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Graham RT, Abu-Arja MH, Stanek JR, Cappellano A, Coleman C, Chi S, Cooney T, Dhall G, Ellen JG, Finlay JL, Fisher MJ, Friedman GK, Gajjar A, Gauvain K, Hoffman LM, Hukin J, Lucas JT, Mueller S, Navalkele P, Ronsley R, Tinkle C, Villeneuve S, Yeo KK, Su JM, Margol A, Gottardo NG, Allen J, Packer R, Bartels U, Abdelbaki MS. Multi-institutional analysis of treatment modalities in basal ganglia and thalamic germinoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29172. [PMID: 34125480 PMCID: PMC9639702 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) germinomas are treatment-sensitive tumors with excellent survival outcomes. Current treatment strategies combine chemotherapy with radiotherapy (RT) in order to reduce the field and dose of RT. Germinomas originating in the basal ganglia/thalamus (BGTGs) have proven challenging to treat given their rarity and poorly defined imaging characteristics. Craniospinal (CSI), whole brain (WBI), whole ventricle (WVI), and focal RT have all been utilized; however, the best treatment strategy remains unclear. METHODS Retrospective multi-institutional analysis has been conducted across 18 institutions in four countries. RESULTS For 43 cases of nonmetastatic BGTGs, the 5- and 10-year event-free survivals (EFS) were 85.8% and 81.0%, respectively, while the 5- and 10-year overall survivals (OS) were 100% and 95.5%, respectively (one patient fatality from unrelated cause). Median RT doses were as follows: CSI: 2250 cGy/cGy(RBE) (1980-2400); WBI: 2340 cGy/cGy(RBE) (1800-3000); WVI: 2340 cGy/cGy(RBE) (1800-2550); focal: 3600 cGy (3060-5400). Thirty-eight patients (90.5%) received chemotherapy. There was no statistically significant difference in the EFS based on initial field extent (p = .84). Nevertheless, no relapses were reported in patients who received CSI or WBI. Chemotherapy alone had significantly inferior EFS compared to combined therapy (p = .0092), but patients were salvageable with RT. CONCLUSION Patients with BGTGs have excellent outcomes and RT proved to be an integral component of the treatment plan. This group of patients should be included in future prospective clinical trials and the best RT field should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad H. Abu-Arja
- The Department of Pediatrics, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Weill-Cornell College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph R. Stanek
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrea Cappellano
- Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica GRAACC/UNIFESP, Division of Neuroncology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina Coleman
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Chi
- Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Boston MA, USA
| | - Tabitha Cooney
- Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Boston MA, USA
| | - Girish Dhall
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jacob G. Ellen
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Finlay
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael J. Fisher
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Karen Gauvain
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsey M. Hoffman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Juliette Hukin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s and Women’s Health Centre of B.C., University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John T. Lucas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sabine Mueller
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pournima Navalkele
- Department of Pediatrics, SSM Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca Ronsley
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s and Women’s Health Centre of B.C., University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher Tinkle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephanie Villeneuve
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Izaak Walton Killam Hospital for Children, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kee Kiat Yeo
- Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Boston MA, USA
| | - Jack M. Su
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashley Margol
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Gottardo
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology/Haematology, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger Packer
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Brain Tumor Institute, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ute Bartels
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed S. Abdelbaki
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
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