Cold exposure or chronic noradrenaline treatment induces an increase in the calmodulin-like immunoreactivity of brown adipose tissue of rats

Alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels in brown adipocytes

In order to monitor changes in cytosolic Ca2+ levels, brown-fat cells were incubated with the fluorescent Ca2+-indicator fura-2 and the fluorescence intensity ratio followed. The addition of norepinephrine led to a rapid and persistent increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ level, which was dose-dependent with a maximal effect at about 1 microM. The response was diminished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and was inhibited more efficiently by phentolamine and prazosin than by propranolol or yohimbine, indicating alpha 1-adrenergic mediation. Accordingly, selective alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation also increased the cytosolic Ca2+ level. However, selective beta-adrenergic stimulation, as well as the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, were also able to increase the cytosolic Ca2+ level in these cells to a certain extent. It was concluded that the major part of the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ was mediated, as in other cell types, via alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, but that Ca2+ levels were also positively modulated by a cAMP-mediated process. These observations are discussed in relation to known alpha 1/beta synergisms in brown adipose tissue.