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Ding R, He P, Zheng X. Socioeconomic inequality in rehabilitation service utilization for schizophrenia in China: Findings from a 7-year nationwide longitudinal study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:914245. [PMID: 36090373 PMCID: PMC9459142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Few studies have focused on the utilization of rehabilitation services among people with schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to examine the trend of pharmacological and psychotherapy service utilization among adults with schizophrenia and to identify the associated socioeconomic factors. METHODS Data were obtained from the Second National Sample Survey on Disability in 2006 and from the follow-up investigation in 2007-2013. Individuals with schizophrenia were ascertained by the combination of self-reports and on-site diagnosis by psychiatrists. Random effect logistic regression models were applied to examine the socioeconomic disparity in service utilization and the time trend in the association. RESULTS Overall, the percentage of individuals using pharmacological treatment services increased from 23.7 in 2007 to 55.0% in 2013, and the percentage of individuals using psychotherapy services increased from 11.4 to 39.4%. Living in rural areas, being illiterate, living in families with lower income and being uninsured were less likely to receive pharmacological treatment and psychotherapy. The pace of growth in service utilization was higher among individuals with rural residence, illiteracy or low-income status than among their counterparts with advantaged backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an upward trend in pharmacological treatment and psychotherapy service utilization and a downward trend in socioeconomic disparity among Chinese adults with schizophrenia. Future studies to explore the reasons for the observed changes and to identify policies for improving the health service access of this vulnerable group are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Ding
- China Center for Health and Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- China Center for Health and Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Health Sciences Academy, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Guo C, Li N, Chen G, Zheng X. Mental health service utilization and its associated social factors among elderly people with a mental disability in China: A national population-based survey. Scand J Public Health 2017; 47:215-220. [PMID: 28784028 DOI: 10.1177/1403494817722705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study explored patterns of service use and associated socioeconomic factors among Chinese elders with mental disabilities. METHODS Data from the second China National Sample Survey on Disability (CNSSD) were used in this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for factors associated with utilization of mental health services among Chinese elderly people with a mental disability. RESULTS Among elderly people with a mental disability in the CNSSD, 46.35% had used mental health services. Urban residence, higher education level, being married, medical insurance coverage, and higher annual family income per capita were associated with more utilization of mental health services. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a low level of mental health service utilization among the Chinese population with mental disorders or a mental disability. Strategies to improve the insurance coverage of mental healthcare, to increase public awareness of mental disorders, and to reduce regional inequality of mental health resources are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- 1 Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, China.,2 APEC Health Science Academy; Peking University, China.,3 Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, USA
| | - Ning Li
- 1 Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, China
| | - Gong Chen
- 1 Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, China.,2 APEC Health Science Academy; Peking University, China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- 1 Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, China.,2 APEC Health Science Academy; Peking University, China
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Hodgkinson S, Beers L, Southammakosane C, Lewin A. Addressing the mental health needs of pregnant and parenting adolescents. Pediatrics 2014; 133:114-22. [PMID: 24298010 PMCID: PMC3876179 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent parenthood is associated with a range of adverse outcomes for young mothers, including mental health problems such as depression, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Teen mothers are also more likely to be impoverished and reside in communities and families that are socially and economically disadvantaged. These circumstances can adversely affect maternal mental health, parenting, and behavior outcomes for their children. In this report, we provide an overview of the mental health challenges associated with teen parenthood, barriers that often prevent teen mothers from seeking mental health services, and interventions for this vulnerable population that can be integrated into primary care services. Pediatricians in the primary care setting are in a unique position to address the mental health needs of adolescent parents because teens often turn to them first for assistance with emotional and behavioral concerns. Consequently, pediatricians can play a pivotal role in facilitating and encouraging teen parents' engagement in mental health treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Hodgkinson
- Diana L. and Stephen A. Goldberg Center for Community Pediatric Health, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010.
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Cho SJ, Lee JY, Hong JP, Lee HB, Cho MJ, Hahm BJ. Mental health service use in a nationwide sample of Korean adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009; 44:943-51. [PMID: 19294325 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-009-0015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An understanding of the factors leading to the use of mental health services is important in improving access to mental health-care. The purpose of this study was to assess the use of mental health services, determinants of use and barriers to use. METHODS Data were derived from a representative sample of the general population, aged 18-64 years. The Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used for the purpose of psychiatric assessment. Respondents were also asked about their use of mental health services, and about any experience of barriers to services. The response rate was 80.2%, and a total of 6,275 persons participated in the study. RESULTS Of the respondents who completed the interview (n=6,275), 1.9% reported the use of mental health services during the past 12 months. Of the respondents who met the criteria for the 1-year diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder (n=916), 6.1% received mental health-care. Age, unemployment, and medical assistance (public assistance) were correlated positively with frequency of mental health-care. Of those who suffered from a psychiatric disorder but did not seek consultation (n=836), 23.4% said that they desired to handle the problem on their own, and 23% asserted that they had no psychiatric disorder. CONCLUSIONS The high rate of non-consultation among those with psychiatric disorders constitutes an important public health problem. Public health efforts to narrow the gap in service delivery are crucial. Also, additional efforts are warranted to address barriers to mental health care to develop an efficient mental health-care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jin Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
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Hämäläinen J, Isometsä E, Sihvo S, Pirkola S, Kiviruusu O. Use of health services for major depressive and anxiety disorders in Finland. Depress Anxiety 2008; 25:27-37. [PMID: 17238158 DOI: 10.1002/da.20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors associated with people suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) or anxiety disorders seeking or receiving treatment are not well known. In the Health 2000 Study, a representative sample (n=6005) of Finland's general adult (> or =30 years) population was interviewed with the M-CIDI for mental disorders and health service use for mental problems during the last 12 months. Predictors for service use among those with DSM-IV MDD (n=298) or anxiety disorders (n=242) were assessed. Of subjects with MDD, anxiety disorders, or both, 34%, 36%, and 59% used health services, respectively. Greater severity and perceived disability, psychiatric comorbidity, and living alone predicted health care use for MDD subjects, and greater perceived disability, psychiatric comorbidity, younger age, and parent's psychiatric problems for anxiety disorder subjects. The use of specialist-level mental health services was predicted by psychiatric comorbidity, but not characteristics of the disorders per se. Perceived disability and comorbidity are factors influencing the use of mental health services by both anxiety disorder and MDD subjects. However, still only approximately one-half of those suffering from even severe and comorbid disorders use health services for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hämäläinen
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ayalon L, Areán PA, Linkins K, Lynch M, Estes CL. Integration of mental health services into primary care overcomes ethnic disparities in access to mental health services between black and white elderly. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007; 15:906-12. [PMID: 17911367 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e318135113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors evaluated whether the integration of mental health into primary care overcomes ethnic disparities in access to and participation in mental health (MH) and substance abuse (SA) treatment. METHODS The authors conducted site-specific analysis of a multisite clinical trial to compare participation of black and white elderly in an integrated model of care (all MH/SA services are provided at primary care clinics) versus an enhanced referral model of care (all MH/SA services are provided at specialized MH clinics). In all, 183 elderly (56% black) diagnosed with depression (82%), anxiety (32%), and/or problem drinking (22%) were randomized. RESULTS Blacks in the integrated arm were significantly more likely to have at least one MH/SA visit (77.5%) relative to blacks in the enhanced referral arm (22%; adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 14.13; confidence interval [CI]: 4.76-41.95, Wald chi(2): 22.75, df = 1, p <0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between whites in the integrated treatment arm (66.6%) and whites in the enhanced referral arm (46.9%, adjusted OR: 2.98; CI: 0.98-9.06, Wald chi(2): 3.72, df = 1, p = 0.05). In the enhanced referral arm, blacks had a significantly smaller number of overall MH/SA visits (mean [SD]: 2.08 [5.28]) relative to whites (mean [SD]: 5.31 [7.76], adjusted incident rate ratio [IRR]: 2.87; CI: 1.06-7.73, Wald chi(2): 4.37, df = 1, p = 0.03). In the integrated arm, there was no statistically significant difference between blacks (mean [SD]: 3.22 [3.71]) and whites (mean [SD]: 2.75 [4.29], adjusted IRR: 0.58; CI: 0.25-1.33, Wald chi(2): 1.64, df = 1, p = 0.20). For both groups, time between baseline evaluation to first MH/SA visit was significantly shorter in the integrated treatment arm (for blacks: mean days [SD]: 31.06 [28.66]; for whites: mean days [SD]: 22.18 [33.88]) than in the enhanced referral arm (mean [SD]: 62.45 [43.53], adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 7.82; CI: 3.65-16.75, Wald chi(2): 28.02, df = 1, p <0.0001; mean [SD]: 63.46 [32.41], adjusted HR: 2.48; CI: 1.20-5.13, Wald chi(2): 6.02, df = 1, p = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION An integrated model of care is particularly effective in improving access to and participation in MH/SA treatment among black primary care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Ayalon
- School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Rosen D, Tolman RM, Warner LA, Conner K. Racial differences in mental health service utilization among low-income women. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2007; 23:89-105. [PMID: 19306589 DOI: 10.1080/19371910802151747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The authors present data on mental health outpatient services in non-specialty settings in a sample of low-income women by exploring service use in the general medical sector, specialty mental health/substance services, the human service sector, and self-help groups. Findings are reported from 668 African American and White women in the Mothers' Well-Being Study (MWS). The MWS measured a range of psychiatric and substance dependence disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 2.1 (CIDI2.1). The MWS also gathered data regarding outpatient mental health service utilization. In the year preceding the study, 43.9% of the White respondents and 39.0% of the African American respondents had at least one of the mental health disorders measured in the MWS. There were no significant differences in the frequency of any of the disorders by race. However, White respondents with disorders received more treatment than African American women in the general medical sector. In the year prior to the interview, nearly a quarter (22.4%) of White women with any diagnosis received care in the general medical sector compared to only 9.1% of African American women. The racial disparity in mental health treatment in the general medical sector may indicate that African American low-income women are not receiving the same level of care as White women. The authors discuss the implications of this disparity and suggest ways of expanding access to care for African American women in the general medical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rosen
- University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work, USA
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de Figueiredo JM, Boerstler H, Doros G. Recent treatment history vs clinical characteristics in the prediction of use of outpatient psychiatric services. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2006; 41:130-9. [PMID: 16374531 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-005-0999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of outpatient psychiatric services has been shown to be a complex function of sociodemographic, clinical, and pathway variables. The relative contribution of each variable or groups of variables in explaining the variability in the use of outpatient psychiatric services, however, remains poorly documented. METHODS The subjects (N=382) were all patients admitted to an outpatient psychiatric clinic serving mostly a minority and low-income population. The charts of the patients were reviewed for sociodemographic, clinical, and pathway variables and the number of outpatient visits. The pathway variables studied were source of referral and most recent psychiatric treatment service used. Both bivariate and multivariate statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Pathway variables were better predictors of the number of outpatient visits than clinical variables after controlling for sociodemographic variables. CONCLUSION Patients recently hospitalized may be sicker or have fewer social supports and therefore require more outpatient visits. Recent treatment history stands out as an important variable in the prediction of the number of outpatient mental health visits. More research is needed to examine the influence of pathway variables on treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M de Figueiredo
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 573, Cheshire, CT 06410-0573, USA
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Alvidrez J, Arean PA. Psychosocial treatment research with ethnic minority populations: ethical considerations in conducting clinical trials. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2002; 12:103-16. [PMID: 12171080 DOI: 10.1207/s15327019eb1201_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Because of historical mistreatment of ethnic minorities by research and medical institutions, it is particularly important for researchers to be mindful of ethical issues that arise when conducting research with ethnic minority populations. In this article, we focus on the ethical issues related to the inclusion of ethnic minorities in clinical trials of psychosocial treatments. We highlight 2 factors, skepticism and mistrust by ethnic minorities about research and current inequities in the mental health care system, that researchers should consider when developing psychosocial interventions studies that include ethnic minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alvidrez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 401 Parnassus Avenue, 1316 San Francisco, CA 94143.
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Abstract
To take advantage of the services of mental health professionals, primary care physicians must improve their flexibility, communication, and teamwork. All parties must be willing to surrender a measure of autonomy and control, but the result is worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V deGruy
- Department of Family Practice and Community Medicine, University of South Alabama, USA
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Bijl RV, Ravelli A. Psychiatric morbidity, service use, and need for care in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Am J Public Health 2000; 90:602-7. [PMID: 10754976 PMCID: PMC1446190 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.90.4.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the use of primary health care, mental health care, and informal care services, as well as unmet care needs, by individuals with different psychiatric diagnoses. METHODS Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study and were based on a representative sample (n = 7147) of the general population (aged 18-64 years). RESULTS In a 12-month period, 33.9% of those with a psychiatric disorder used some form of care; 27.2% used primary care, and 15.3% used mental health care. Patients with mood disorders were the most likely to enlist professional care; those with alcohol- and drug-related disorders were the least likely to do so. Higher educated persons who live alone, single parents, unemployed persons, and disabled persons were more likely to use mental health care. Unmet need for professional help was reported by 16.8% (men 9.9%, women 23.9%) of those with a disorder. CONCLUSIONS Care use varies widely by diagnostic category. The role of general medical practitioners in treating persons with psychiatric disorders is more limited than was anticipated. Patients in categories associated with extensive use of professional care are more likely to have unmet care needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Bijl
- The Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction (Trimbos-Instituut), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Parikh SV, Lesage AD, Kennedy SH, Goering PN. Depression in Ontario: under-treatment and factors related to antidepressant use. J Affect Disord 1999; 52:67-76. [PMID: 10357019 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our study examines how depression is treated in Ontario, with particular examination of the correlates of antidepressant utilization using a broad model of individual (clinical), demographic, and health system determinants of treatment. From a community epidemiologic survey, a sample of 333 individuals with major depression in the past year was identified. More than half received no treatment (untreated n = 170, 51.1%), while 74 (22.2%) received treatment without medication, 29 (8.7%) received treatment mainly with anxiolytics, and only 60 (18.0%) were treated with antidepressants. All four groups had similar rates of alcohol and substance abuse. Disability and comorbid anxiety were common, with the least in the untreated group and the most in the antidepressant group. Increased use of antidepressants was associated with psychiatrist contact, while family physicians treated a substantial minority primarily with anxiolytics. Under a universal health care system, no differential access to antidepressants was found in terms of demographic characteristics. Clinical severity and contact with a psychiatrist correlate with antidepressant treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Parikh
- Mood Disorders Program, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry and the University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Lin E, Goering P, Offord DR, Campbell D, Boyle MH. The use of mental health services in Ontario: epidemiologic findings. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 1996; 41:572-7. [PMID: 8946080 DOI: 10.1177/070674379604100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the distribution and predictors of mental health service use for a survey of Ontario household residents aged 15 to 64 years. METHOD Service use was defined as any past-year contact with formal or informal health care providers for mental health reasons. Data from the Mental Health Supplement (the Supplement) to the Ontario Mental Health Survey were used to compare the sociodemographic, geographic, and diagnostic status characteristics of service users with these characteristics among nonusers. RESULTS Mental health services were used by 7.8% of respondents in the past year. The majority (57.8%) had a past-year University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview (UM-CIDI) diagnosis, although 27.1% had never met diagnostic criteria. Other significant predictors were marital status, household public assistance, gender, age, and urban/rural residence. CONCLUSION Although diagnosis is the strongest predictor of use, the fit between "need" and "care" in Ontario is not perfect. Help seeking differs within specific sociodemographic and geographic groups. Furthermore, the association of marital disruption and economic disadvantage with utilization indicates that prevention and intervention should address needs beyond the medical or psychological.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lin
- Health Systems Research Unit, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario
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Abe-Kim JS, Takeuchi DT. Cultural competence and quality of care: Issues for mental health service delivery in managed care. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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