 SD rats underwent repetitive dopamine D2/3 receptor PET scanning with [18F]DMFP following each Phase. The binding potential (BPND) of [18F]DMFP was quantified by kinetic analysis as a marker of striatal D2/3R availability. Weight and welfare were monitored throughout the study. RESULTS Significant, dose-dependent weight loss and behavioral deficits including both motor (hypo-locomotion) and non-motor behavior (anhedonia, mild anxiety and reduced exploration) were found for both the low and high dose groups with significant decrease in D2R mRNA expression in the accumbal region for the low RES group after Phase 3. Both RES treated groups showed substantial increase in [18F]DMFP BPND (in line with dopamine depletion) during Phase 2 and 3 compared to baseline and Controls. CONCLUSIONS The longitudinal design of the study demonstrated that chronic RES administration induced striatal dopamine depletion that persisted even after the wash-out period. However, the behavior phenotype observed were transient. The data suggest that RES administration can induce a rodent model for depression with mild face validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Miguel Telega
- Lab of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences (SIN), Dept. of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University Freiburg, Germany; Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, IMBIT (Institute for Machine-Brain Interfacing Technology), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raissa Berti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ganna Blazhenets
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa-Charlotte Domogalla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Steinacker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Aymen Omrane
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp T Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker A Coenen
- Lab of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences (SIN), Dept. of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University Freiburg, Germany; Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BrainLinks-BrainTools, IMBIT (Institute for Machine-Brain Interfacing Technology), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Máté D Döbrössy
- Lab of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences (SIN), Dept. of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University Freiburg, Germany; Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Mergy MA, Gowrishankar R, Davis GL, Jessen TN, Wright J, Stanwood GD, Hahn MK, Blakely RD. Genetic targeting of the amphetamine and methylphenidate-sensitive dopamine transporter: on the path to an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurochem Int 2014; 73:56-70. [PMID: 24332984 PMCID: PMC4177817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in dopamine (DA) signaling underlie the most widely held theories of molecular and circuit level perturbations that lead to risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The DA transporter (DAT), a presynaptic reuptake protein whose activity provides critical support for DA signaling by limiting DA action at pre- and postsynaptic receptors, has been consistently associated with ADHD through pharmacological, behavioral, brain imaging and genetic studies. Currently, the animal models of ADHD exhibit significant limitations, stemming in large part from their lack of construct validity. To remedy this situation, we have pursued the creation of a mouse model derived from a functional nonsynonymous variant in the DAT gene (SLC6A3) of ADHD probands. We trace our path from the identification of these variants to in vitro biochemical and physiological studies to the production of the DAT Val559 mouse model. We discuss our initial findings with these animals and their promise in the context of existing rodent models of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Mergy
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Raajaram Gowrishankar
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gwynne L Davis
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tammy N Jessen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jane Wright
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen K Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Alvarez EO, Ruarte MB. Role of glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens on behavioural responses to novel conflictive and non-conflictive environments in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2001; 123:143-53. [PMID: 11399327 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The possible role of glutamic acid locally applied into the nucleus accumbens on exploratory behaviours measured in 'conflictive' and 'non-conflictive' environments was studied in adult male rats. As a model of conflictive environment, the elevated asymmetric-plus maze (APM) was used. As a model of a non-conflictive environment, a modified holeboard enriched with an object (OVM) was used. In order to characterize the possible glutamic acid receptors involved, the following antagonists were also used: AP3 (antagonist of the metabotropic glutamic acid receptor), AP7 (antagonist of NMDA glutamic acid receptor, and CNQX (antagonists of kainate/AMPA glutamic acid receptor). Results showed that injection of glutamic acid into the nucleus accumbens induced in the APM a decrease of exploration and an increase of the permanency score (non-exploratory behaviours) of the 'High and Low wall' arm. However, in the 'Two High Walls' arm, glutamic acid decreased permanency. In the OVM, no major changes in the motor activity were observed with glutamic acid. Nevertheless, the vertical activity (an index of rearing) and head-dipping were inhibited by the amino-acid treatment. In the APM, the decrease of exploration induced by glutamic acid was blocked by all three receptor antagonists. In the non-exploratory behaviours, the facilitatory effect observed in the 'High and Low walls' arm was blocked only by AP7 and CNQX. The inhibitory action of glutamic acid on the permanency score in the 'Two High Walls' arm was not blocked by the receptors antagonists. In the OVM, AP7 and CNQX were effective in blocking the inhibition of glutamic acid on the vertical activity, but in head-dipping, only AP3 and CNQX were able to block the effect of the amino acid on this behaviour. In conclusion, the present results are compatible with the concept that glutamatergic input fibres to the nucleus accumbens modulate the expression of exploratory behaviour induced by novelty in conflictive and non-conflictive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Alvarez
- Unidad de Neuroquímica y Farmacología del Comportamiento, Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas,Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 33, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
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Orofino AG, Ruarte MB, Alvarez EO. Exploratory behaviour after intra-accumbens histamine and/or histamine antagonists injection in the rat. Behav Brain Res 1999; 102:171-80. [PMID: 10403025 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The possible role of histamine locally applied into the nucleus accumbens on exploratory behaviours measured in 'conflictive' and 'non-conflictive' environments was studied in adult male rats. It was assumed that in conflictive environments the brain mechanisms involved in processing incentive environmental clues (novelty) were interacting with mechanisms involved in the processing of fearful or 'anxiogenic' environmental clues. As a model of conflictive environment, the elevated asymmetric-plus maze (APM) was used. As a model of a non-conflictive environment, a modified holebroad enriched with an object (OVM) was used. The exploration score in any of the arms of the APM was considered an approximate index of exploratory motivation. The permanency score (non-exploratory behaviours) was considered an inverse approximate index of emotionality. Other variables such as the frequency of entries into any arm, the latency time and central activity were also measured. In the OVM, the general motor activity and head-dipping, vertical rearing and focalized exploration were measured. Results show that histamine in the APM had a dual effect. On the one hand, an increase of exploration was observed in those arms considered more 'anxiogenic'. On the other hand, a decrease in exploration occurred in one of the arms considered less 'anxiogenic'. No changes of permanency was observed in the 'anxiogenic' arms, and a decrease of permanency took place in the arms considered less 'anxiogenic'. In the OVM, histamine did not change the overall motor activity, but head-dipping was inhibited by the imidazolamine treatment. Histamine effects on exploration parameters were counteracted by pre-treatment with H1- and H2-histamine antagonists. Nevertheless, some behaviours were not blocked by the histamine receptor antagonists. The present results give support to the role of the nucleus accumbens in the exploratory motivation mechanisms and suggest that histamine might be an endogenous regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Orofino
- Unidad de Farmacología del Comportamiento (UNIFCO), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Yu ZJ, Jin C, Rockhold RW, Hoskins B, Ho IK. Site and mechanism of behavioral tolerance to cocaine: a study of dopamine release in Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurochem Res 1993; 18:1203-9. [PMID: 8255373 DOI: 10.1007/bf00978374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats received i.v. infusions of cocaine hydrochloride (60 mg/kg per day) for 3, 7, and 14 days, or saline for 7 days. Acute cocaine challenge (40 mg/kg, s.c.) was given to treated and control rats 24 hr after the termination of each infusion period. There were no strain differences in brain levels of cocaine during cocaine infusion, nor after cocaine challenges. There were no strain differences in resting levels of [3H]dopamine release. Release of [3H]dopamine decreased in nuclei accumbens of 7- and 14-day cocaine-infused animals. Release of [3H]dopamine was maximal in both brain regions 2 hr after acute cocaine challenge. After 14 days of cocaine infusion, cocaine challenge in both strains reduced [3H]dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the striatum; the reduction being greater in Wistar-Kyoto rats. The behavioral tolerance which accompanies similar cocaine infusion regimens may be related to striatal "tolerance" to cocaine-induced dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505
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Hoskins B, Oh SK, Tseng YT, Rockhold RW, Ho IK. Effects of cocaine on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in brain areas from SHR and WKY. Brain Res Bull 1990; 25:639-41. [PMID: 1980231 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(90)90126-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Basal tyrosine hydroxylase activity was the same in the nuclei accumbens and hypothalami of WKY and SHR. Basal striatal enzyme activity was lower in SHR than in WKY. Acute and subacute cocaine administration altered enzyme activity only in striata and nuclei accumbens of WKY. The central dopaminergic system of SHR appears to be less active and less sensitive to cocaine than that of WKY.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hoskins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216
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