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Qi M, Wang Q, Wang Y, Chen Y, Hu C, Yang W, Wu F, Huang T, Dawood AS, Zubair M, Li X, Chen J, Robertson ID, Chen H, Guo A. Epidemiological Survey and Risk Factor Analysis of 14 Potential Pathogens in Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys at Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030483. [PMID: 36986405 PMCID: PMC10051804 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) belong to Class A, the highest level of endangered primate species. Exploring the infection status of potential pathogens in golden snub-nosed monkeys is important for controlling associated diseases and protecting this species. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence for a number of potential pathogens and the prevalence of fecal adenovirus and rotavirus. A total of 283 fecal samples were collected from 100 golden snub-nosed monkeys in December 2014, June 2015, and January 2016; 26 blood samples were collected from 26 monkeys in June 2014, June 2015, January 2016 and November 2016 at Shennongjia National Reserve in Hubei, China. The infection of 11 potential viral diseases was examined serologically using an Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) and Dot Immunobinding Assays (DIA), while the whole blood IFN-γ in vitro release assay was used to test tuberculosis (TB). In addition, fecal Adenovirus and Rotavirus were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). As a result, the Macacine herpesvirus-1 (MaHV-1), Golden snub-nosed monkey cytomegalovirus (GsmCMV), Simian foamy virus (SFV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) were detected with the seroprevalence of 57.7% (95% CI: 36.9, 76.6), 38.5% (95% CI: 20.2, 59.4), 26.9% (95% CI: 11.6, 47.8), and 7.7% (95% CI: 0.0, 84.2), respectively. Two fecal samples tested positive for Adenovirus (ADV) by PCR, with a prevalence of 0.7% (95% CI: 0.2, 2.5), and further, the amplification products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belonged to the HADV-G group. However, other pathogens, such as Coxsackievirus (CV), Measles virus (MeV), Rotavirus (RV), Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Simian type D retroviruses (SRV), Simian-T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), Simian varicella virus (SVV), Simian virus 40 (SV40) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (TB) were negative in all samples. In addition, a risk factor analysis indicated that the seroprevalence of MaHV-1 infection was significantly associated with old age (≥4 years). These results have important implications for understanding the health status and conservation of the endangered golden snub-nosed monkey population at Shennongjia Nature Reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiankun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wanji Yang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest District 442411, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest District 442411, China
| | - Tianpeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey, Shennongjia Forest District 442411, China
| | - Ali Sobhy Dawood
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Professional Laboratory for Animal Tuberculosis (Wuhan) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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Voisset C, Weiss RA, Griffiths DJ. Human RNA "rumor" viruses: the search for novel human retroviruses in chronic disease. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:157-96, table of contents. [PMID: 18322038 PMCID: PMC2268285 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are an important group of pathogens that cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals. Four human retroviruses are currently known, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, which causes cancer and inflammatory disease. For many years, there have been sporadic reports of additional human retroviral infections, particularly in cancer and other chronic diseases. Unfortunately, many of these putative viruses remain unproven and controversial, and some retrovirologists have dismissed them as merely "human rumor viruses." Work in this field was last reviewed in depth in 1984, and since then, the molecular techniques available for identifying and characterizing retroviruses have improved enormously in sensitivity. The advent of PCR in particular has dramatically enhanced our ability to detect novel viral sequences in human tissues. However, DNA amplification techniques have also increased the potential for false-positive detection due to contamination. In addition, the presence of many families of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) within our DNA can obstruct attempts to identify and validate novel human retroviruses. Here, we aim to bring together the data on "novel" retroviral infections in humans by critically examining the evidence for those putative viruses that have been linked with disease and the likelihood that they represent genuine human infections. We provide a background to the field and a discussion of potential confounding factors along with some technical guidelines. In addition, some of the difficulties associated with obtaining formal proof of causation for common or ubiquitous agents such as HERVs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Voisset
- CNRS-UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille et Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Ristevski S, Purcell DF, Marshall J, Campagna D, Nouri S, Fenton SP, McPhee DA, Kannourakis G. Novel endogenous type D retroviral particles expressed at high levels in a SCID mouse thymic lymphoma. J Virol 1999; 73:4662-9. [PMID: 10233925 PMCID: PMC112507 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.6.4662-4669.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/1998] [Accepted: 02/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A xenograft model of the human disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) was investigated with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Transplantation of human LCH biopsy material into SCID mice resulted in the generation of mouse tumors resembling lymphomas. A thymoma cell line (ThyE1M6) was generated from one of these mice and found to display significant levels of Mg2+-dependent reverse transcriptase activity. Electron microscopy revealed particles with type D retroviral morphology budding from ThyE1M6 cells at a high frequency, whereas control cultures were negative. Reverse transcription-PCR of virion RNA with degenerate primers for conserved regions of various mouse, human, and primate retroviruses amplified novel sequences related to primate type D retroviruses, murine intracisternal A particles, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, and murine long interspersed nuclear elements but not other retroviral classes. We demonstrate that these sequences represent a novel group of endogenous retroviruses expressed at low levels in mice but expressed at high levels in the ThyE1M6 cell line. Furthermore, we propose that the activation of endogenous retroviral elements may be associated with a high incidence of thymomas in SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ristevski
- L.A.R.C.H. Cancer Research Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Interferons have been used therapeutically in viral infections, and as immunomodulants in the treatment of different types of cancers. Interferons have been prepared from human lymphoid cell-lines, such as Namalwa, that contain integrated copies of squirrel monkey retrovirus proviral DNA. Squirrel monkey retrovirus is related to simian type D retroviruses, such as Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. Thus it is important to determine if these retroviral sequences are present in interferon preparations purified from human cell lines. METHODS DNA samples were prepared from 75 commercial interferon preparations and analyzed for squirrel monkey retrovirus sequences by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. Since single polymerase chain reaction is not as sensitive, a nested polymerase chain reaction strategy was devised in order to detect squirrel monkey retrovirus-pol sequences. Amplification of beta-actin (human) sequences was used to confirm that samples contained human genomic DNA. To determine the authenticity of squirrel monkey retrovirus sequences, we analyzed amplified products by Southern blot hybridization and direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Thirty-nine samples were positive for squirrel monkey retrovirus-pol sequences by nested polymerase chain reaction. It is noteworthy that 29 samples were either weakly or very weakly positive by single polymerase chain reaction, thus stressing the importance of our sensitive polymerase chain reaction assay. However, it remains to be determined whether the residual DNA sequences detected by our sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction assay have biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pienkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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van der Kuyl AC, Mang R, Dekker JT, Goudsmit J. Complete nucleotide sequence of simian endogenous type D retrovirus with intact genome organization: evidence for ancestry to simian retrovirus and baboon endogenous virus. J Virol 1997; 71:3666-76. [PMID: 9094640 PMCID: PMC191515 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.5.3666-3676.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A complete endogenous type D viral genome has been isolated from a baboon genomic library. The provirus, simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV), is 8,393 nucleotides long and contains two long terminal repeats and complete genes for gag, pro, pol, and env. The primer binding site is complementary to tRNA(Lys)3, like in lentiviruses. The env GP70 protein is highly homologous to that of baboon endogenous virus (BaEV). PCR analysis of primate DNA showed that related proviral sequences are present in Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae but not in apes and humans. Analysis of virus and host sequences indicated that the proviral genomes were inherited from a common ancestor. Comparison of the evolution of BaEV, exogenous simian retrovirus types 1 to 3 (SRV1 to SRV3), and SERV suggests that SERV is ancestral to both BaEV and the SRVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C van der Kuyl
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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