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Brandenberger R, Kamali V. Unitarity problems for an effective field theory description of early universe cosmology. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. C, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 2022; 82:818. [PMID: 36124290 PMCID: PMC9477922 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the context of Effective Field Theory, the Hilbert space of states increases in an expanding universe. Hence, the time evolution cannot be unitary. The formation of structure is usually studied using effective field theory techniques. We study the constraints on effective field theory analyses of early universe models which come from demanding that the factor of the space of states corresponding to length scales where the primordial fluctuations are manifest does not suffer from the unitarity problem. For bouncing and emergent cosmologies, no constraints arise provided that the energy scale of the bounce or emergent phases is smaller than the ultraviolet (UV) cutoff scale. On the other hand, in the case of the inflationary scenario, non-trivial upper bounds on the energy scale of inflation arise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vahid Kamali
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8 Canada
- Department of Physics, Bu-Ali Sina (Avicenna) University, Hamedan, 65178 016016 Iran
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, 19538-33511 Iran
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Brandenberger R. Limitations of an effective field theory treatment of early Universe cosmology. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210178. [PMID: 35785981 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Assuming that superstring theory is the fundamental theory which unifies all forces of Nature at the quantum level, I argue that there are key limitations to the applicability of effective field theory techniques in describing early Universe cosmology. This article is part of the theme issue 'The future of mathematical cosmology, Volume 2'.
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Abstract
We review recent advances in the understanding of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) transition and its nature, paying special attention to the analysis of chiral symmetry restoration within different approaches based on effective theories. After presenting some of the main aspects of the current knowledge of the phase diagram from the theoretical, experimental and lattice sides, we discuss some recent problems where approaches relying on effective theories have been particularly useful. In particular, the combination of ideas such as Chiral Perturbation Theory, unitarity and Ward Identities allows us to describe successfully several observables of interest. This is particularly relevant for quantities expected to be dominated by the light meson components of the hadron gas such as the scalar and topological susceptibilities. In addition, ward identities and effective Lagrangians provide systematic results regarding chiral and U ( 1 ) A partner degeneration properties which are of great importance for the interplay between those two transitions and the nature of chiral symmetry restoration. Special attention is paid to the connection of this theoretical framework with lattice simulations.
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Overview of High Energy String Scattering Amplitudes and Symmetries of String Theory. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11081045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we studied symmetries of string scattering amplitudes in the high energy limits of both the fixed angle or Gross regime (GR) and the fixed momentum transfer or Regge regime (RR). We calculated high energy string scattering amplitudes (SSA) at arbitrary mass levels for both regimes. We discovered the infinite linear relations among fixed angle string amplitudes and the ifinite recurrence relations among Regge string amplitudes. The linear relations we obtained in the GR corrected the saddle point calculations by Gross, Gross and Mende. In addition, for the high energy closed string scatterings, our results differ from theirs by an oscillating prefactor which was crucial to recover the KLT relation valid for all energies. We showed that all the high energy string amplitudes can be solved using the linear or recurrence relations, so that all the string amplitudes can be expressed in terms of a single string amplitude. We further found that, at each mass level, the ratios among the fixed angle amplitudes can be extracted from the Regge string scattering amplitudes. Finally, we reviewed the recent developments on the discovery of infinite number of recurrence relations valid for all energies among Lauricella SSA. The symmetries or relations among SSA at various limits obtained previously can be exactly reproduced. It leads us to argue that the known S L ( K + 3 , C ) dynamical symmetry of the Lauricella function may be crucial to probe spacetime symmetry of string theory.
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Baker O, Kharzeev D. Thermal radiation and entanglement in proton-proton collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Int J Clin Exp Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.98.054007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gonzalez-Mestres L. Spinorial Regge trajectories and Hagedorn-like temperatures. Spinorial space-time and preons as an alternative to strings. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201612605005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Majumder A, Müller B. Hadron mass spectrum from lattice QCD. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:252002. [PMID: 21231577 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.252002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Finite temperature lattice simulations of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are sensitive to the hadronic mass spectrum for temperatures below the "critical" temperature T(c) ≈ 160 MeV. We show that a recent precision determination of the QCD trace anomaly shows evidence for the existence of a large number of hadron states beyond those known from experiment. The lattice results are well represented by an exponentially growing mass spectrum up to a temperature T=155 MeV. Using simple parametrizations of the hadron mass spectrum we show how one may estimate the total spectral weight in these yet undermined states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Majumder
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Hiller JR, Pinsky S, Proestos Y, Salwen N, Trittmann U. Spectrum and thermodynamic properties of two-dimensionalN=(1,1)super Yang-Mills theory with fundamental matter and a Chern-Simons term. Int J Clin Exp Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.76.045008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bogacz L, Burda Z, Janke W, Waclaw B. Balls-in-boxes condensation on networks. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2007; 17:026112. [PMID: 17614699 DOI: 10.1063/1.2740571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We discuss two different regimes of condensate formation in zero-range processes on networks: on a q-regular network, where the condensate is formed as a result of a spontaneous symmetry breaking, and on an irregular network, where the symmetry of the partition function is explicitly broken. In the latter case we consider a minimal irregularity of the q-regular network introduced by a single Q node with degree Q>q. The statics and dynamics of the condensation depend on the parameter alpha=ln Q/q, which controls the exponential falloff of the distribution of particles on regular nodes and the typical time scale for melting of the condensate on the Q node, which increases exponentially with the system size N. This behavior is different than that on a q-regular network, where alpha=0 and where the condensation results from the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the partition function, which is invariant under a permutation of particle occupation numbers on the q nodes of the network. In this case the typical time scale for condensate melting is known to increase typically as a power of the system size.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bogacz
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
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Hiller JR, Proestos Y, Pinsky S, Salwen N. N=(1,1)super Yang-Mills theory in1+1dimensions at finite temperature. Int J Clin Exp Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.70.065012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kao HC, Lee JC. Decoupling of degenerate positive-norm states in Witten’s string field theory. Int J Clin Exp Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.67.086003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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McGuigan M. Finite black hole entropy and string theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 50:5225-5231. [PMID: 10018171 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.50.5225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Austin D, Copeland EJ, Rivers RJ. Statistical mechanics of strings on periodic lattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1994; 49:4089-4093. [PMID: 10017413 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.49.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Dienes KR, Cudell JR. Conformal invariance and degrees of freedom in the QCD string. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:187-190. [PMID: 10056081 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Joshi PS, Dwivedi IH. Naked singularities in spherically symmetric inhomogeneous Tolman-Bondi dust cloud collapse. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1993; 47:5357-5369. [PMID: 10015558 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.47.5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Cudell JR, Dienes KR. Are there oscillations in the baryon-to-meson ratio? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:1324-1327. [PMID: 10047188 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Freund PG, Rosner JL. Densities of meson and baryon states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 68:765-767. [PMID: 10045987 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Halzen F, Zas E, MacGibbon JH, Weekes TC. Gamma rays and energetic particles from primordial black holes. Nature 1991. [DOI: 10.1038/353807a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Carlson CE, Mukhopadhyay NC. Quantum chromodynamics and Bloom-Gilman duality. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1990; 41:2343-2346. [PMID: 10012616 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.41.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Leblanc Y. Cosmological aspects of the heterotic string above the Hagedorn temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1988; 38:3087-3093. [PMID: 9959053 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.38.3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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DeTar C. Pseudodeconfinement and dynamical confinement in the quark plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1988; 37:2328-2332. [PMID: 9958940 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.37.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Badawy OE, Abd-el-Salam A. Transverse Momentum and Rapidity Distributions of Charged Secondaries Emitted in Proton Nucleon Inelastic Interactions at 69 Gev/c. ANNALEN DER PHYSIK 1978; 490:344-360. [DOI: 10.1002/andp.19784900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Erwin AR, Harvey EH, Larson GP, Collins GB, Ficenec JR, Stringfellow BC, Trower WP, Gutay LJ, Laasanen A, Willmann RB, Anderson EW, Fisher GP, Lazuras E, von Lindern L, Ramanauskas A, Schubelin P, Thorndike AM, Turkot F. Observation and study of centrally produced pion clusters in 28.5-GeV/cp−pinteractions. Int J Clin Exp Med 1976. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.14.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koebke
- Physical Institute, University of Wurzburg
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Interpretation of the transverse-momentum distribution of particles in high-energy hadron collisions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02751388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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