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Biscuit Contaminants, Their Sources and Mitigation Strategies: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112751. [PMID: 34829032 PMCID: PMC8621915 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific literature is rich in investigations on the presence of various contaminants in biscuits, and of articles aimed at proposing innovative solutions for their control and prevention. However, the relevant information remains fragmented. Therefore, the objective of this work was to review the current state of the scientific literature on the possible contaminants of biscuits, considering physical, chemical, and biological hazards, and making a critical analysis of the solutions to reduce such contaminations. The raw materials are primary contributors of a wide series of contaminants. The successive processing steps and machinery must be monitored as well, because if they cannot improve the initial safety condition, they could worsen it. The most effective mitigation strategies involve product reformulation, and the use of alternative baking technologies to minimize the thermal load. Low oxygen permeable packaging materials (avoiding direct contact with recycled ones), and reformulation are effective for limiting the increase of contaminations during biscuit storage. Continuous monitoring of raw materials, intermediates, finished products, and processing conditions are therefore essential not only to meet current regulatory restrictions but also to achieve the aim of banning dietary contaminants and coping with related diseases.
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Stauff A, Schnapka J, Heckel F, Matissek R. Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons (MOSH/MOAH) in Edible Oils and Possible Minimization by Deodorization Through the Example of Cocoa Butter. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stauff
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Julia Schnapka
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Frank Heckel
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
| | - Reinhard Matissek
- Food Chemistry Institute (LCI) of the Association of the German Confectionery Industry Cologne Germany
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Bevan R, Harrison PTC, Jeffery B, Mitchell D. Evaluating the risk to humans from mineral oils in foods: Current state of the evidence. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:110966. [PMID: 31751646 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Key issues around the evaluation of risks to humans from mineral oils in food and feedstuffs are discussed. MOHs (MOAH and MOSH) occur in food due to intentional use, contamination from environmental sources and during transport/processing, or through migration from food contact materials. Problems in setting and enforcing human health guidelines for MOH include uncertainty around MOH toxicity and the specialist expertise needed for analysis of complex food matrices. Currently, the method of choice for measuring mineral oils is LC-GC-FID, however some complex food matrices also require additional analytical techniques to differentiate between some naturally occurring hydrocarbons and those from other sources, including of petrogenic origin. This requires the skills of an experienced analyst. Significant toxicological gaps for MOHs prevent robust human health risk assessment and the derivation of guidance values. As food-grade mineral oils are virtually MOAH-free, the key issue explored here is the relevance to humans of liver (micro)granulomas observed in F344 rats following oral intake. Available data suggest that despite the ubiquitous nature of MOH in the human diet, the prevalence of liver lipogranulomas in the population is low. These are not associated with inflammation and based on current evidence are not considered of human health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bevan
- IEH Consulting Ltd, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | - B Jeffery
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - D Mitchell
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, PR China
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Brühl L. Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nguyen PM, Julien JM, Breysse C, Lyathaud C, Thébault J, Vitrac O. Project SafeFoodPack Design: case study on indirect migration from paper and boards. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1703-1720. [PMID: 28374636 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1315777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Migration due to indirect contact with packaging caused several major sanitary crises, including the spread contamination of dry food by mineral oils and printing ink constituents from cardboard. The issues are still not fully resolved because the mechanisms have been insufficiently described and the relationship between design, contamination level, type of contaminant, and conditions of storage (time and temperature) are poorly understood. This study proposes a forensic analysis of these phenomena when food is separated from cardboard by a plastic layer. Practical relationships and advanced simulation scenarios were devised and validated against the long-term migration between 20 and 60°C of 15 substances. They were chosen to be representative of the main contaminants of cardboard: aliphatic and aromatic mineral oils, photo-initiators and plasticisers. Data were summarised as iso-contamination curves and iso-contamination times up to 2 years. Simple rules are illustrated to extrapolate the results to arbitrary conditions in order to identify critical substances and to estimate the plastic film's thickness to keep the contamination within acceptable limits. Recommendations for the risk management of contamination routes without contact are finally drafted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Mai Nguyen
- a INRA , UMR 1145 Food Processing Engineering, Group Interaction between Material and Media in Contact , Massy , France
| | - Jean Mario Julien
- b Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE) , Chemistry and Physical Chemistry of Materials Division , Trappes Cedex France
| | | | - Cédric Lyathaud
- b Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE) , Chemistry and Physical Chemistry of Materials Division , Trappes Cedex France
| | | | - Olivier Vitrac
- a INRA , UMR 1145 Food Processing Engineering, Group Interaction between Material and Media in Contact , Massy , France
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Spack LW, Leszczyk G, Varela J, Simian H, Gude T, Stadler RH. Understanding the contamination of food with mineral oil: the need for a confirmatory analytical and procedural approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1052-1071. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1306655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesus Varela
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Simian
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gude
- Swiss Quality Testing Services, Dietikon, Switzerland
| | - Richard H. Stadler
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Brühl L. Occurrence, determination, and assessment of mineral oils in oilseeds and vegetable oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Iwegbue C, Obi G, Tesi G, Bassey F, Overah L, Martincigh B. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some commercial brands of candies and chocolates in Nigeria. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.M.A. Iwegbue
- Metals and Trace Organics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, 234 Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - G. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, P.M.B. 1221, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - G.O. Tesi
- Metals and Trace Organics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, 234 Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - F.I. Bassey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross-Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - L.C. Overah
- Metals and Trace Organics Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, 234 Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - B.S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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10
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Is recycled newspaper suitable for food contact materials? Technical grade mineral oils from printing inks. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Multidimensional chromatography in food analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7110-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Mineral oil paraffins in human body fat and milk. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:544-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Populin T, Biedermann M, Grob K, Moret S, Conte L. Relative hopane content confirming the mineral origin of hydrocarbons contaminating foods and human milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:893-904. [PMID: 15666983 DOI: 10.1080/02652030400001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hopanes, triterpenoid hydrocarbons formed under geological conditions, were analysed to confirm the mineral origin of the unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons observed in the gas chromatography with flame ionization detection chromatograms of human milk and certain foodstuffs. The 'relative hopane content' (RHC) is introduced, i.e. it is the area ratio of the sum of the hopanes and the paraffins in the same segment of the chromatogram. The RHC in various mineral oil products (motor oils, hydraulic oils, lubricating oils, Vaseline) was 3.4%, with a relative standard deviation of 19%. The RHC determined in samples of vegetable oils, mussels and clams as well as of human milk containing an unresolved complex mixture of hydrocarbons was in the same range, confirming that these samples were contaminated by mineral oil material.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Populin
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, PO Box, CH-8030 Zurich, Switzerland
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Noti A, Grob K, Biedermann M, Deiss U, Brüschweiler BJ. Exposure of babies to C15–C45 mineral paraffins from human milk and breast salves. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 38:317-25. [PMID: 14623482 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-2300(03)00098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mineral paraffins widely occur in foods, but are also ingredients of body lotions, lip sticks, and breast salves. In this study it is shown that mineral paraffins are detectable in human milk. Thirty three human milk samples were found to contain mineral C(15)-C(45) paraffins at a mean concentration of 95+/-215mg/kg fat and a maximum of 1300mg/kg. The mineral paraffins found in human milk had average molecular weights between C(23) and C(33), and often more than half of the paraffins were below C(25). Beside exposure of babies via human milk, the intake by direct licking off salves (in the worst case consisting of vaseline) from the breast of their nursing mothers may be much higher. In a worst case situation, daily intake from breast care products by babies is estimated to reach 40mg/kg bw. Many compositions do not comply with the specifications and a temporary group ADI of 0-4mg/kg bw established by the SCF. This possible exposure of babies either calls for a toxicological re-evaluation of the mineral paraffins or for measures ensuring that exposure of babies is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Noti
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Gilbert J, Rossi L. European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2000; 17:83-127. [PMID: 10793858 DOI: 10.1080/026520300283621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gilbert
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, UK.
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Mondello L, Dugo P, Dugo G, Lewis AC, Bartle KD. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled on-line with high resolution gas chromatography State of the art. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Mondello L, Dugo G, Bartle KD. On-line microbore high performance liquid chromatography-capillary gas chromatography for food and water analyses. A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(1996)8:4<275::aid-mcs5>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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