Computed tomography of hepatic venous hypertension: the reticulated-mosaic pattern

Clinical Relevance of Retrograde Inferior Vena Cava or Hepatic Vein Opacification During Contrast-Enhanced CT

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the clinical relevance of retrograde inferior vena cava or hepatic vein opacification during contrast-enhanced CT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively identified 127 patients who underwent contemporaneous contrast-enhanced CT of the chest or abdomen and echocardiography. On CT, the presence of retrograde inferior vena cava or hepatic vein opacification and the rate of IV contrast injection (> 3 mL/sec, high; < or = 3 mL/sec, low) were recorded. On echocardiography, the presence of tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, or right ventricular systolic dysfunction was recorded.

RESULTS

Retrograde inferior vena cava or hepatic vein opacification was more common in studies performed with a high rather than a low contrast injection rate (28/56 vs 6/71 patients, respectively; p < 0.01). This finding was 31% sensitive (5/16) and 98% specific (54/55) for right-sided heart disease at low contrast injection rates, and 81% sensitive (17/21) and 69% specific (24/35) at high injection rates. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that high injection rate, tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular systolic dysfunction were independent predictors of retrograde inferior vena cava or hepatic vein opacification (p < 0.05 for each).

CONCLUSION

Retrograde opacification of the inferior vena cava or hepatic veins on CT is a specific but insensitive sign of right-sided heart disease at low contrast injection rates, but the usefulness of this classic sign decreases with high injection rates. This realization is important because many centers increasingly use high-injection-rate CT.