Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggesting a possible association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease have led to extensive investigations into the effect of oral contraceptives on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and on hemostasis. Since this association was originally suggested, the steroid dose in oral contraceptives has been significantly reduced and new progestogens have been developed. Also, triphasic formulations have been introduced which offer a well-balanced estrogen/progestogen ratio, allowing a further reduction in the progestogen dose per cycle, and thus helping to minimize unwanted metabolic and hemostatic effects. The metabolic interactions of triphasic levonorgestrel, the first triphasic formulation to be introduced, have received particular attention. Lipid metabolism appears to be largely unaffected by triphasic levonorgestrel, most studies reporting no significant change in high- (HDL-C) or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Several studies have reported a decrease in the lipoprotein subfraction HDL2-C levels, but in most cases measurements of the LDL-C/HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-1/B ratios reveal no clinically significant effects. Concerning lipids, most studies suggest that triphasic levonorgestrel has less metabolic impact than the monophasic formulation. In common with all currently available oral contraceptives, triphasic levonorgestrel appears to have some effect on carbohydrate metabolism. The study results vary, however; some investigators have found an impairment of glucose tolerance, whereas others have not detected any significant effect. Compared with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, fewer studies have investigated the effect of triphasic levonorgestrel on hemostasis. In common with all estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, levonorgestrel appears to stimulate some procoagulant activity, elevating the levels of factors VII and X, and fibrinogen. However, the effect of triphasic levonorgestrel appears to be balanced, with most studies reporting a corresponding increase in anti-coagulant-fibrinolytic activity. Although most of the studies reviewed here reported some statistically significant metabolic interactions, many authors comment that the changes are probably not clinically relevant in terms of an altered risk of cardiovascular disease. The true risk of vascular disease associated with modern low-dose oral contraceptives remains to be confirmed when sufficient epidemiological data eventually become available.
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