1
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Winter SE, Bäumler AJ. Gut dysbiosis: Ecological causes and causative effects on human disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2316579120. [PMID: 38048456 PMCID: PMC10722970 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316579120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a role in many human diseases, but high-throughput sequence analysis does not provide a straightforward path for defining healthy microbial communities. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that drive compositional changes during disease (gut dysbiosis) continues to be a central goal in microbiome research. Insights from the microbial pathogenesis field show that an ecological cause for gut dysbiosis is an increased availability of host-derived respiratory electron acceptors, which are dominant drivers of microbial community composition. Similar changes in the host environment also drive gut dysbiosis in several chronic human illnesses, and a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms informs approaches to causatively link compositional changes in the gut microbiota to an exacerbation of symptoms. The emerging picture suggests that homeostasis is maintained by host functions that control the availability of resources governing microbial growth. Defining dysbiosis as a weakening of these host functions directs attention to the underlying cause and identifies potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian E. Winter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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2
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Ruiz-Cortes K, Villageliu DN, Samuelson DR. Innate lymphocytes: Role in alcohol-induced immune dysfunction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:934617. [PMID: 36105802 PMCID: PMC9464604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.934617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use is known to alter the function of both innate and adaptive immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, B cells, and T cells. Immune dysfunction has been associated with alcohol-induced end-organ damage. The role of innate lymphocytes in alcohol-associated pathogenesis has become a focus of research, as liver-resident natural killer (NK) cells were found to play an important role in alcohol-associated liver damage pathogenesis. Innate lymphocytes play a critical role in immunity and homeostasis; they are necessary for an optimal host response against insults including infections and cancer. However, the role of innate lymphocytes, including NK cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, gamma delta T cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) type 1–3, remains ill-defined in the context of alcohol-induced end-organ damage. Innate-like B lymphocytes including marginal zone B cells and B-1 cells have also been identified; however, this review will address the effects of alcohol misuse on innate T lymphocytes, as well as the consequences of innate T-lymphocyte dysfunction on alcohol-induced tissue damage.
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, & Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Portincasa P, Bonfrate L, Khalil M, Angelis MD, Calabrese FM, D’Amato M, Wang DQH, Di Ciaula A. Intestinal Barrier and Permeability in Health, Obesity and NAFLD. Biomedicines 2021; 10:83. [PMID: 35052763 PMCID: PMC8773010 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest surface of the human body exposed to the external environment is the gut. At this level, the intestinal barrier includes luminal microbes, the mucin layer, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, enterocytes, immune cells, gut vascular barrier, and liver barrier. A healthy intestinal barrier is characterized by the selective permeability of nutrients, metabolites, water, and bacterial products, and processes are governed by cellular, neural, immune, and hormonal factors. Disrupted gut permeability (leaky gut syndrome) can represent a predisposing or aggravating condition in obesity and the metabolically associated liver steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD). In what follows, we describe the morphological-functional features of the intestinal barrier, the role of major modifiers of the intestinal barrier, and discuss the recent evidence pointing to the key role of intestinal permeability in obesity/NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Francesco Maria Calabrese
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA, 48160 Derio, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
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Johnson CH, Golla JP, Dioletis E, Singh S, Ishii M, Charkoftaki G, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4404. [PMID: 34503214 PMCID: PMC8431530 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) is complex. Approximately, 10% of individuals with CRC have predisposing germline mutations that lead to familial cancer syndromes, whereas most CRC patients have sporadic cancer resulting from a combination of environmental and genetic risk factors. It has become increasingly clear that chronic alcohol consumption is associated with the development of sporadic CRC; however, the exact mechanisms by which alcohol contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis are largely unknown. Several proposed mechanisms from studies in CRC models suggest that alcohol metabolites and/or enzymes associated with alcohol metabolism alter cellular redox balance, cause DNA damage, and epigenetic dysregulation. In addition, alcohol metabolites can cause a dysbiotic colorectal microbiome and intestinal permeability, resulting in bacterial translocation, inflammation, and immunosuppression. All of these effects can increase the risk of developing CRC. This review aims to outline some of the most significant and recent findings on the mechanisms of alcohol in colorectal carcinogenesis. We examine the effect of alcohol on the generation of reactive oxygen species, the development of genotoxic stress, modulation of one-carbon metabolism, disruption of the microbiome, and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Jaya Prakash Golla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Evangelos Dioletis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Surendra Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Momoko Ishii
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
| | - David C. Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (C.H.J.); (J.P.G.); (E.D.); (S.S.); (M.I.); (G.C.); (D.C.T.)
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Devall M, Plummer SJ, Bryant J, Jennelle LT, Eaton S, Dampier CH, Huyghe JR, Peters U, Powell SM, Casey G. Ethanol exposure drives colon location specific cell composition changes in a normal colon crypt 3D organoid model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:432. [PMID: 33432071 PMCID: PMC7801615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a consistently identified risk factor for colon cancer. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its effect on normal colon crypt cells remains poorly understood. We employed RNA-sequencing to asses transcriptomic response to ethanol exposure (0.2% vol:vol) in 3D organoid lines derived from healthy colon (n = 34). Paired regression analysis identified 2,162 differentially expressed genes in response to ethanol. When stratified by colon location, a far greater number of differentially expressed genes were identified in organoids derived from the left versus right colon, many of which corresponded to cell-type specific markers. To test the hypothesis that the effects of ethanol treatment on colon organoid populations were in part due to differential cell composition, we incorporated external single cell RNA-sequencing data from normal colon biopsies to estimate cellular proportions following single cell deconvolution. We inferred cell-type-specific changes, and observed an increase in transit amplifying cells following ethanol exposure that was greater in organoids from the left than right colon, with a concomitant decrease in more differentiated cells. If this occurs in the colon following alcohol consumption, this would lead to an increased zone of cells in the lower crypt where conditions are optimal for cell division and the potential to develop mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Devall
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah J Plummer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer Bryant
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lucas T Jennelle
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephen Eaton
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher H Dampier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeroen R Huyghe
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven M Powell
- Digestive Health Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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7
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Khoshbin K, Camilleri M. Effects of dietary components on intestinal permeability in health and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G589-G608. [PMID: 32902315 PMCID: PMC8087346 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00245.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered intestinal permeability plays a role in many pathological conditions. Intestinal permeability is a component of the intestinal barrier. This barrier is a dynamic interface between the body and the food and pathogens that enter the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, dietary components can directly affect this interface, and many metabolites produced by the host enzymes or the gut microbiota can act as signaling molecules or exert direct effects on this barrier. Our aim was to examine the effects of diet components on the intestinal barrier in health and disease states. Herein, we conducted an in-depth PubMed search based on specific key words (diet, permeability, barrier, health, disease, and disorder), as well as cross references from those articles. The normal intestinal barrier consists of multiple components in the lumen, epithelial cell layer and the lamina propria. Diverse methods are available to measure intestinal permeability. We focus predominantly on human in vivo studies, and the literature is reviewed to identify dietary factors that decrease (e.g., emulsifiers, surfactants, and alcohol) or increase (e.g., fiber, short-chain fatty acids, glutamine, and vitamin D) barrier integrity. Effects of these dietary items in disease states, such as metabolic syndrome, liver disease, or colitis are documented as examples of barrier dysfunction in the multifactorial diseases. Effects of diet on intestinal barrier function are associated with precise mechanisms in some instances; further research of those mechanisms has potential to clarify the role of dietary interventions in treating diverse pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Khoshbin
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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8
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Rodriguez-Gonzalez A, Orio L. Microbiota and Alcohol Use Disorder: Are Psychobiotics a Novel Therapeutic Strategy? Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2426-2437. [PMID: 31969090 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200122153541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an exciting focus of research attempting to understand neuropsychiatric disorders from a holistic perspective in order to determine the role of gut microbiota in the aetiology and pathogenesis of such disorders. Thus, the possible therapeutic benefits of targeting gut microbiota are being explored for conditions such as stress, depression or schizophrenia. Growing evidence indicates that there is bidirectional communication between gut microbiota and the brain that has an effect on normal CNS functioning and behavioural responses. Alcohol abuse damages the gastrointestinal tract, alters gut microbiota and induces neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. The relationship between alcohol abuse and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, inflammation and immune regulation has been well documented. In this review, we explore the connection between microbiota, brain function and behaviour, as well as the mechanisms through which alcohol induces microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Finally, we propose the study of psychobiotics as a novel pharmaceutical strategy to treat alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Chen D, Le TH, Shahidipour H, Read SA, Ahlenstiel G. The Role of Gut-Derived Microbial Antigens on Liver Fibrosis Initiation and Progression. Cells 2019; 8:E1324. [PMID: 31717860 PMCID: PMC6912265 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis has recently become known as an important driver of gastrointestinal and liver disease. It remains poorly understood, however, how gastrointestinal microbes bypass the intestinal mucosa and enter systemic circulation to enact an inflammatory immune response. In the context of chronic liver disease (CLD), insults that drive hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis (alcohol, fat) can drastically increase intestinal permeability, hence flooding the liver with gut-derived microbiota. Consequently, this may result in exacerbated liver inflammation and fibrosis through activation of liver-resident Kupffer and stellate cells by bacterial, viral, and fungal antigens transported to the liver via the portal vein. This review summarizes the current understanding of microbial translocation in CLD, the cell-specific hepatic response to intestinal antigens, and how this drives the development and progression of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Further, we reviewed current and future therapies targeting intestinal permeability and the associated, potentially harmful anti-microbial immune response with respect to their potential in terms of limiting the development and progression of liver fibrosis and end-stage cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dishen Chen
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Thanh H. Le
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown 2560, NSW, Australia
| | - Haleh Shahidipour
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott A. Read
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia; (D.C.); (T.H.L.); (H.S.)
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown 2148, NSW, Australia
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Barr T, Lewis SA, Sureshchandra S, Doratt B, Grant KA, Messaoudi I. Chronic ethanol consumption alters lamina propria leukocyte response to stimulation in a region-dependent manner. FASEB J 2019; 33:7767-7777. [PMID: 30897342 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802780r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heavy alcohol consumption, also referred to as chronic heavy drinking (CHD), results in intestinal injury characterized by increased permeability, dysbiosis, nutrient malabsorption, potentially higher susceptibility to infection, and increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which CHD results in intestinal damage remains incomplete. Here, we investigated the impact of chronic drinking on transcriptional and functional responses of lamina propria leukocytes (LPLs) isolated from the 4 major gut sections. Although no significant differences were detected between LPLs isolated from the ethanol and control groups at resting state within each major gut section, our analysis uncovered key regional differences in composition and function of LPLs independent of alcohol consumption. However, in response to phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin, duodenal LPLs from ethanol-drinking animals generated a dampened response, whereas jejunal and ileal LPLs from ethanol-drinking animals produced a heightened response. Transcriptional responses following stimulation were pronounced in ileal and duodenal LPLs from the ethanol-drinking group but less evident in jejunal and colonic LPLs compared with controls, suggesting a more significant impact of alcohol on these gut regions. The altered intestinal LPL function detected in our study reveals remarkable region specificity and novel insight into potential mechanisms of intestinal injury associated with CHD.-Barr, T., Lewis, S. A., Sureshchandra, S., Doratt, B., Grant, K. A., Messaoudi, I. Chronic ethanol consumption alters lamina propria leukocyte response to stimulation in a region-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Barr
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sloan A Lewis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Brianna Doratt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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Amaral GP, Dobrachinski F, de Carvalho NR, Barcelos RP, da Silva MH, Lugokenski TH, Dias GRM, de Lima Portella R, Fachinetto R, Soares FAA. Multiple mechanistic action of Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract against ethanol effects in an acute model of intestinal damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:454-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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12
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Elamin E, Masclee A, Troost F, Dekker J, Jonkers D. Cytotoxicity and metabolic stress induced by acetaldehyde in human intestinal LS174T goblet-like cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G286-94. [PMID: 24904079 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00103.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence indicating that ethanol and its oxidative metabolite acetaldehyde can disrupt intestinal barrier function. Apart from the tight junctions, mucins secreted by goblet cells provide an effective barrier. Ethanol has been shown to induce goblet cell injury associated with alterations in mucin glycosylation. However, effects of its most injurious metabolite acetaldehyde remain largely unknown. This study aimed to assess short-term effects of acetaldehyde (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 μM) on functional characteristics of intestinal goblet-like cells (LS174T). Oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, ATP, and intramitochondrial calcium (Ca(2+)) were assessed by dichlorofluorescein, methyltetrazolium, and bioluminescence, MitoTracker green and rhod-2 double-labeling. Membrane integrity and apoptosis were evaluated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), caspase 3/7, and cleavage of cytokeratin 18 (CK18). Expression of mucin 2 (MUC2) was determined by cell-based ELISA. Acetaldehyde significantly increased reactive oxygen species generation and decreased mitochondrial function compared with negative controls (P < 0.05). In addition, acetaldehyde dose-dependently decreased ATP levels and induced intramitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation compared with negative controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, acetaldehyde induced LDH release and increased caspase3/7 activity and percentage of cells expressing cleaved CK18 and increased MUC2 protein expression compared with negative controls (P < 0.0001). ATP depletion and LDH release could be largely prevented by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting a pivotal role for oxidative stress. Our data demonstrate that acetaldehyde has distinct oxidant-dependent metabolic and cytotoxic effects on LS174T cells that can lead to induction of cellular apoptosis. These effects may contribute to acetaldehyde-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and subsequently to liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhaseen Elamin
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Ad Masclee
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Freddy Troost
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jan Dekker
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; and
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13
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Elamin EE, Masclee AA, Dekker J, Jonkers DM. Ethanol metabolism and its effects on the intestinal epithelial barrier. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:483-99. [PMID: 23815146 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol is widely consumed and is associated with an increasing global health burden. Several reviews have addressed the effects of ethanol and its oxidative metabolite, acetaldehyde, on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, focusing on carcinogenic effects or alcoholic liver disease. However, both the oxidative and the nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol can affect the epithelial barrier of the small and large intestines, thereby contributing to GI and liver diseases. This review outlines the possible mechanisms of ethanol metabolism as well as the effects of ethanol and its metabolites on the intestinal barrier. Limited studies in humans and supporting in vitro data have indicated that ethanol as well as mainly acetaldehyde can increase small intestinal permeability. Limited evidence also points to increased colon permeability following exposure to ethanol or acetaldehyde. In vitro studies have provided several mechanisms for disruption of the epithelial barrier, including activation of different cell-signaling pathways, oxidative stress, and remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Modulation via intestinal microbiota, however, should also be considered. In conclusion, ethanol and its metabolites may act additively or even synergistically in vivo. Therefore, in vivo studies investigating the effects of ethanol and its byproducts on permeability of the small and large intestines are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhaseen E Elamin
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Vincon P, Wunderer J, Simanowski UA, Koll M, Preedy VR, Peters TJ, Werner J, Waldherr R, Seitz HK. Inhibition of Alcohol-Associated Colonic Hyperregeneration by alpha-Tocopherol in the Rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2003.tb02728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Regardless of the type and dose of beverage involved, alcohol facilitates the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease by reducing the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal motility. Fermented and nondistilled alcoholic beverages increase gastrin levels and acid secretion. Succinic and maleic acid contained in certain alcoholic drinks also stimulate acid secretion. Low alcohol doses accelerate gastric emptying, whereas high doses delay emptying and slow bowel motility. Alcohol facilitates the development of superficial gastritis and chronic atrophic gastritis--though it has not been shown to cause peptic ulcer. Alcoholic beverages, fundamentally wine, have important bactericidal effects upon Helicobacter pylori and enteropathogenic bacteria. The main alcohol-related intestinal alterations are diarrhea and malabsorption, with recovery after restoring a normal diet. Alcohol facilitates the development of oropharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, and colon cancer. Initial research suggests that wine may be comparatively less carcinogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bujanda
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Eloy Hospital, Baracaldo, Spain
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18
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Seitz HK, Pöschl G, Simanowski UA. Alcohol and cancer. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ALCOHOLISM : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, THE RESEARCH SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, AND THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON ALCOHOLISM 1998; 14:67-95. [PMID: 9751943 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47148-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A great number of epidemiological data have identified chronic alcohol consumption as a significant risk factor for upper alimentary tract cancer, including cancer of the oropharynx, larynx, and the esophagus, and for the liver. In contrast to those organs, the risk by which alcohol consumption increases cancer in the large intestine and in the breast is much smaller. However, although the risk is lower, carcinogenesis can be enhanced with relatively low daily doses of ethanol. Considering the high prevalence of these tumors, even a small increase in cancer risk is of great importance, especially in those individuals who exhibit a higher risk for other reasons. The epidemiological data on alcohol and other organ cancers are controversial and there is at present not enough evidence for a significant association. Although the exact mechanisms by which chronic alcohol ingestion stimulates carcinogenesis are not known, experimental studies in animals support the concept that ethanol is not a carcinogen, but under certain experimental conditions is a cocarcinogen and/or (especially in the liver) a tumor promoter. The metabolism of ethanol leads to the generation of acetaldehyde and free radicals. These highly reactive compounds bind rapidly to cell constituents and possibly to DNA. Acetaldehyde decreases DNA repair mechanisms and the methylation of cytosine in DNA. It also traps glutathione, an important peptide in detoxification. Furthermore, it leads to chromosomal aberrations and seems to be associated with tissue damage and secondary compensatory hyperregeneration. More recently, the finding of considerable production of acetaldehyde by gastrointestinal bacteria was reported. Other mechanisms by which alcohol stimulates carcinogenesis include the induction of cytochrome P4502E1, associated with an enhanced activation of various procarcinogens present in alcoholic beverages, in association with tobacco smoke and in diets, a change in the metabolism and distribution of carcinogens, alterations in cell cycle behavior such as cell cycle duration leading to hyperregeneration, nutritional deficiencies such as methyl, vitamin A, folate, pyrridoxalphosphate, zinc and selenium deficiency, and alterations of the immune system, eventually resulting in an increased susceptibility to certain viral infections such as hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. In addition, local mechanisms in the upper gastrointestinal tract and in the rectum may be of particular importance. Such mechanisms lead to tissue injury such as cirrhosis of the liver, a major prerequisite for hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, all these mechanisms, functioning in concert, actively modulate carcinogenesis, leading to its stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Seitz
- Laboratory of Alcohol Research, Liver Disease and Nutrition, Salem Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Nosova T, Jokelainen K, Kaihovaara P, Heine R, Jousimies-Somer H, Salaspuro M. Characteristics of aldehyde dehydrogenases of certain aerobic bacteria representing human colonic flora. Alcohol Alcohol 1998. [PMID: 9632053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have proposed the existence of a bacteriocolonic pathway for ethanol oxidation resulting in high intracolonic levels of toxic and carcinogenic acetaldehyde. This study was aimed at determining the ability of the aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) of aerobic bacteria representing human colonic flora to metabolize intracolonically derived acetaldehyde. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) values for acetaldehyde were determined in crude extracts of five aerobic bacterial strains, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and ALDH activities of these bacteria at conditions prevailing in the human large intestine after moderate drinking were then compared. The effect of cyanamide, a potent inhibitor of mammalian ALDH, on bacterial ALDH activity was also studied. The apparent Km for acetaldehyde varied from 6.8 (NADP+-linked ALDH of Escherichia coli IH 13369) to 205 microM (NAD+-linked ALDH of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IH 35342), and maximal velocity varied from 6 nmol/min/mg (NAD+-linked ALDH of Klebsiella pneumoniae IH 35385) to 39 nmol/min/mg (NAD+-linked ALDH of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IH 35342). At pH 7.4, and at ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations that may be prevalent in the human colon after moderate drinking, ADH activity in four out of five bacterial strains were 10-50 times higher than their ALDH activity. Cyanamide inhibited only NAD+-linked ALDH activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IH 35342 at concentrations starting from 0.1 nmM. We conclude that ALDHs of the colonic aerobic bacteria are able to metabolize endogenic acetaldehyde. However, the ability of ALDHs to metabolize intracolonic acetaldehyde levels associated with alcohol drinking is rather low. Large differences between ADH and ALDH activities of the bacteria found in this study may contribute to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the large intestine after moderate drinking. ALDH activities of colonic bacteria were poorly inhibited by cyanamide. This study supports the crucial role of intestinal bacteria in the accumulation of intracolonic acetaldehyde after drinking alcohol. Individual variations in human colonic flora may contribute to the risk of alcohol-related gastrointestinal morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nosova
- Research Unit of Alcohol Diseases, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Tillonen J, Kaihovaara P, Jousimies-Somer H, Heine R, Salaspuro M. Role of Catalase in In Vitro Acetaldehyde Formation by Human Colonic Contents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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SALASPURO MIKKO. Microbial metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde and clinical consequences. Addict Biol 1997; 2:35-46. [PMID: 26735439 DOI: 10.1080/13556219772840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many bacteria possess marked alcohol dehydrogenase activity and in the presence of ethanol they produce reactive and toxic acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde production mediated by microbial alcohol dehydrogenases has been demonstrated in the oropharynx and bronchopulmonary washings. Also the most important gastric pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, and many skin bacteria associating with pathological dermatological conditions, possess alcohol dehydrogenase activity and produce acetaldehyde from ethanol. The most richly colonized site of the human body, however, is the large intestine, and therefore bacterial acetaldehyde production is most important in this organ. Alcohol ingested orally is transported to the colon by blood circulation and, after the distribution phase, intracolonic ethanol levels are equal to those in the blood. In the large bowel ethanol is oxidized by a bacteriocolonic pathway. In this pathway intracolonic ethanol is at first oxidized by bacterial alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde. Then acetaldehyde is oxidized either by colonic mucosal or bacterial aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate. Part of intracolonic acetaldehyde may also be absorbed via the portal vein and metabolized in the liver. Bacteriocolonic pathway offers a new explanation for the disappearance of a part of ethanol calories. Due to the low aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of colonic mucosa acetaldehyde accumulates in the colon. Accordingly, during ethanol oxidation highest acetaldehyde levels of the body are found in the colon and not in the liver. High intracolonic acetaldehyde may contribute to the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced diarrhoea. Acetaldehyde has been proven to be a carcinogen in experimental animals. It may therefore contribute to the increased risk of colon polyps and colon cancer found to be associated with heavy alcohol consumption in man. Intracolonic acetaldehyde may also be an important determinant of blood acetaldehyde level and a possible hepatotoxin. In addition to acetaldehyde, gut-derived endotoxin is another potential candidate in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver injury.
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22
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SEITZ HELMUT, POSCHL GUDRUN. Alcohol and gastrointestinal cancer: pathogenic mechanisms. Addict Biol 1997; 2:19-33. [PMID: 26735438 DOI: 10.1080/13556219772831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heavy alcohol consumption leads to a significantly increased risk of cancer in the oropharynx, larynx and the oesophagus. In the liver, chronic alcohol abuse results in cirrhosis, a precursor of hepatocellular cancer. More recentepidemiologic studies also demonstrate that regular alcohol consumption, even in low amounts, has an enhanced risk for rectal cancer and cancer of the breast. Alcohol by itself is not a carcinogen. However, alcohol can increase the susceptibility of various organs to chemical carcinogens by a variety of mechanisms. Among these, increased activation of procarcinogens through microsomal enzyme induction, a change in the metabolism and/or distribution of carcinogens, interference with the system that repairs carcinogen-induced DNA alkylations, direct mucosal tissue damage with consecutive stimulation of cellular regeneration and alcohol-mediated malnutrition may be of importance. In the upper gastrointestinal tract the production of acetaldehyde and free radicals via cytochrome P450 2E1 and via alcohol dehydrogenase may lead to tissue damage and to secondary hyper-regeneration. In addition, local mechanisms may also be involved in the co-carcinogenic process. In the rectal mucosa acetaldehyde seems to be an important factor in carcinogenesis and may be predominantly produced by faecal bacteria.
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Abstract
Alcohol ingested orally is transported to the colon by blood circulation, and after the distribution phase, intracolonic ethanol levels are equal to those in the blood. Recent studies in our laboratory suggest that in the large bowel ethanol is oxidized by a bacteriocolonic pathway. In this pathway intracolonic ethanol is at first oxidized by bacterial alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde. Then acetaldehyde is oxidized either by colonic mucosal or bacterial aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate. Part of intracolonic acetaldehyde may also be absorbed to portal vein and be metabolized in the liver. The bacteriocolonic pathway offers a new explanation for the disappearance of a part of ethanol calories. Due to the low aldehyde dehydrogenase activity of colonic mucosa, acetaldehyde accumulates in the colon. Accordingly during ethanol oxidation highest acetaldehyde levels of the body are found in the colon and not in the liver. High intracolonic acetaldehyde may contribute to the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced diarrhoea. Because acetaldehyde is a carcinogen in experimental animals, it may also contribute to the increased risk of colon polyps and colon cancer, which have been found to be associated with heavy alcohol consumption. Intracolonic acetaldehyde may also be an important determinant of the blood acetaldehyde level and a possible hepatotoxin. In addition to acetaldehyde, gut-derived endotoxin is another potential candidate in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related liver injury. Experimental alcoholic liver injury has recently been prevented by antibiotics, and this effect was related to the prevention of endotoxin-induced activation of Kupffer's cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salaspuro
- Research Unit of Alcohol Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Yin SJ, Liao CS, Lee YC, Wu CW, Jao SW. Genetic polymorphism and activities of human colon alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: no gender and age differences. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:1256-60. [PMID: 7847616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isoenzyme patterns from 69 (men, 47; women, 22) surgical colon mucosal specimens were identified by agarose isoelectric focusing. gamma-ADH was found to be the predominant form in the mucosa, whereas only beta-ADH was detectable in the muscle layer. ALDH1, ALDH2, and ALDH3 were detectable in the mucosa, with cytosolic ALDH1 being the major form. At pH 7.5, the ADH activities in the colon mucosae with the homozygous phenotype (exhibiting gamma 1 gamma 1) and the heterozygous phenotype (exhibiting gamma 1 gamma 1, gamma 1, gamma 2, gamma 2, gamma 2) were determined to be 183 +/- 13 and 156 +/- 30 nmol/min/g tissue, respectively. The ALDH activities in the ALDH2-active and ALDH2-inactive phenotypes were determined to be 40.2 +/- 2.3 and 34.6 +/- 2.0 nmol/min/g tissue, respectively. The lack of significant difference in the ALDH activities between these two phenotypic groups can be attributed to the very low expression of the mitochondrial ALDH2 in the colon mucosa. No significant differences in the ADH or the ALDH activities were found between the men and women studied and between the three age groups (20-40, 49-70, and 72-83 years). The ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons exhibited similar ADH and ALDH activities. The isoenzyme patterns of ADH and ALDH remained unaltered in colon carcinomas, except that a significant reduction of the enzyme activities was found in the cancer tissue as compared with the adjacent normal portions. it is concluded that human colon mucosa exhibits significant amounts of ethanol- and acetaldehyde-oxidizing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kune GA, Vitetta L. Alcohol consumption and the etiology of colorectal cancer: a review of the scientific evidence from 1957 to 1991. Nutr Cancer 1992; 18:97-111. [PMID: 1437657 DOI: 10.1080/01635589209514210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer in humans has been examined in 52 major studies in the past 35 years. An association was found in five of the seven correlational studies. An elevated risk was found in about half of the 31 case-control studies and, of these, in 9 of the 10 studies using community controls but in only 5 of the 17 studies using hospital controls (p = 0.008), suggesting that the absence of association when hospital controls are used is due to a high prevalence of alcohol consumption/alcohol-related illness in the hospital controls. Of the 14 cohort studies, an association with alcohol was found in 10, while in 3 of the 4 cohort studies in which an association was not found the alcohol data obtained were somewhat restricted. A positive dose-response effect was found in two of three cohort studies and in all four case-control studies with community controls in which this effect was examined. In both case-control and cohort studies, the association was found for females and males and for colon and rectal cancer. When the type of alcohol consumed was examined separately, beer was the principal type of at-risk alcoholic beverage, with much less risk for spirits and least risk for wine. Statistically significant elevations of risk were more often found in males than in females and slightly more frequently for rectal than for colon cancer and were related almost entirely to beer, rather than to wine or spirit, consumption. The alcohol risk was independent of the dietary risk in those studies that controlled for this factor. There was some confirmatory evidence for alcohol augmentation in rodent models of chemically induced carcinogenesis in six of nine studies. The hypotheses of alcohol as a direct and specific colorectal carcinogen include increased mucosal cell proliferation, the activation of intestinal procarcinogens, and the role of unabsorbed carcinogens, particularly in beer. Also, five of six other human studies showed an association between alcohol/beer consumption and adenomatous polyps, consistent with the hypothesis that alcohol stimulates the colorectal mucosa. General or indirect carcinogenic effects of alcohol include immunodepression, activation of liver procarcinogens, and changes in bile composition, as well as nitrosamine content of alcoholic beverages and increased tissue nitrosamine levels. With alcohol/beer consumption, the overall conclusion on present evidence is that alcohol, particularly beer consumption, is an etiologic factor for colon and rectal cancer for females and males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Kune
- University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Abstract
The effects of alcohol withdrawal on total and segmental transit time were evaluated in 20 chronic alcoholic subjects. After withdrawal, colorectal transit time significantly increased from 24.9 +/- 3.6 to 33.3 +/- 4.5 hours mean +/- SE (P less than 0.01). This was the result of an exclusive increase in rectosigmoid transit time from 2.8 +/- 0.7 to 9.8 +/- 2.1 hours (P less than 0.001). No variations were found in right or left colon transit time. Distal colonic motility is thus a crucial factor in the genesis of diarrhea in chronic alcoholic subjects.
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Seitz HK, Simanowski UA, Garzon FT, Rideout JM, Peters TJ, Koch A, Berger MR, Einecke H, Maiwald M. Possible role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-related rectal cocarcinogenesis in the rat. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:406-13. [PMID: 2295396 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(90)90832-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prospective epidemiologic studies have reported an increased risk of rectal cancer following chronic ethanol ingestion. The effect of ethanol on chemically induced colorectal carcinogenesis is controversial depending on the experimental conditions. In the present study the effect of chronic ethanol administration on acetoxymethylmethylnitrosamine-induced rectal cancer and the possible role of acetaldehyde in this process were investigated. Chronic ethanol administration resulted in an earlier occurrence of rectal tumors in this animal model. Because the concomitant administration of cyanamide, a potent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, showed a positive trend toward increased incidences of tumors, acetaldehyde could be involved in the ethanol-associated carcinogenesis. To measure colonic acetaldehyde, 12 chronically ethanol-fed and control rats received an acute dose of ethanol (2.5 g/kg body wt). The mucosal concentration of acetaldehyde was significantly higher in the rectum compared with the cecum (198 +/- 23 vs. 120 +/- 23 nmoles.g colon-1, p less than 0.05), but was not affected by chronic ethanol feeding. Furthermore, 6 germ-free rats had significantly lower acetaldehyde concentrations in the rectum (84 +/- 11 vs. 234 +/- 33 nmoles.g colon-1, p less than 0.01) and in the cecum (59 +/- 13 vs. 121 +/- 33 nmoles.g colon-1, p less than 0.05) compared with 6 conventional animals, and this was paralleled by the number of fecal bacteria in the 2 intestinal segments. In addition, to determine the effect of chronic ethanol feeding on colorectal cell turnover, 30 animals were pair-fed liquid diets. Using the metaphase-arrest technique, alcohol feeding induced rectal (19.1 +/- 2.0 vs. 9.1 +/- 1.8 cells.crypt-1.h-1, p less than 0.01), but not cecal (18.9 +/- 1.3 vs. 22.2 +/- 3.3 cells.crypt-1.h-1, p greater than 0.05) hyperregeneration. This was accompanied by an increase in the crypt proliferative compartment and increased mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity (63 +/- 18 vs. 22 +/- 6 pmoles.hr-1.mg protein-1, p less than 0.05). The data show that chronic ethanol ingestion accelerates chemically induced rectal carcinogenesis and raise the possibility that acetaldehyde probably generated through bacterial ethanol oxidation may be involved in this process. The secondary hyperregeneration of the mucosa, observed after alcohol feeding, could by itself favour carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Seitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Ethanol and Colorectal Carcinogenesis. COLORECTAL CANCER 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-85930-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Simanowski UA, Seitz HK, Baier B, Kommerell B, Schmidt-Gayk H, Wright NA. Chronic ethanol consumption selectively stimulates rectal cell proliferation in the rat. Gut 1986; 27:278-82. [PMID: 3699547 PMCID: PMC1433411 DOI: 10.1136/gut.27.3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation was examined in the gastrointestinal tract of 30 pair fed rats having received an isocaloric liquid diet containing 36% of total calories either as ethanol or carbohydrates for four weeks. Utilising the metaphase arrest technique with vincristine, cell proliferation was measured as crypt cell production rate. This was selectively increased in the rectal mucosa of ethanol fed rats (19.1 +/- 2.0 vs 9.1 +/- 1.8 cells/crypt/h; p less than 0.005). There was a concomitant increase in proliferative compartment size (48.1 +/- 5.6% vs 30.1 +/- 8.5% of crypt population size; p less than 0.001). Serum gastrin concentrations were also found to be significantly increased after ethanol feeding (172 +/- 51 vs 106 +/- 27 pmol/l; p less than 0.01). The ethanol dependent proliferative changes in the rectal mucosa are predictive of higher susceptibility of this site to carcinogenesis, supporting experimental and epidemiological data. Increased gastrin concentrations may partly explain the observed rectal hyperproliferation. Other possible causes cannot, however, be excluded.
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