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Prosociality and reciprocity in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in a non-reproductive context. Behav Processes 2021; 188:104407. [PMID: 33895253 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prosocial behaviours (providing benefits to a recipient with or without cost for the donor) have been found to be highly influenced by sex and by hierarchy. Rodents, in particular, are good model for studying prosocial responses, as they were found to exhibit intentional prosocial behaviours to reward a conspecific, and are very sensitive to reciprocity. In our study, we conducted a Prosocial Choice Test (PCT) in which four capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) living in a social group could choose between three tokens: choosing the prosocial token rewarded simultaneously the subject and a recipient, while choosing the selfish token only rewarded the subject; and choosing the null token provided no reward to anyone. Dominance within each dyad was also studied, both before and during the PCT experiment. Our results showed an influence of hierarchy: subjects were more prosocial towards the recipient when it was a subordinate than when it was a dominant individual. These results could be interpreted as a desire of strengthening a hierarchical rank regarding the subordinate, of punishing aggressive conspecifics (usually the subject's direct dominant), and of weakening dominant individuals in order to modify the pre-existing hierarchy. Additionally, our results highlighted a direct reciprocity phenomenon, a subject being more likely to be prosocial towards a prosocial recipient. All these findings suggest that prosociality could be well developed in other taxa than Primates and that, in long enough PCT experiments, subtle rules could influence individual prosocial strategies.
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Gilhooly LJ, Burger R, Sipangkui S, Colquhoun IC. Tourist Behavior Predicts Reactions of Macaques (Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina) at Sepilok Orang-utan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia. INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chapais B. Competing through Co-operation in Nonhuman Primates: Developmental Aspects of Matrilineal Dominance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/016502549601900102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper's major aim is to illustrate how competition and co-operation are causally interrelated in the social life of nonhuman primates. In many species, competition for resources and mates commonly leads to xenophobic alliances and to the formation of intra-group dominance orders in which coalitions and alliances play a major role. In this sense, competition fosters co-operation. After briefly reviewing the nature of alliances in primates, this paper focuses on matrilineal dominance systems, which characterise many species of the Cercopithecidae family (macaques, baboons, etc.). In these societies, females socially inherit their mother's rank above lower-ranking matrilines with the result that kin rank next to each other. This paper summarises 10 years of experimental research on the composition and dynamics of alliances in a captive group of Japanese macaques (Macacafuscata). The main experimental paradigm consisted in manipulating the composition of the group, thereby dismantling existing alliances and inducing the formation of new alliances and new rank orders. Results reveal the existence of a complex interplay of kin and nonkin alliances responsible for the acquisition of rank and, later, for the maintenance of rank relations within and between kin groups. Opportunistic, selfishly motivated interventions in conflicts, performed by juveniles sharing the same targets (common targeting principle), appear to account for the initial formation of alliances in these dominance systems and, possibly, in various other situations as well. Such relatively simple processes may have paved the way for ontogenetically and phylogenetically more sophisticated forms of co-operation, such as reciprocity involving delayed benefits to the donors.
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Herrington JA, Del Rosso LA, Capitanio JP. Biobehavioral consequences of prenatal exposure to a matrilineal overthrow and relocation in captive infant rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:895-903. [PMID: 27150125 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is a general consensus that perinatal experiences help to shape infant behavior; however, relatively little is known about the effects of prenatal experience on postnatal phenotype in non-human primates. The current study sought to take advantage of a naturally occurring incident in a captive population of rhesus monkeys. Following a matrilineal overthrow in an outdoor field cage, pregnant female rhesus macaques were relocated from outdoor to indoor housing. Using data collected from the California National Primate Research Center's Biobehavioral Assessment Program, we assessed infants born to mothers that were in their first or second trimester of pregnancy during the overthrow and relocation, and compared their data with that of animals from two control groups born in the same year: indoor mother raised infants and field cage reared infants. Our results suggest that the experience of an overthrow and relocation during the first trimester elevated postnatal emotional responsiveness, while the same experience in the second trimester resulted in modified HPA axis regulation, elevated glucocorticoid output following maternal separation, and lower hematocrit levels compared to control groups. These data add to a growing body of literature that prenatal experiences represent a significant contribution to postnatal phenotypic variability. Findings such as ours have implications for studies in captive management and the management of captive rhesus monkey populations. Am. J. Primatol. 78:895-903, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Herrington
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Laura A Del Rosso
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - John P Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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Dettmer AM, Woodward RA, Suomi SJ. Reproductive consequences of a matrilineal overthrow in rhesus monkeys. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:346-52. [PMID: 25382028 PMCID: PMC4334670 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrilineal overthrows in macaque societies are rare but devastating events, often resulting in severe morbidity, mortality, and loss of individual and group fitness. The handful of documented macaque overthrows provides scant evidence to reveal the severity or longevity of reproductive consequences resulting from such violent events. We analyzed archival records from semi-free ranging rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, across 6 years (55 ≤ N ≤ 107, from 2007 to 2012) during which time a matrilineal overthrow occurred (in 2009) to test the hypothesis that extremely violent interactions such as a matrilineal overthrow would significantly reduce reproductive fitness for the involved matrilines and for the troop collectively. The matrilineal overthrow resulted in a significant increase in infant loss for the population from the previous year (χ(2) = 8.117, df = 1, P = 0.004), as evidenced by the fact that in 2009, but not in other years, the proportion of infants lost was greater than the proportion of viable infants (χ(2) = 4.55, df = 1, P = 0.03). Moreover, the deposed matriline suffered 100% infant loss in 2009, a significant change from the previous year (χ(2) = 7.87, df = 1, P = 0.005) while the attacking matriline suffered 50% infant loss (also a significant change from the previous year; χ(2) = 4.44, df = 1, P = 0.035), with the uninvolved, lowest-ranking matriline showing no change in infant loss from the previous year (χ(2) = 0.008, df = 1, P = 0.93). The deposed matriline did not produce viable offspring again until 3 years later. We further found that rates of severe fighting (as indicated by the number of fight wounds requiring medical treatment) were positively correlated with infant loss across the 6 years of the study (r[s] = 0.943, P = 0.005). Our data indicate that extreme periods of intra-group conflict, such as the matrilineal overthrow, have marked short-term consequences for individual fitness, and may be extreme examples of the long-term influences that group violence exerts on the mean fitness within a primate troop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Dettmer
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD
| | - Ruth A. Woodward
- Research Animal Management Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD
| | - Stephen J. Suomi
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD
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Mori U, Dunbar RIM. Changes in the Reproductive Condition of Female Gelada Baboons Following the Takeover of One-Male Units. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gygax L, Harley N, Kummer H. A matrilineal overthrow with destructive aggression inMacaca fascicularis. Primates 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02382005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dixson AF, Nevison CM. The socioendocrinology of adolescent development in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Horm Behav 1997; 31:126-35. [PMID: 9154433 DOI: 10.1006/hbeh.1997.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Observations were made on four captive breeding groups of rhesus monkeys in order to measure hormonal, behavioral, and genital changes in adolescent males during the annual mating season. Three questions were addressed with regard to possible effects of social environment upon reproductive maturation: (1) Does male agonistic rank influence adolescent development? (2) Does affiliation between adolescent males and adult females during the mating season influence the males' reproductive development? (3) Does maternal rank exert any effect upon reproductive maturation in adolescent sons? In many (but not all) cases male rank was positively correlated with circulating testosterone and testes weights during the mating season. Affiliative behavior (allogrooming and sexual interactions) between adolescents and adult females in their social groups bore no relationship to the degree of reproductive maturation in males. Mounts involving intromission were infrequent, but sons of high-ranking mothers gained significantly more intromissions than sons of lower-ranking females. Maternal rank was also found to correlate with circulating testosterone levels, testes weights, growth of the baculum (os penis), and maintenance of body weight in adolescent sons during the mating season. By contrast, levels of beta-endorphin in the cerebrospinal fluid of adolescent males did not correlate with social rank, testosterone levels, or genital development. These findings point to possible effects of maternal rank, as well as intermale agonistic rank, in determining reproductive maturation during adolescence in the male rhesus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Dixson
- Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Social Housing of Previously Single-Caged Macaques: What Are the Options and The Risks? Anim Welf 1995. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600018017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractA review of the scientific literature gives evidence that transferring previously single-caged adult macaques to permanent compatible pair-housing arrangements (isosexual pairs, adult/infant pairs) is associated with less risk of injury and morbidity than transferring them to permanent group-housing arrangements. Juvenile animals can readily be transferred to permanent group-housing situations without undue risks. Safe pair formation and subsequent pair-housing techniques have been developed for female and male rhesus (Macaca mulatta), stump-tailed (M. arctoides) and pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina) as well as for female long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis). Pair housing does not jeopardize the animals’ physical health but it increases their behavioural health by providing them with an adequate environment to satisfy their need for social contact and social interaction.
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Chapais B. Alliances as a means of competition in primates: Evolutionary, developmental, and cognitive aspects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330380607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chapais B, Lecomte M. Induction of matrilineal rank instability by the alpha male in a group of Japanese macaques. Am J Primatol 1995; 36:299-312. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350360405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/1994] [Revised: 11/14/1994] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cultivating male allies. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 1993; 4:81-107. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02734090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1992] [Accepted: 09/10/1992] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Smuts BB, Smuts RW. Male Aggression and Sexual Coercion of Females in Nonhuman Primates and Other Mammals: Evidence and Theoretical Implications. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Chapais B, Larose F. Experimental rank reversals among peers inMacaca fuscata: Rank is maintained after the removal of kin support. Am J Primatol 1988; 16:31-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350160105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/1987] [Revised: 05/12/1988] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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The effect of female proximity and social interaction on the menstrual cycle of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Primates 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02382524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chapais B. An experimental analysis of a mother-daughter rank reversal in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Primates 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02382456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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de Waal FBM, Luttrell LM. The formal hierarchy of rhesus macaques: An investigation of the bared-teeth display. Am J Primatol 1985; 9:73-85. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350090202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/1985] [Accepted: 04/20/1985] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Emory G, Payne R, Chance M. Observations on a newly described usage of the primate play face. Behav Processes 1979; 4:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(79)90050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/1978] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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