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Worthen MGF, Herbolsheimer C. "Mom and dad = cis woman + cis man" and the stigmatization of trans parents: an empirical test of norm-centered stigma theory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2022; 24:397-416. [PMID: 37901064 PMCID: PMC10601509 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2021.2016539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Empirical research on transgender individuals and their families is growing but investigations of attitudes toward trans parents are sparse. This gap is especially important to address because transgender parents face unique strains due to their violations of hetero-cis-normativity and the "Mom and Dad = Cis Woman + Cis Man" stereotype. Methods: Using a sample of adults aged 18-64 stratified by U.S. census categories of age, gender, race/ethnicity and census region collected from online panelists (N = 2,948), this study provides an intersectional investigation of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory (NCST) with hetero-cis-normativity (a system of norms, privilege, and oppression that situates heterosexual cisgender people above all others) as the centralized overarching concept that helps us to understand negativity directed toward transgender parents. Specifically, social power axes including gender identity (cisgender woman, cisgender man, nonbinary; trans people were excluded from the current study), sexual identity (heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual), and interactions among these axes of social power are investigated. Results: Findings indicate that hetero-cis-normativity is strongly related to negativity toward trans mothers and fathers and that there is overall greater stigma toward trans dads when compared to trans moms. In addition, gender, sexual identity, and interactions among these experiences of social power have complex relationships with the stigmatization of trans parents. Conclusion: Results provide support for the use of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory to help us best understand the constellation of hostilities directed toward trans people and their families.
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McClure RC, Macumber CL, Kronk C, Grasso C, Horn RJ, Queen R, Posnack S, Davison K. Gender harmony: improved standards to support affirmative care of gender-marginalized people through inclusive gender and sex representation. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2021; 29:354-363. [PMID: 34613410 PMCID: PMC8757317 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Accurate representation of clinical sex and gender identity in interoperable clinical
systems is a major challenge for organizations intent on improving outcomes for sex- and
gender-marginalized people. Improved data collection has been hindered by the historical
approach that presumed a single, often binary, datum was sufficient. We describe the
Health Level Seven International (HL7) Gender Harmony logical model that proposes an
improved approach. Materials and Methods The proposed solution was developed via an American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)-certified collaborative balloted process. As an HL7 Informative Document, it is
an HL7 International-balloted consensus on the subject of representing sex and
representing gender in clinical systems based on work of the gender harmony project led
by the HL7 Vocabulary Work Group. Results The Gender Harmony Model is a logical model that provides a standardized approach that
is both backwards-compatible and an improvement to the meaningful capture of gender
identity, recorded sex or recorded gender, a sex for clinical use, the name to use, and
pronouns that are affirmative and inclusive of gender-marginalized people. Conclusion Most clinical systems and current standards in health care do not meaningfully address,
nor do they consistently represent, sex and gender diversity, which has impeded
interoperability and led to suboptimal health care. The Gender Harmony Project was
formed to create more inclusive health information exchange standards to enable a safer,
higher-quality, and embracing healthcare experience. The Gender Harmony Model provides
the informative guidance for standards developers to implement a more thorough technical
design that improves the narrow binary design used in many legacy clinical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clair Kronk
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Roz Queen
- School of Health Information Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Steven Posnack
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kelly Davison
- Canada Health Infoway, Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of Health Information Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Rani N, Samuel AA. Reducing transphobia: comparing the efficacy of direct and indirect contact. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL TRAINING 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/ict-12-2018-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe transgender community faces prejudice and stigma and is one of the most ostracised groups in society. One of the ways to reduce prejudice is through intergroup contact. This may be achieved through direct or indirect contact. The purpose of this paper is to compare the impact of direct and indirect contact on reducing transphobia.Design/methodology/approachDirect contact was achieved through a transgender speaker panel and indirect contact involved a video presentation. In total, 159 students enroled in undergraduate courses at a prominent university in India were enlisted for this study. Perceptions regarding transgenders were measured using the genderism and transphobia scale. Perceptions were measured at three different time points – before the contact, immediately after the contact and one month post contact.FindingsResults indicate that both direct and indirect contact cause a significant immediate decrease in transphobia at the post intervention stage. However, only direct contact caused significant reduction at the follow-up stage (one month after the intervention). Direct contact also effected a greater reduction in transphobia than indirect contact.Research limitations/implicationsThis study extends previous research that shows that speaker panels involving sexual minority speakers can result in reducing stigma (e.g. Croteau and Kusek, 1992). The present study shows that such speaker panels can also be useful for reducing stigma against transgender individuals. Another important outcome of this study is the relative effectiveness of direct contact in reducing transphobia compared to indirect contact. Direct contact resulted in greater reduction in transphobia both at the post-test and follow-up stages compared to indirect contact.Practical implicationsThe results of this study may benefit HR practitioners and policy makers in designing workplace initiatives and policies in creating an inclusive workplace. This study shows that meaningful interaction with transgenders would be a key step in reducing stigmatisation. Since direct contact is rarely expensive or time consuming, it can be a valuable tool to improve the integration of transgender individuals within society. Therefore, students and employees may be encouraged to interact with transgender individuals through panel discussions and workshops. Indirect contact may be used as a preliminary intervention in certain cases where direct contact may be difficult to organise.Social implicationsThe stigma faced by transgender individuals has a significant negative impact on their quality of life (Grant et al., 2014; Reisner and Juntunen, 2015). It is, therefore, necessary to recognise and reduce prejudice against transgenders at both the college and school levels as well as in work organisations. Educators and managers have a significant role to play in this societal change. This study shows that stigma reduction can be achieved in a fairly simple way through contact theory.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to investigate Indian students’ perceptions of transgenders. It improves on earlier studies using similar interventions in two main ways. First, this study includes a follow-up assessment, which was not performed in most studies. Second, random assignment of participants to one of two conditions improves the reliability of the findings.
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Kanamori Y, Cornelius-White JHD, Pegors TK, Daniel T, Hulgus J. Development and Validation of the Transgender Attitudes and Beliefs Scale. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1503-1515. [PMID: 27571743 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In recent years, issues surrounding transgender have garnered media and legal attention, contributing to rapidly shifting views on gender in the U.S. Yet, there is a paucity of data-driven studies on the public's views of transgender identity. This study reports the development and validation of the Transgender Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (TABS). After constructing an initial 96-item pool from consulting experts and existing scales, Phase 1 of the study was launched, involving an exploratory factor analysis of 48 items. The initial factor analysis with 295 participants revealed three factors across 33 items-16 items on interpersonal comfort, 11 on sex/gender beliefs, and 6 on human value. The internal consistency of each factor was high-α = .97 for Factor 1, α = .95 for Factor 2, and α = .94 for Factor 3. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in the second phase with an independent sample consisting of 238 participants. The Attitudes Toward Transgender Individual Scale and the Genderism and Transphobia Scale were also included to test for convergent validity, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the short form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were utilized to test discriminant validity. Both of the data collection phases employed MTurk, a form of online sampling with increased diversity compared to college student samples and more generalizability to the general U.S. POPULATION TABS represents an addition to the literature in its ability to capture a more nuanced conceptualization of transgender attitude not found in previous scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kanamori
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Research, The University of Memphis, 100 Ball Hall, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
- Department of Counseling, Leadership, and Special Education, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA.
| | - Jeffrey H D Cornelius-White
- Department of Counseling, Leadership, and Special Education, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Teresa K Pegors
- Department of Psychology, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA
| | - Todd Daniel
- Research, Statistical Training, Analysis, and Technical Support, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Joseph Hulgus
- Department of Counseling, Leadership, and Special Education, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
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Glotfelter MA, Anderson VN. Relationships between gender self-esteem, sexual prejudice, and trans prejudice in cisgender heterosexual college students. Int J Transgend 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2016.1274932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Veanne N. Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
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Kanamori Y, Cornelius-White JHD. Big changes, but are they big enough? Healthcare professionals’ attitudes toward transgender persons. Int J Transgend 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2016.1232628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Cragun RT, Sumerau JE. The Last Bastion of Sexual and Gender Prejudice? Sexualities, Race, Gender, Religiosity, and Spirituality in the Examination of Prejudice Toward Sexual and Gender Minorities. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2015; 52:821-34. [PMID: 25116166 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2014.925534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has reported that many Americans hold prejudicial attitudes toward sexual and gender minorities. Most of this research analyzed attitudes toward target categories in isolation and not in relation to attitudes toward heterosexuals. In addition, most previous research has not examined attitudes of members of sexual and gender minority categories toward other categories. While some research has examined the influence of religiosity on attitudes toward sexual and gender minorities, none of these studies has examined religiosity while also examining the influence of spirituality. In this article we drew on insights from queer theory to examine attitudes toward heterosexual, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender individuals, as well as individuals who practice polygamy, among college students. Three samples gathered over a four-year period (2009, 2011, 2013) at a private, nonsectarian, midsized urban university in the Southeastern United States were used. We found that heterosexuals had the most positive rating, followed in order of rating by gay/lesbian, bisexual, and transgender individuals, and then those who practice polygamy. Regression analyses revealed gender and race were significant predictors of attitudes toward various sexual and gender categories. Holding a literalistic view of the Bible and self-identifying as more religious were related to more negative views toward sexual minorities, while self-identifying as more spiritual was related to more positive views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Cragun
- a Department of Government, History, and Sociology , The University of Tampa
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Auer MK, Höhne N, Bazarra-Castro MÁ, Pfister H, Fuss J, Stalla GK, Sievers C, Ising M. Psychopathological profiles in transsexuals and the challenge of their special status among the sexes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78469. [PMID: 24194937 PMCID: PMC3808537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigating psychopathological profiles of transsexuals raises a very basic methodological question: are control groups, which represent the biological or the phenotypic sex, most suited for an optimal evaluation of psychopathology of transsexuals? METHOD Male-to-female (MtF) (n=52) and female-to-male transsexuals (FtM) (n=32), receiving cross-sex hormone treatment, were compared with age matched healthy subjects of the same genetic sex (n=178) and with the same phenotypic sex (n=178) by means of the Symptom Check List-90-Revisited instrument (SCL-90-R). We performed analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) to test for group and sex effects. Furthermore, we used a profile analysis to determine if psychopathological symptom profiles of transsexuals more closely resemble genotypic sex or phenotypic sex controls. RESULTS Transsexual patients reported more symptoms of psychopathological distress than did healthy control subjects in all subscales of the SCL-90-R (all p<0.001), regardless of whether they were compared with phenotype or genotype matched controls. Depressive symptoms were more pronounced in MtF than in FtM (SCL-90-R score 0.85 vs. 0.45, p = 0.001). We could demonstrate that FtM primarily reflect the psychopathological profile of biological males rather than that of biological females (r = 0.945), while MtF showed a slightly higher profile similarity with biological females than with biological males (r = 0.698 vs. r = 0.685). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that phenotypic sex matched controls are potentially more appropriate for comparison with the psychopathology of transsexual patients than are genetic sex matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias K. Auer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Höhne
- Department Molecular Psychology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - María Ángeles Bazarra-Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Hildegard Pfister
- Department Molecular Psychology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Fuss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günter K. Stalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Sievers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Ising
- Department Molecular Psychology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Worthen MGF. An Argument for Separate Analyses of Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Men, Bisexual Women, MtF and FtM Transgender Individuals. SEX ROLES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-012-0155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Norton AT, Herek GM. Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. SEX ROLES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Costa PA, Davies M. Portuguese adolescents' attitudes toward sexual minorities: transphobia, homophobia, and gender role beliefs. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2012; 59:1424-1442. [PMID: 23153027 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2012.724944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men are common and widespread in Western societies. However, few studies have addressed attitudes toward transgender individuals. In addition, although research has shown that homophobic harassment and bullying is highly common among adolescents, little is known about adolescent's attitudes toward sexual minorities. This study aimed to fill these gaps in knowledge, by investigating adolescents' attitudes toward transgender individuals and possible attitudinal correlates of those attitudes. Participants (N = 188; 62 males and 126 females) were recruited in high schools in Lisbon, Portugal. Age ranged from 15 to 19 years (M = 17; SD = .96). Participants completed a questionnaire booklet measuring attitudes toward transgender individuals, lesbians, and gay men, and gender role beliefs. Results revealed that attitudes toward transgender individuals were significantly correlated with all attitude measures. Specifically, it was revealed that those participants who endorsed negative attitudes toward transgender individuals were also endorsing of negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and tended to adhere to traditional gender roles. A significant gender effect was found with males being more negative toward sexual minorities than females, but these negative attitudes were more extreme toward gay men than toward lesbian women. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alexandre Costa
- Unidade de Investigação em Psicologia e Saúde, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Lisboa, Portugal
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Gerhardstein KR, Anderson VN. There’s More Than Meets the Eye: Facial Appearance and Evaluations of Transsexual People. SEX ROLES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-010-9746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Winter S, Webster B, Cheung PKE. Measuring Hong Kong Undergraduate Students’ Attitudes Towards Transpeople. SEX ROLES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-008-9462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nagoshi JL, Adams KA, Terrell HK, Hill ED, Brzuzy S, Nagoshi CT. Gender Differences in Correlates of Homophobia and Transphobia. SEX ROLES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-008-9458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bhugra
- a Maudsley Hospital , Denmark Hill, London , SE5 6AZ , United Kingdom
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