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Merz CR, Arora N, Welch M, Lo E, Philippidis GP. Microalgal cultivation characteristics using commercially available air-cushion packaging material as a photobioreactor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3792. [PMID: 36882465 PMCID: PMC9992509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Air-cushion (AC) packaging has become widely used worldwide. ACs are air-filled, dual plastic packaging solutions commonly found surrounding and protecting items of value within shipping enclosures during transit. Herein, we report on a laboratory assessment employing ACs as a microalgal photobioreactor (PBR). Such a PBR inherently addresses many of the operational issues typically encountered with open raceway ponds and closed photobioreactors, such as evaporative water loss, external contamination, and predation. Using half-filled ACs, the performance of microalgal species Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oculata, and Cyclotella cryptica (diatom) was examined and the ash-free dry cell weight and overall biomass productivity determined to be 2.39 g/L and 298.55 mg/L/day for N. oculata, 0.85 g/L and 141.36 mg/L/day for C. vulgaris, and 0.67 g/L and 96.08 mg/L/day for C. cryptica. Furthermore, maximum lipid productivity of 25.54 mg/L/day AFDCW and carbohydrate productivity of 53.69 mg/L/day AFDCW were achieved by C. cryptica, while maximum protein productivity of 247.42 mg/L/day AFDCW was attained by N. oculata. Data from this work will be useful in determining the applicability and life-cycle profile of repurposed and reused ACs as potential microalgal photobioreactors depending upon the end product of interest, scale utilized, and production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford R Merz
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
| | - Neha Arora
- Department of Cell, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Welch
- Patel College of Global Sustainability, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Enlin Lo
- Patel College of Global Sustainability, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - George P Philippidis
- Patel College of Global Sustainability, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Evaluation of fucoxanthin contents in seaweed biomass by vortex-assisted solid-liquid microextraction using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Neumann U, Derwenskus F, Flaiz Flister V, Schmid-Staiger U, Hirth T, Bischoff SC. Fucoxanthin, A Carotenoid Derived from Phaeodactylum tricornutum Exerts Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060183. [PMID: 31248073 PMCID: PMC6617271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae contain a multitude of nutrients and can be grown sustainably. Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid from Phaeodactylum tricornutum, could have beneficial health effects. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antiproliferative effects of fucoxanthin derived from this diatom in vitro. The effects of purified fucoxanthin on metabolic activity were assessed in blood mononuclear cells and different cell lines. In cell lines, caspase 3/7 activity was also analyzed. Nitrogen monoxide release and mRNA-expression of proinflammatory cytokines were measured. For antioxidant assays, cell free assays were conducted. Additionally, the antioxidant effect in neutrophils was quantified and glutathione was determined in HeLa cells. The results show that neither did fucoxanthin have anti-inflammatory properties nor did it exert cytotoxic effects on mononuclear cells. However, the metabolic activity of cell lines was decreased up to 58% and fucoxanthin increased the caspase 3/7 activity up to 4.6-fold. Additionally, dose-dependent antioxidant effects were detected, resulting in a 63% decrease in chemiluminescence in blood neutrophils and a 3.3-fold increase in the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione. Our studies show that fucoxanthin possesses antiproliferative and antioxidant activities in vitro. Hence, this carotenoid or the whole microalgae P. tricornutum could be considered as a food or nutraceutical in human nutrition, showcasing beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Neumann
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Felix Derwenskus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Verena Flaiz Flister
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Schmid-Staiger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hirth
- Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Lefranc F, Koutsaviti A, Ioannou E, Kornienko A, Roussis V, Kiss R, Newman D. Algae metabolites: from in vitro growth inhibitory effects to promising anticancer activity. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:810-841. [PMID: 30556575 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00057c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1957 to 2017 Algae constitute a heterogeneous group of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, mainly found in the marine environment. Algae produce numerous metabolites that help them cope with the harsh conditions of the marine environment. Because of their structural diversity and uniqueness, these molecules have recently gained a lot of interest for the identification of medicinally useful agents, including those with potential anticancer activities. In the current review, which is not a catalogue-based one, we first highlight the major biological events that lead to various types of cancer, including metastatic ones, to chemoresistance, thus to any types of current anticancer treatment relating to the use of chemotherapeutics. We then review algal metabolites for which scientific literature reports anticancer activity. Lastly, we focus on algal metabolites with promising anticancer activity based on their ability to target biological characteristics of cancer cells responsible for poor treatment outcomes. Thus, we highlight compounds that have, among others, one or more of the following characteristics: selectivity in reducing the proliferation of cancer cells over normal ones, potential for killing cancer cells through non-apoptotic signaling pathways, ability to circumvent MDR-related efflux pumps, and activity in vivo in relevant pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lefranc
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Erasme, ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Ishika T, Moheimani NR, Bahri PA, Laird DW, Blair S, Parlevliet D. Halo-adapted microalgae for fucoxanthin production: Effect of incremental increase in salinity. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Quitain AT, Kai T, Sasaki M, Goto M. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of fucoxanthin from Undaria pinnatifida. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5792-7. [PMID: 23742680 DOI: 10.1021/jf400740p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Undaria pinnatifida, commonly known as wakame in Japan, is one species of brown seaweeds containing valuable bioactive organic compounds such as fucoxanthin, a carotenoid, which has numerous functional properties. However, most of the seaweeds that do not meet strict quality standards are normally discarded as wastes or returned to the sea, a situation which is becoming an environmental concern. In this research, supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO₂) extraction was investigated for the isolation of fucoxanthin. SCCO₂ extraction experiments were carried out at temperature range of 25-60 °C and pressure range of 20-40 MPa, at a carbon dioxide flow rate of 1.0-4.0 mL/min. Results showed that fucoxanthin recovery closed to 80% could be obtained at 40 °C and 40 MPa in extraction time of 180 min. The recovery increased with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure. Pretreatment with microwave (MW) also enhanced the efficiency of extraction due most likely to disruption of the cell membrane. Application of SCCO₂, generally regarded as safe and environmentally benign solvent, for extraction of useful bioactive compounds from unwanted or substandard seaweeds look promising in the near future. The extracts obtained using the method can be utilized as food and pharmaceutical additive, and can be used in the development of new health supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando T Quitain
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto 860-855, Japan
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Fujii R, Kita M, Iinuma Y, Oka N, Takaesu Y, Taira T, Iha M, Cogdell RJ, Hashimoto H. Isolation and purification of the major photosynthetic antenna, fucoxanthin-Chl a/c protein, from cultured discoid germilings of the brown Alga, Cladosiphon okamuranus TOKIDA (Okinawa Mozuku). PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 111:157-63. [PMID: 21948618 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A chlorophyll c binding membrane intrinsic light-harvesting complex, the fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c protein (FCP), was isolated from cultured discoid germilings of an edible Japanese brown alga, Cladosiphon (C.) okamuranus TOKIDA (Okinawa Mozuku in Japanese). The discoid germiling is an ideal source of brown algal photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes in terms of its size and easiness of cultivation on a large scale. Ion-exchange chromatography was crucial for the purification of FCP from solubilized thylakoid proteins. The molecular weight of the purified FCP assembly was estimated to be ~56 kDa using blue native-PAGE. Further subunit analyses using 2D-PAGE revealed that the FCP assembled as a trimer consisting of two distinguishable subunits having molecular weights of 18.2 (H) and 17.5 (L) kDa. Fluorescence and fluorescence-excitation spectra confirmed that the purified FCP assembly was functionally intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Fujii
- The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
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A potential commercial source of fucoxanthin extracted from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1843-55. [PMID: 22371063 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fucoxanthin, one of the main marine carotenoids, is abundant in macro- and microalgae. Here, fucoxanthin was isolated and structurally identified as the major carotenoid in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum through chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, such as liquid chromatography-positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. This pigment was quantified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and a number of extraction procedures were assessed to investigate the effect of solvent type, extraction time, temperature, and extraction method (maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction). Among the investigated solvents, ethanol provided the best fucoxanthin extraction yield (15.71 mg/g freeze-dried sample weight). Fucoxanthin content in the extracts produced by the different methods was quite constant (15.42-16.51 mg/g freeze-dried sample weight) but increased steeply based on the percentage of ethanol in water, emphasizing the importance of ethanol in the extraction. The results indicate that P. tricornutum is a rich source of fucoxanthin (at least ten times more abundant than that in macroalgae) that is easily extracted with ethanol, suggesting potential applications in human and animal food, health, and cosmetics.
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Kim SM, Shang YF, Um BH. A preparative method for isolation of fucoxanthin from Eisenia bicyclis by centrifugal partition chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2011; 22:322-9. [PMID: 21337648 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell (Laminariaceae) is a common brown alga that inhabits around the coast of Korea, Japan and China. It contains fucoxanthin, a major carotenoid of brown algae which shows a variety of pharmaceutical functions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was the quantification and preparative isolation of fucoxanthin from fresh E. bicyclis using a new separation scheme, centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). METHODOLOGY The fucoxanthin fraction (Fuco fraction) was prepared by solvent partition method from the acetone extract of fresh E. bicyclis. Fuco fraction was used for CPC using a two-phase solvent system of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (5:5:7:3, v/v/v/v). The flow rate of mobile phase was 2 mL/min with descending mode while rotating at 1000 rpm. The eluate was monitored at 410 nm. The content and structure of fucoxanthin in the CPC fraction were confirmed with HPLC, UV, APCI/MS and NMR spectra. RESULTS A preparative CPC yielded 20 mg of fucoxanthin (87% recovery from Fuco fraction) in a two-step separation from 516 mg of Fuco fraction containing 4.59% fucoxanthin. The purity of the isolated fucoxanthin was about 81% in the first CPC step and over 98% in the second CPC step based on the calibration curve. The isolated fucoxanthin was identified as all-trans-fucoxanthin with APCI/MS (parent ion at m/z 641 [M + H - H(2) O](+) ) and (1) H, (13) C and 2-D NMR spectra. CONCLUSION High-purity fucoxanthin was successfully isolated from fresh E. bicyclis, suggesting further potential applications in the industrial use of this valuable carotenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Gangwon, 210-340 Republic of Korea
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Evolution of light-harvesting complex proteins from Chl c-containing algae. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:101. [PMID: 21496217 PMCID: PMC3096602 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Light harvesting complex (LHC) proteins function in photosynthesis by binding chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid molecules that absorb light and transfer the energy to the reaction center Chl of the photosystem. Most research has focused on LHCs of plants and chlorophytes that bind Chl a and b and extensive work on these proteins has uncovered a diversity of biochemical functions, expression patterns and amino acid sequences. We focus here on a less-studied family of LHCs that typically bind Chl a and c, and that are widely distributed in Chl c-containing and other algae. Previous phylogenetic analyses of these proteins suggested that individual algal lineages possess proteins from one or two subfamilies, and that most subfamilies are characteristic of a particular algal lineage, but genome-scale datasets had revealed that some species have multiple different forms of the gene. Such observations also suggested that there might have been an important influence of endosymbiosis in the evolution of LHCs. Results We reconstruct a phylogeny of LHCs from Chl c-containing algae and related lineages using data from recent sequencing projects to give ~10-fold larger taxon sampling than previous studies. The phylogeny indicates that individual taxa possess proteins from multiple LHC subfamilies and that several LHC subfamilies are found in distantly related algal lineages. This phylogenetic pattern implies functional differentiation of the gene families, a hypothesis that is consistent with data on gene expression, carotenoid binding and physical associations with other LHCs. In all probability LHCs have undergone a complex history of evolution of function, gene transfer, and lineage-specific diversification. Conclusion The analysis provides a strikingly different picture of LHC diversity than previous analyses of LHC evolution. Individual algal lineages possess proteins from multiple LHC subfamilies. Evolutionary relationships showed support for the hypothesized origin of Chl c plastids. This work also allows recent experimental findings about molecular function to be understood in a broader phylogenetic context.
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Shang YF, Kim SM, Lee WJ, Um BH. Pressurized liquid method for fucoxanthin extraction from Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 111:237-41. [PMID: 21081286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of extraction conditions for fucoxanthin from brown algae Eisenia bicyclis was investigated through a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method and statistical experimental design. The process was optimized by Plackett-Burman design at first step to screen the most important variables in the extraction of fucoxanthin, and subsequently central composite design was applied to attain the optimum conditions of the selected factors for fucoxanthin extraction. Two factors, temperature and ethanol concentration, significantly influenced the extraction efficiency of fucoxanthin at 95% level (P<0.05). The maximum predicted value of fucoxanthin extraction was 0.42 mg/g at 110 °C and 90% ethanol. The validation of the model was verified by triplicate experiments under the optimal conditions. The results demonstrated that the statistical strategy was successfully applied for optimization of PLE method for fucoxanthin extraction and that PLE can be a powerful method to extract fucoxanthin from E. bicyclis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Fang Shang
- Natural Product Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute, Techno Valley, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-340, Republic of Korea
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Kilian O, Kroth PG. Presequence acquisition during secondary endocytobiosis and the possible role of introns. J Mol Evol 2004; 58:712-21. [PMID: 15461428 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-2593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of nucleus-encoded proteins into chloroplasts is mediated by N-terminal presequences. During evolution of plastids from formerly free-living cyanobacteria by endocytobiosis, genes for most plastid proteins have been transferred from the plastid genome to the nucleus and subsequently had to be equipped with such plastid targeting sequences. So far it is unclear how the gene domains coding for presequences and the respective mature proteins may have been assembled. While land plant plastids are supposed to originate from a primary endocytobiosis event (a prokaryotic cyanobacterium was taken up by a eukaryotic cell), organisms with secondary plastids like diatoms experienced a second endocytobiosis step involving a eukaryotic alga taken up by a eukaryotic host cell. In this group of algae, apparently most genes encoding chloroplast proteins have been transferred a second time (from the nucleus of the endosymbiont to the nucleus of the secondary host) and thus must have been equipped with additional targeting signals. We have analyzed cDNAs and the respective genomic DNA fragments of seven plastid preproteins from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In all of these genes we found single spliceosomal introns, generally located within the region coding for the N-terminal plastid targeting sequences or shortly downstream of it. The positions of the introns can be related to the putative phylogenetic histories of the respective genes, indicating that the bipartite targeting sequences in these secondary algae might have evolved by recombination events via introns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kilian
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Andersen RA. Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2004; 91:1508-1522. [PMID: 21652306 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, I review what is currently known of phylogenetic relationships of heterokont and haptophyte algae. Heterokont algae are a monophyletic group that is classified into 17 classes and represents a diverse group of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial algae. Classes are distinguished by morphology, chloroplast pigments, ultrastructural features, and gene sequence data. Electron microscopy and molecular biology have contributed significantly to our understanding of their evolutionary relationships, but even today class relationships are poorly understood. Haptophyte algae are a second monophyletic group that consists of two classes of predominately marine phytoplankton. The closest relatives of the haptophytes are currently unknown, but recent evidence indicates they may be part of a large assemblage (chromalveolates) that includes heterokont algae and other stramenopiles, alveolates, and cryptophytes. Heterokont and haptophyte algae are important primary producers in aquatic habitats, and they are probably the primary carbon source for petroleum products (crude oil, natural gas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Andersen
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, P.O. Box 475, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575 USA
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Tokutsu R, Teramoto H, Takahashi Y, Ono TA, Minagawa J. The Light-Harvesting Complex of Photosystem I in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Protein Composition, Gene Structures and Phylogenic Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 45:138-45. [PMID: 14988484 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (LHCI) associated with photosystem I (PSI) and the genes encoding these proteins have been characterized in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, extending previous studies of the PSII-LHCII [Teramoto et al. (2001) Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 849]. In order to assign LHCI proteins in the thylakoid membranes, the PSI-LHCI supercomplex that retains all of the major LHCI proteins was purified. Seven distinct LHCI proteins were resolved from the purified supercomplex by a high-resolution SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their N-terminal amino acid sequences were determined. One LHCI protein (band e) was newly found, although the other six LHCI proteins corresponded to those previously reported. Genomic clones encoding these seven LHCI proteins were newly isolated and the nucleotide sequences were determined. A comprehensive characterization of all members of Lhc gene family in this alga revealed that LHCI proteins are more highly diverged than LHCII, suggesting functional differentiation of the protein components in LHCI. Neighbor joining trees were constructed for LHC proteins from C. reinhardtii and those of Arabidopsis thaliana or Galdieria sulphuraria to assess evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that (1). green algal LHCI and LHCII proteins are more closely related to one another than to LHCI proteins in red algae, (2). green algae and higher plants possess seven common lineages of LHC proteins, and (3). Type I and III LHCI proteins are conserved between green algae and higher plants, while Type II and IV are not. These findings are discussed in the context of evolution of multiple diverse antenna complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Tokutsu
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan
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Garczarek L, Poupon A, Partensky F. Origin and evolution of transmembrane Chl-binding proteins: hydrophobic cluster analysis suggests a common one-helix ancestor for prokaryotic (Pcb) and eukaryotic (LHC) antenna protein superfamilies. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 222:59-68. [PMID: 12757947 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
All chlorophyll (Chl)-binding proteins constituting the photosynthetic apparatus of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess hydrophobic domains, corresponding to membrane-spanning alpha-helices (MSHs). Hydrophobic cluster analysis of representative members of the different Chl protein superfamilies revealed that all Chl proteins except the five-helix reaction center II proteins and the small subunits of photosystem I possess related domains. As a major conclusion, we found that the eukaryotic antennae likely share a common precursor with the prokaryotic Chl a/b antennae from Chl-b-containing oxyphotobacteria. From these data, we propose a global scheme for the evolution of these proteins from a one-MSH ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Garczarek
- Centre d'Etudes d'Océanographie et de Biologie Marine, CNRS-UMR 7127 et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-29682 Roscoff Cedex, France
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Kroth PG. Protein transport into secondary plastids and the evolution of primary and secondary plastids. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 221:191-255. [PMID: 12455749 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)21013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are key organelles in algae and plants due to their photosynthetic abilities. They are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cyanobacteria taken up by a eukaryotic host cell in a process termed primary endocytobiosis. In addition, a variety of organisms have evolved by subsequent secondary endocytobioses, in which a heterotrophic host cell engulfed a eukaryotic alga. Both processes dramatically enhanced the complexity of the resulting cells. Since the first version of the endosymbiotic theory was proposed more than 100 years ago, morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular data have been collected substantiating the emerging picture about the origin and the relationship of individual organisms with different primary or secondary chloroplast types. Depending on their origin, plastids in different lineages may have two, three, or four envelope membranes. The evolutionary success of endocytobioses depends, among other factors, on the specific exchange of molecules between the host and endosymbiont. This raises questions concerning how targeting of nucleus-encoded proteins into the different plastid types occurs and how these processes may have developed. Most studies of protein translocation into plastids have been performed on primary plastids, but in recent years more complex protein-translocation systems of secondary plastids have been investigated. Analyses of transport systems in different algal lineages with secondary plastids reveal that during evolution existing translocation machineries were recycled or recombined rather than being developed de novo. This review deals with current knowledge about the evolution and function of primary and secondary plastids and the respective protein-targeting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Kroth
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Durnford DG. Structure and Regulation of Algal Light-Harvesting Complex Genes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ALGAE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1038-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Macpherson AN, Hiller RG. Light-Harvesting Systems in Chlorophyll c-Containing Algae. LIGHT-HARVESTING ANTENNAS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2087-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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van Dooren GG, Schwartzbach SD, Osafune T, McFadden GI. Translocation of proteins across the multiple membranes of complex plastids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1541:34-53. [PMID: 11750661 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secondary endosymbiosis describes the origin of plastids in several major algal groups such as dinoflagellates, euglenoids, heterokonts, haptophytes, cryptomonads, chlorarachniophytes and parasites such as apicomplexa. An integral part of secondary endosymbiosis has been the transfer of genes for plastid proteins from the endosymbiont to the host nucleus. Targeting of the encoded proteins back to the plastid from their new site of synthesis in the host involves targeting across the multiple membranes surrounding these complex plastids. Although this process shows many overall similarities in the different algal groups, it is emerging that differences exist in the mechanisms adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G van Dooren
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Lang M, Kroth PG. Diatom fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding protein (FCP) and land plant light-harvesting proteins use a similar pathway for thylakoid membrane Insertion. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:7985-91. [PMID: 11120738 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006417200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The light-harvesting proteins in plastids of different lineages including algae and land plants represent a superfamily of chlorophyll-binding proteins that seem to be phylogenetically related, although some of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) proteins bind different carotenoids. LHCs can be divided into chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins found in green algae, euglenoids, and higher plants and into chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins of various algal taxa. LHC proteins from diatoms are named fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins (FCP). In contrast to chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins, there is no information so far about the way FCPs integrate into thylakoid membranes. The diatom FCP preproteins have a bipartite presequence that is necessary to enable transport into the four membrane-bound diatom plastids, but similar to chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins there is apparently no presequence present for targeting to the thylakoid membrane. By establishing an in vitro import assay for diatom thylakoids, we demonstrated that thylakoid integration of diatom FCP depends on the presence of stromal factors and GTP. This indicates that a pathway involving signal recognition particles (SRP) is involved in membrane integration just as shown for LHCs in higher plants. We also demonstrate integration of diatom FCP into thylakoids of higher plants and vice versa SRP-dependent targeting of LHCs from pea and Arabidopsis into diatom thylakoids. The similar SRP-dependent modes of thylakoid integration of land plant LHCs and FCPs support recent analyses indicating a common origin of chlorophyll a/b- and a/c-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lang
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Deane JA, Fraunholz M, Su V, Martin W, Durnford DG, McFadden GI. Evidence for nucleomorph to host nucleus gene transfer: light-harvesting complex proteins from cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes. Protist 2000; 151:239-52. [PMID: 11079769 DOI: 10.1078/1434-4610-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes acquired photosynthesis independently by engulfing and retaining eukaryotic algal cells. The nucleus of the engulfed cells (known as a nucleomorph) is much reduced and encodes only a handful of the numerous essential plastid proteins normally encoded by the nucleus of chloroplast-containing organisms. In cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes these proteins are thought to be encoded by genes in the secondary host nucleus. Genes for these proteins were potentially transferred from the nucleomorph (symbiont nucleus) to the secondary host nucleus; nucleus to nucleus intracellular gene transfers. We isolated complementary DNA clones (cDNAs) for chlorophyll-binding proteins from a cryptomonad and a chlorarachniophyte. In each organism these genes reside in the secondary host nuclei, but phylogenetic evidence, and analysis of the targeting mechanisms, suggest the genes were initially in the respective nucleomorphs (symbiont nuclei). Implications for origins of secondary endosymbiotic algae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Deane
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Australia
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23
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Marquardt J, Wans S, Rhiel E, Randolf A, Krumbein WE. Intron-exon structure and gene copy number of a gene encoding for a membrane-intrinsic light-harvesting polypeptide of the red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. Gene 2000; 255:257-65. [PMID: 11024285 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genes for light-harvesting proteins (lhc genes) of higher plants are well examined. However, little is known about the corresponding genes of algae, although this knowledge might give valuable information about the evolution of photosynthetic antennae. In the case of rhodophytes only two cDNA sequences from a single organism, Porphyridium cruentum, have been published. Here we describe an additional sequence from another species, the thermo-acidophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. For the first time also a genomic sequence for a red algal lhc gene is presented. From a cDNA library of G. sulphuraria we isolated a clone containing an open reading frame for a protein of 302 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of 33.86kDa. It shares major structural features with eukaryotic light-harvesting polypeptides. A proposed cleavage site between transit peptide and mature protein gives rise to a transit peptide of 119 amino acids and a mature protein of 183 residues. Hydropathy analysis suggests that the mature protein consists of three transmembrane helices. Several amino acid residues supposed to bind chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in higher plants are conserved. The protein shows up to 69% identity and 81% similarity to the Porphyridium polypeptides in the transmembrane helices 1 and 3. Using oligonucleotides annealing in the regions of the start and stop codons of the gene as primers, a DNA sequence was amplified from nuclear G. sulphuraria DNA by PCR. Compared with the cDNA clone, this sequence contains five additional intervening DNA strings of 50-74bp length. Four of them show typical features of spliceosomal introns with GT-AG borders, and the fifth differs by starting with GC. Three of the supposed introns are located in similar positions as introns of higher plant light-harvesting proteins. Southern blotting and hybridization experiments indicate that G. sulphuraria contains at least three copies of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marquardt
- ICBM/Geomikrobiologie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
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De Martino A, Douady D, Quinet-Szely M, Rousseau B, Crépineau F, Apt K, Caron L. The light-harvesting antenna of brown algae: highly homologous proteins encoded by a multigene family. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:5540-9. [PMID: 10951213 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Accessory light-harvesting complexes (LHCFs) were isolated from the brown alga Laminaria saccharina. Complexes specifically associated with photosystem I or II are identical with each other with respect to molecular mass, isoelectric point and behavior on anion-exchange chromatography or non-denaturing isoelectric focusing. The purified complexes also have similar pigment composition and spectroscopic properties. It is concluded that LHC antennae associated with photosystem I or II cannot be distinguished biochemically. After screening of genomic and cDNA libraries produced from L. saccharina sporophytes, six lhcf genes were isolated. Sequence analysis of these lhcf genes showed a high level of homology between the encoded polypeptides. Comparisons with coding sequences of lhcf genes from Macrocystis pyrifera and expressed sequence tags from Laminaria digitata (two other Laminariales) indicated that these proteins are probably very similar in all brown algae. Another feature common to the lhcf genes characterized was the presence of an intron in the coding region corresponding to the plastid-targeting presequence. The sequence similarity extended to the 5' and 3' UTRs of several genes. In spite of the common origin of the chloroplasts, no light-regulating elements involved in the expression of the genes encoding the higher-plant light-harvesting proteins has been found in the UTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Martino
- Ecole Normale Superieure, CNRS UMR 8543, Paris, France
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Sukenik A, Livne A, Apt KE, Grossman AR. CHARACTERIZATION OF A GENE ENCODING THE LIGHT-HARVESTING VIOLAXANTHIN-CHLOROPHYLL PROTEIN OF NANNOCHLOROPSIS SP. (EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2000; 36:563-570. [PMID: 29544007 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to vascular plants, green algae, and diatoms, the major light-harvesting complex of the marine eustigmatophyte genus Nannochloropsis is a violaxanthin-chlorophyll a protein complex that lacks chlorophylls b and c. The isolation of a single polypeptide from the light-harvesting complex of Nannochloropsis sp. (IOLR strain) was previously reported (Sukenik et al. 1992). The NH2 -terminal amino acid sequence of this polypeptide was significantly similar to NH2 -terminal sequences of the light-harvesting fucoxanthin, chlorophyll a/c polypeptides from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin. Using polyclonal antibodies raised to the Nannochloropsis light-harvesting polypeptide, a gene encoding this polypeptide was isolated from a cDNA expression library. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Nannochloropsis violaxanthin-chlorophyll a polypeptide reveals a 36 amino acid presequence followed by 173 amino acids that constitute the mature polypeptide. The mature polypeptide has 30%-40% sequence identity to the diatom fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c polypeptides and less then 27% identity to the green algal and vascular plant light-harvesting chlorophyll polypeptides that bind both chlorophylls a and b. Its molecular mass, as deduced from the gene sequence, is 18.4 kDa with three putative transmembrane helices and several residues that may be involved in chlorophyll binding. The cDNA encoding the violaxanthin-chlorophyll a polypeptide was used to isolate and characterize a 10 kb genomic fragment containing the entire gene. The open reading frame was interrupted by five introns ranging in size from 123 to 449 bp. The intron borders have typical eukaryotic GT … AG sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Sukenik
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 31080, IsraelMartek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, Maryland 21045The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Alexander Livne
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 31080, IsraelMartek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, Maryland 21045The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Kirk E Apt
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 31080, IsraelMartek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, Maryland 21045The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 31080, IsraelMartek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, Maryland 21045The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
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Eppard M, Rhiel E. Investigations on gene copy number, introns and chromosomal arrangement of genes encoding the fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins of the centric diatom Cyclotella cryptica. Protist 2000; 151:27-39. [PMID: 10896131 DOI: 10.1078/1434-4610-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gene arrangement, existence of introns and the number of gene copies of genes (fcps) encoding fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins (Fcps) of the centric diatom Cyclotella cryptica were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blotting and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) experiments. PCR-mediated amplification of the fcp genes using chromosomal DNA as template demonstrated the absence of introns within the amplified regions. Clustering of genes could not be demonstrated in these experiments. Digestion of chromosomal DNA of Cy. cryptica followed by Southern blotting and hybridization with specific fcp probes revealed minimum and maximum values of 12 and 20, respectively, for the gene copies. In addition, the DGGE technique confirmed and strengthened the results obtained from Southern blotting experiments as amplification of gene fragments from genomic DNA with different sets of specific primers revealed values of 21 and 23, for the minimum and maximum gene copy number, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eppard
- AG Geomikrobiologie, ICBM, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, Germany
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27
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Blanchard JL, Hicks JS. The non-photosynthetic plastid in malarial parasites and other apicomplexans is derived from outside the green plastid lineage. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1999; 46:367-75. [PMID: 10461383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb04615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a non-photosynthetic plastid genome in Plasmodium falciparum and other apicomplexans has provided a new drug target, but the evolutionary origin of the plastid has been muddled by the lack of characters, that typically define major plastid lineages. To clarify the ancestry of the plastid, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of all genomic characters shared by completely sequenced plastid genomes. Cladistic analysis of the pattern of plastid gene loss and gene rearrangements suggests that the apicomplexan plastid is derived from an ancestor outside of the green plastid lineage. Phylogenetic analysis of primary sequence data (DNA and amino acid characters) produces results that are generally independent of the analytical method, but similar genes (i.e., rpoB and rpoC) give similar topologies. The conflicting phylogenies in primary sequence data sets make it difficult to determine the the exact origin of the apicomplexan plastid and the apparent artifactual association of apicomplexan and euglenoid sequences suggests that DNA sequence data may be an inappropriate set of characters to address this phylogenetic question. At present we cannot reject our null hypothesis that the apicomplexan plastid is derived from a shared common ancestor between apicomplexans and dinoflagellates. During the analysis, we noticed that the Plasmodium tRNA-Met is probably tRNA-fMet and the tRNA-fMet is probably tRNA-Ile. We suggest that P. falciparum has lost the elongator type tRNA-Met and that similar to metazoan mitochondria there is only one species of methionine tRNA. In P. falciparum, this has been accomplished by recruiting the fMet-type tRNA to dually function in initiation and elongation. The tRNA-Ile has an unusual stem-loop in the variable region. The insertion in this region appears to have occurred after the primary origin of the plastid and further supports the monophyletic ancestory of plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Blanchard
- Biology Department, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403, USA.
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Abstract
Plastids with two bounding membranes--as exemplified by red algae, green algae, plants, and glaucophytes--derive from primary endosymbiosis; a process involving engulfment and retention of a cyanobacterium by a phagotrophic eukaryote. Plastids with more than two bounding membranes (such as those of euglenoids, dinoflagellates, heterokonts, haptopytes, apicomplexa, cryptomonads, and chlorarachniophytes) probably arose by secondary endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic alga (itself the product of primary endosymbiosis) was engulfed and retained by a phagotroph. Secondary endosymbiosis transfers photosynthetic capacity into heterotrophic lineages, has apparently occurred numerous times, and has created several major eukaryotic lineages comprising upwards of 42,600 species. Plastids acquired by secondary endosymbiosis are sometimes referred to as "second-hand." Establishment of secondary endosymbioses has involved transfer of genes from the endosymbiont nucleus to the secondary host nucleus. Limited gene transfer could initially have served to stabilise the endosymbioses, but it is clear that the transfer process has been extensive, leading in many cases to the complete disappearance of the endosymbiont nucleus. One consequence of these gene transfers is that gene products required in the plastid must be targeted into the organelle across multiple membranes: at least three for stromal proteins in euglenoids and dinoflagellates, and across five membranes in the case of thylakoid lumen proteins in plastids with four bounding membranes. Evolution of such targeting mechanisms was obviously a key step in the successful establishment of each different secondary endosymbiosis. Analysis of targeted proteins in the various organisms now suggests that a similar system is used by each group. However, rather than interpreting this similarity as evidence of an homologous origin, I believe that targeting has evolved convergently by combining and recycling existing protein trafficking mechanisms already existing in the endosymbiont and host. Indeed, by analyzing the multiple motifs in targeting sequences of some genes it is possible to infer that they originated in the plastid genome, transferred from there into the primary host nucleus, and subsequently moved into the secondary host nucleus. Thus, each step of the targeting process in "second-hand" plastids recapitulates the gene's previous intracellular transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I McFadden
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
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Pascal AA, Caron L, Rousseau B, Lapouge K, Duval J, Robert B. Resonance Raman spectroscopy of a light-harvesting protein from the brown alga Laminaria saccharina. Biochemistry 1998; 37:2450-7. [PMID: 9485393 DOI: 10.1021/bi9719657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of an antenna protein from the brown alga Laminaria saccharina has been used to investigate the molecular structure of this light-harvesting complex (LHC) at the level of its bound pigments, chlorophylls (chl) a and c and the xanthophyll fucoxanthin. Evidence has been obtained for the conservation of pigment structure during the isolation procedure used. Six chl a and two chl c molecules are indicated from the positions and relative contributions of stretching modes of their keto-carbonyl groups. Of special interest is the presence of a population of chls a having a protein-binding conformation highly similar to that seen in antenna proteins from higher plants, possibly indicating a common structural motif within this extended gene family. The eight fucoxanthin molecules evidenced are all in the all-trans conformation; however, one or two have a highly twisted configuration. The results are discussed in terms of common and varying structural features of LHCs in higher plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Pascal
- Section de Biophysique des Proteines et des Membranes, DBCM/CEA & URA 2096/CNRS, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Martino AD, Douady D, Rousseau B, Duval JC, Caron L. Characterization of Two Light-Harvesting Subunits Isolated from the Brown Alga Pelvetia canaliculata: Heterogeneity of Xanthophyll Distribution. Photochem Photobiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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