Ovine and caprine listeric encephalitis in Iraq

Histopathological and molecular characterization of encephalitic listeriosis in small ruminants from northern Paraná, Brazil

Listeriosis is a disease primarily of ruminants caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Ruminants either demonstrate manifestations of the encephalitic, septicemic, or reproductive form of listeriosis. The pathological and molecular findings with encephalitic listeriosis in a 5.5-month-old, male, mixed-breed goat and a 3-year-old Texel-crossed sheep from northern Paraná, Brazil are described. Clinically, the kid demonstrated circling, lateral protrusion of the tongue, head tilt, and convulsions; the ewe presented ataxia, motor incoordination, and lateral decumbency. Brainstem dysfunctions were diagnosed clinically and listeriosis was suspected. Necropsy performed on both animals did not reveal remarkable gross lesions; significant histopathological alterations were restricted to the brainstem (medulla oblongata; rhombencephalitis) and were characterized as meningoencephalitis that consisted of extensive mononuclear perivascular cuffings, neutrophilic and macrophagic microabscesses, and neuroparenchymal necrosis. PCR assay and direct sequencing, using genomic bacterial DNA derived from the brainstem of both animals, amplified the desired 174 base pairs length amplicon of the listeriolysin O gene of L. monocytogenes. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the strains associated with rhombencephalitis during this study clustered with known strains of L. monocytogenes lineage I from diverse geographical locations and from cattle of the state of Paraná with encephalitic listeriosis. Consequently, these strains should be classified as L. monocytogenes lineage I. These results confirm the active participation of lineage I strains of L. monocytogenes in the etiopathogenesis of the brainstem dysfunctions observed during this study, probably represent the first characterization of small ruminant listeriosis by molecular techniques in Latin America, and suggest that ruminants within the state of Paraná were infected by the strains of the same lineage of L. monocytogenes.

Forma nervosa de listeriose em caprinos

Em um rebanho de 100 caprinos, foram observados casos de uma doença neurológica em três animais adultos jovens (identificados como A-C) entre outubro e dezembro de 2004. Os sinais clínicos incluíam desvio da cabeça, torcicolo, nistagmo, andar desequilibrado e quedas que acabavam em decúbito, durante o qual o caprino executava movimentos de pedalagem com os membros rígidos. Tratamento com antibióticos no Caprino C resultou em remissão temporária dos sinais. A evolução clínica foi de 5, 10 e 30 dias, respectivamente, para os Caprinos A, B e C. O Caprino A morreu espontaneamente e os outros dois foram eutanasiados na fase terminal da doença. Não foram observadas alterações macroscópicas. Lesões histológicas eram predominantemente unilaterais e consistiam de alterações inflamatórias e degenerativas que se estendiam do bulbo ao tálamo. Em todos os casos havia manguitos perivasculares de um ou mais tipos de células mononucleares (linfócitos, plasmócitos, macrófagos ativados) e ocasionalmente neutrófilos associados a áreas de malacia onde células Gitter preenchiam os espaços de perda do parênquima. Adicionalmente, o Caprino B tinha microabscessos no bulbo, ponte, e mesencéfalo e infiltrado neutrofílico e linfocítico multifocal nos fascículos do nervo trigêmeo, próximo ao gânglio de Gasser, e nas leptomeninges do cerebelo. No tronco encefálico do Caprino C, a reação era multifocal e com característica granulomatosa e incluía células epitelióides e, ocasionalmente, células gigantes multinucleadas. Listeria sp foi detectada por imunoisto-química em cortes de mesencéfalo rotineiramente processado dos Caprinos A e C e de ponte do Caprino B.

Detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in a sewage treatment plant in Iraq

Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from a sewage treatment plant in Baghdad, Iraq, at all stages of treatment. The treatment processes did not yield a sewage sludge cake or a final discharge free of listerias. The agricultural practice of using such sewage products as fertilizers could become a route of spreading the organism in Iraq, particularly by infecting animals that consume vegetation in fields spread with such sewage. Dewatering of sewage reduced the number of L. monocytogenes but long periods of exposure to sun would be needed to obtain a 'safe' sewage sludge cake.