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Murray MJ. Review Article: Aetiopathogenesis and treatment of peptic ulcer in the horse: a comparative review. Equine Vet J 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb04791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2
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Tunçel N, Tunçel M, Aboul-Enein HY. Effects of the vasoactive intestinal peptide on stress-induced mucosal ulcers and modulation of methylation of histamine in gastric tissue of the rats. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2003; 58:449-54. [PMID: 12767385 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(03)00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) prevents stress-induced gastric ulcers, inhibits mast cell degranulation and protects gastric tissue from lipid peroxidation. Histamine has an important role in the development of gastric ulcers and mast cell derived histamine might be essential in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Tunçel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osmangazi, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
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3
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Ohta Y, Nishida K. Protective effect of L-arginine against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats and its relation to nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of neutrophil infiltration. Pharmacol Res 2001; 43:535-41. [PMID: 11419962 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.2001.0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment with l -arginine (150-600 mg kg(-1), i.p.), but not d -arginine (600 mg kg(-1), i.p.), protected against gastric mucosal lesions in rats with water immersion restraint stress over a 6-h period. This protective effect occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Increases in the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), an index of tissue neutrophil infiltration, and the concentration of nitrite/nitrate, breakdown products of nitric oxide, and a decrease in the activity of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) occurred in the gastric mucosal tissue with the development of gastric mucosal lesions. The l -arginine pretreatment attenuated the increases in iNOS and MPO activities and nitrite/nitrate concentration and the decrease in cNOS activity in the gastric mucosal tissue in a dose-dependent manner, while the d -arginine pretreatment did not. Both the protective effect of l -arginine (300 mg kg(-1)) against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions and the attenuating effect of the amino acid on the increases in gastric mucosal iNOS and MPO activities and the decrease in gastric mucosal cNOS activity with the lesion development were counteracted by pretreatment with N(G)-monomethyl- l -arginine (100 mg kg(-1), s.c.), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, but not its d -isomer (100 mg kg(-1), s.c.). These results suggest that the protective effect of exogenously administered l -arginine against stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats is, at least in part, due to nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of neutrophil infiltration into the gastric mucosal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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4
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Stomach and Duodenum. Surgery 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57282-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Murray
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Leesburg 20177, USA
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6
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Nishida K, Ohta Y, Ishiguro I. Role of gastric mucosal constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases in the development of stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 236:275-9. [PMID: 9240424 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gastric mucosal constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activities with the development of gastric mucosal lesions induced by water immersion restraint (WIR) stress were investigated in rats pretreated with and without NOS inhibitors. A decrease in cNOS activity and an increase in iNOS activity in the gastric mucosa occurred with gastric mucosal lesion development. Pretreatment with N(G)-monomethyl L-arginine, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, enhanced gastric mucosal lesion development with inhibition of gastric mucosal cNOS and iNOS activities, although the inhibited iNOS activity was still higher than the normal level. Pretreatment with aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, prevented gastric mucosal lesion development with inhibition of iNOS activity and maintenance of cNOS activity in the gastric mucosa. These results indicate that in WIR-stressed rats, an increase in iNOS activity and a decrease in cNOS activity in the gastric mucosa are closely related to the development of gastric mucosal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan.
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LePard KJ, Mohammed JR, Stephens RL. Gastric ECL-cell hyperplasia produces enhanced basal and stimulated gastric acid output but not gastric erosion formation in the rat. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1997; 28:415-20. [PMID: 9068983 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. The purpose of this study was to examine the change in gastric acid output and gastric erosion formation produced by inducing gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia in female rats. 2. Rats were treated with vehicle or ranitidine (1,200 mumol/kg/day x 4 wks) administered via SC Alzet minipumps. Experiments were performed 24 hours after removing the minipump, when the inhibitory effect of ranitidine on gastric acid secretion had been lost. 3. Basal gastric acid secretion was 7-fold higher in chronic ranitidine animals than in sham control. 4. Both total and net gastric acid secretions stimulated by carbachol/pentagastrin infusion or histamine injection were significantly higher in the chronic ranitidine animals than in controls. 5. By contrast, intracisternal injection of the chemical vagal stimulant RX77368 (100 ng) resulted in no net increase in acid output of recovered ranitidine-pretreated group. 6. No significant changes in gastric erosions produced experimentally by cold exposure plus restraint or indomethacin pretreatment were noted in recovered chronic ranitidine animals compared to sham controls. 7. These findings suggest that achlorhydria-induced ECL cell hyperplasia augments both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretory function. The histamine results implicate an enhanced parietal cell mass, upregulation of H2 receptors, and/or second-messenger events at the parietal cell as the mechanism for the enhanced gastric secretory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J LePard
- Department of Physiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the formation of gastric erosions by the use of animals. The role of gastric acid secretion in their pathogenesis has been clarified. Gastric erosions are associated with the presence of acid in the stomach and slow gastric contractions. With several different experimental procedures, the animal's body temperature falls; preventing the fall averts erosions. A fall in body temperature or exposure to cold are associated with the secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and both increased and decreased concentration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH) in discrete regions of rat brains. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone when injected into specific sites in the brain produces gastric erosions and increases acid secretion and slow contractions, whereas CRH has the opposite effects. One of the major sites of interaction of the two peptides is in the dorsal motor complex of the vagus nerve. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone increases serotonin (5-HT) secretion into the stomach. Serotonin counter-regulates acid secretion and slow contractions. Many other peptides injected into discrete brain sites stimulate or inhibit gastric acid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine 90095, USA
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Abstract
The diagnosis of third compartment ulcers in the llama and alpaca is largely one of exclusion. Clinical signs may include mild to severe colic, inappetence, decreased fecal output, bruxism, and depression. Abdominocentesis results are usually unremarkable if C3 perforation has not occurred but reflective of a generalized peritonitis if full thickness ulceration has occurred. The H-2 receptor antagonists cimetidine and ranitidine do not suppress C3 acid production for a significant period of time and are of questionable efficacy in the management of C3 ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis
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Glavin GB, Paré WP, Sandbak T, Bakke HK, Murison R. Restraint stress in biomedical research: an update. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1994; 18:223-49. [PMID: 8058215 DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(94)90027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of our initial review of restraint stress in 1986, much work has continued with this technique, either as a tool for the investigation of other pharmacological, physiological, or pathologic phenomena or with restraint stress itself serving as the object of the study. As we noted in 1986, the major use of restraint has been for the induction of stress responses in animals and, more specifically, for the investigation of drug effects, particularly as they affect typical stress-related pathology--gastrointestinal, neuroendocrine, and immunological agents have been extensively studied. In compiling this update on restraint stress and its effects, we noted an increasing emphasis on central nervous system mechanisms in peripheral disease, especially gastrointestinal disease. In particular, many CNS-active agents have been tested for their effects on gastric and duodenal lesion formation and gastric secretion, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, noradrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and peptidergic compounds. Some of these agents are especially active in the gastrointestinal tract even when administered centrally, further solidifying the concept of a brain-gut axis. The present update includes studies of: methods and procedures, pre-restraint manipulations, post-restraint/healing effects, and drug effects. In addition, a current bibliography of reports that have employed restraint is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Glavin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Livingston EH, Garrick TR, Scremin OU, Yasue N, Passaro EP, Guth PH. Heterogeneous distribution of gastric mucosal blood flow with restraint stress in the rat. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38:1233-42. [PMID: 8325184 DOI: 10.1007/bf01296072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cold water immersion restraint (CWIR) is associated with gastric hypercontractility and gastric corpus erosions in the rat. Because the gastric blood flow response to CWIR has not been well defined, we performed the following study. Rats were implanted with force transducers, subjected to CWIR for 2 hr, and then blood flow was determined by the iodo[14C]antipyrine autoradiographic (IAP) technique. When compared to control animals, the CWIR-treated animals displayed foci of gastric corpus hyperemia with a marked and significant increase in blood flow in all layers of the gastric corpus. There was approximately a 100% increase in the mucosa and a 50% increase in the muscularis externa. The hyperemia was not uniform, but rather alternated every 2.1 +/- 0.2 mm with regions of low blood flow. Blood flow in the antrum and duodenum was unaffected by CWIR. We conclude that CWIR is associated with alternating regions of high and low blood flow only in the gastric corpus. Reduction of corpus mucosal blood flow might be due to the powerful gastric contractions associated with CWIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Livingston
- Surgical Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center-West Los Angeles, California
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Morrow NS, Garrick T. Effects of preadaptation to restricted feeding and cimetidine treatment on gastric mucosal injury and wheel running during exposure to activity-stress. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PARIS 1993; 87:245-52. [PMID: 8136790 DOI: 10.1016/0928-4257(93)90012-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between gastric injury and wheel running was examined during an activity-stress (A-S) experiment. In Experiment 1, rats were preadapted to a 1-h restricted feeding schedule for either 0, 15, 25 or 35 days prior to entering activity wheels. All rats preadapted to the 1-h feeding schedule had significantly less gastric damage than rats without any preadaptation experience. Survival of A-S was related to the length of preadaptation experience. Regardless of preadaptation experience, rats increased daily running with the greatest increase occurring during the 6-h period preceding the feeding hour. In Experiment 2, rats were injected twice daily with cimetidine (100 mg, ip) or vehicle during the 6-h preceding the feeding session. Rats treated with cimetidine had less mucosal injury but had no increased survival when compared to rats injected with the vehicle. Cimetidine treated rats had essentially the same running pattern as controls. These results demonstrated that the process of mucosal injury did not stimulate excessive wheel running. The data also suggest that mucosal injury is not related to survival in A-S rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Morrow
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Los Angeles, California 90073
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Kleiman-Wexler RL, Ephgrave KS, Broadhurst KA. Effects of intragastric and intravenous glucose on restraint model of stress ulceration. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:1860-5. [PMID: 1473435 DOI: 10.1007/bf01308080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intragastric glucose prevents acute stress-induced gastric mucosal injury in the restrained rat. Because increased gastric contractions contribute to mucosal injury in this model and because parenteral glucose infusions have been shown to suppress gastric contractility, we hypothesized that centrally mediated responses to hyperglycemia might contribute to the cytoprotective effect of intragastric glucose. We compared intragastric and intravenous 25% glucose with saline infusions during cold restraint and measured their impact on gastric lesions, serum glucose levels, gastric residual volume (an indirect indicator of net gastric contractility), acidity, and mucin concentration. We found that both intravenous and intragastric glucose infusions increased serum glucose to over 500 mg/dl after 4 hr of stress. Intragastric glucose increased residual volume and gastric pH, as well as decreased gastric mucosal injury, but intravenous glucose had no effects on gastric function. We found that none of the potentially protective effects of intragastric glucose are mediated by central responses to hyperglycemia, and likewise that intravenous glucose has no effect on gastric mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Kleiman-Wexler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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Garrick T. The role of gastric contractility and brain thyrotropin-releasing hormone in cold restraint-induced gastric mucosal injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 597:51-70. [PMID: 2117415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Garrick
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
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Tarnasky PR, Livingston EH, Jacobs KM, Zimmerman BJ, Guth PH, Garrick TR. Role of oxyradicals in cold water immersion restraint-induced gastric mucosal injury in the rat. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35:173-7. [PMID: 2302974 DOI: 10.1007/bf01536759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cold water immersion restraint of the rat results in focal gastric mucosal erosions. The lesions are associated with powerful, prolonged-duration gastric contractions. Phasic gastric contractions may attenuate gastric mucosal blood flow, resulting in ischemia followed by reperfusion. Therefore, the conditions of cold-water-immersion restraint might lead to mucosal injury by an oxyradical-mediated mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of oxyradical inhibition on cold water immersion restraint-induced lesions. In separate groups of rats subjected to cold water immersion restraint (6-10 animals per group), oxyradical inhibition was achieved by chronic feeding of a sodium tungstate diet, oral administration of allopurinol, or intraperitoneal administration of dimethylsulfoxide. None of these regimens significantly attenuated the number of lesions per stomach, the total lesion area, or the percent of corpus mucosa containing lesions. We conclude that oxyradicals do not play a role in the pathogenesis of cold water immersion restraint-induced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Tarnasky
- Medical Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-West Los Angeles, UCLA 90073
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Malledant Y, Tanguy M, Saint-Marc C. [Digestive stress hemorrhage. Physiopathology and prevention]. ANNALES FRANCAISES D'ANESTHESIE ET DE REANIMATION 1989; 8:334-46. [PMID: 2573302 DOI: 10.1016/s0750-7658(89)80075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lesions of the gastroduodenal mucosa are seen very early on in virtually 100% of patients suffering from organ failure. Bleeding, even if it is only occult, defines acute stress-induced gastrointestinal tract bleeding (SGIB). The rates of SGIB vary according to the inclusion criteria: 13 to 100% microscopic SGIB, 2.3 to 9.5% haemorrhage with blood transfusion and/or shock. Gastrointestinal bleeding does not really influence the death rate of patients with SGIB (0 to 5% increase). Damage to the gastric mucosa may be due to an intraluminal aggression, and/or decreased mucosal and mural defence mechanisms. H+ ions and bile salts are mostly responsible for the former. Physiological quantities of H+ ions may be sufficient, as their abnormal diffusion into the gastric mucosa will reduce the mucosal pH (pHm), which is itself sensitive to microcirculatory modifications and systemic acidosis. There is a good correlation between bleeding and pHm. Bile salts are involved because of the usual increase in frequency and volume of gastric biliary reflux due to stress. Surfactant, mucosal alkaline layer and the microcirculation are all involved in gastric protection. The PGE2 synthetized by the gastric mucosa have a favourable influence on these 3 mechanisms. Changes in microcirculation and hypoxia are the predominant factors involved in stress-induced mucosal damage. The prevention of SGIB relies on the treatment of risk factors, a reduction of intraluminal aggression, and the support and/or stimulation of gastric defence mechanisms. Antacids and anti-H2 drugs aim to neutralize most of the H+ ions, being more efficient than placebo in increasing gastric pH greater than 4, although anti-H2 agents are responsible of a greater number of failures. The non-homogenous character of the patient groups studied and the diagnostic methods, as well as the increasing lack of placebo groups in the published studies make the interpretation of the results rather risky. Antacids and anti-H2 drugs are more efficient than placebo, and equally efficient, in preventing overt SGIB. Efficiency is increased by giving anti-H2 drugs continuously, and antacids hourly. Other agents are thought to protect mucosal cells, probably increasing mucosal defences. Amongst them are the prostaglandins, the most interesting of which are still being investigated, and sucralfate. The latter molecule is as efficient as antacids and anti-H2 drugs, and does not alter gastric pH, so reducing the number of nosocomial pneumonias. Its reduced cost and easy administration make it, at the present time, the treatment of choice of SGIB. The few rare contraindications of sucralfate will justify the infusion of anti-H2 drugs in those patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Malledant
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes
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