1
|
Abstract
Covering: up to mid-2020 Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products. Found in all domains of life, there are over 80 000 known compounds. The majority of characterized terpenoids, which include some of the most well known, pharmaceutically relevant, and commercially valuable natural products, are produced by plants and fungi. Comparatively, terpenoids of bacterial origin are rare. This is counter-intuitive to the fact that recent microbial genomics revealed that almost all bacteria have the biosynthetic potential to create the C5 building blocks necessary for terpenoid biosynthesis. In this review, we catalogue terpenoids produced by bacteria. We collected 1062 natural products, consisting of both primary and secondary metabolites, and classified them into two major families and 55 distinct subfamilies. To highlight the structural and chemical space of bacterial terpenoids, we discuss their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Although the bacterial terpenome is relatively small, it presents a fascinating dichotomy for future research. Similarities between bacterial and non-bacterial terpenoids and their biosynthetic pathways provides alternative model systems for detailed characterization while the abundance of novel skeletons, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivies presents new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Tyler A Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mechan Llontop ME, Hurley K, Tian L, Bernal Galeano VA, Wildschutte HK, Marine SC, Yoder KS, Vinatzer BA. Exploring Rain as Source of Biological Control Agents for Fire Blight on Apple. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:199. [PMID: 32117187 PMCID: PMC7033628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor survival on plants can limit the efficacy of Biological Control Agents (BCAs) in the field. Yet bacteria survive in the atmosphere, despite their exposure to high solar radiation and extreme temperatures. If conditions in the atmosphere are similar to, or more extreme than, the environmental conditions on the plant surface, then precipitation may serve as a reservoir of robust BCAs. To test this hypothesis, two hundred and fifty-four rain-borne isolates were screened for in vitro inhibition of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, as well as of other plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. Two isolates showed strong activity against E. amylovora and other plant pathogenic bacteria, while other isolates showed activity against fungal and oomycete pathogens. Survival assays suggested that the two isolates that inhibited E. amylovora were able to survive on apple blossoms and branches similarly to E. amylovora. Pathogen population size and associated fire blight symptoms were significantly reduced when detached apple blossoms were treated with the two isolates before pathogen inoculation, however, disease reduction on attached blossoms within an orchard was inconsistent. Using whole genome sequencing, the isolates were identified as Pantoea agglomerans and P. ananatis, respectively. A UV-mutagenesis screen pointed to a phenazine antibiotic D-alanylgriseoluteic acid synthesis gene cluster as being at the base of the antimicrobial activity of the P. agglomerans isolate. Our work reveals the potential of precipitation as an under-explored source of BCAs, whole genome sequencing as an effective approach to precisely identify BCAs, and UV-mutagenesis as a technically simple screen to investigate the genetic basis of BCAs. More field trials are needed to determine the efficacy of the identified BCAs in fire blight control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly Hurley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Long Tian
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Hans K. Wildschutte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - Sasha C. Marine
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Keith S. Yoder
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
| | - Boris A. Vinatzer
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Verderosa AD, Totsika M, Fairfull-Smith KE. Bacterial Biofilm Eradication Agents: A Current Review. Front Chem 2019; 7:824. [PMID: 31850313 PMCID: PMC6893625 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most free-living bacteria can attach to surfaces and aggregate to grow into multicellular communities encased in extracellular polymeric substances called biofilms. Biofilms are recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy and a major cause of persistent and recurrent infections by clinically important pathogens worldwide (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). Currently, most biofilm remediation strategies involve the development of biofilm-inhibition agents, aimed at preventing the early stages of biofilm formation, or biofilm-dispersal agents, aimed at disrupting the biofilm cell community. While both strategies offer some clinical promise, neither represents a direct treatment and eradication strategy for established biofilms. Consequently, the discovery and development of biofilm eradication agents as comprehensive, stand-alone biofilm treatment options has become a fundamental area of research. Here we review our current understanding of biofilm antibiotic tolerance mechanisms and provide an overview of biofilm remediation strategies, focusing primarily on the most promising biofilm eradication agents and approaches. Many of these offer exciting prospects for the future of biofilm therapeutics for a large number of infections that are currently refractory to conventional antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Verderosa
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu X, Zeng Y, Zhao X, Zou S, He YW, Liang Y. A genetic screen in combination with biochemical analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicates that phenazine-1-carboxylic acid is harmful to vesicular trafficking and autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1967. [PMID: 28512289 PMCID: PMC5434042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmentally friendly antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) protects plants, mammals and humans effectively against various fungal pathogens. However, the mechanism by which PCA inhibits or kills fungal pathogens is not fully understood. We analyzed the effects of PCA on the growth of two fungal model organisms, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, and found that PCA inhibited yeast growth in a dose-dependent manner which was inversely dependent on pH. In contrast, the commonly used antibiotic hygromycin B acted in a dose-dependent manner as pH increased. We then screened a yeast mutant library to identify genes whose mutation or deletion conferred resistance or sensitivity to PCA. We isolated 193 PCA-resistant or PCA-sensitive mutants in clusters, including vesicle-trafficking- and autophagy-defective mutants. Further analysis showed that unlike hygromycin B, PCA significantly altered intracellular vesicular trafficking under growth conditions and blocked autophagy under starvation conditions. These results suggest that PCA inhibits or kills pathogenic fungi in a complex way, in part by disrupting vesicular trafficking and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shenshen Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ya-Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yongheng Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu H, Swierstra J, Wu C, Girard G, Choi YH, van Wamel W, Sandiford SK, van Wezel GP. Eliciting antibiotics active against the ESKAPE pathogens in a collection of actinomycetes isolated from mountain soils. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:1714-1725. [PMID: 24794971 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.078295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens poses a major threat for human health. In recent years, genome sequencing has unveiled many poorly expressed antibiotic clusters in actinomycetes. Here, we report a well-defined ecological collection of >800 actinomycetes obtained from sites in the Himalaya and Qinling mountains, and we used these in a concept study to see how efficiently antibiotics can be elicited against MDR pathogens isolated recently from the clinic. Using 40 different growth conditions, 96 actinomycetes were identified - predominantly Streptomyces - that produced antibiotics with efficacy against the MDR clinical isolates referred to as ESKAPE pathogens: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and/or Enterobacter cloacae. Antimicrobial activities that fluctuated strongly with growth conditions were correlated with specific compounds, including borrelidin, resistomycin, carbomethoxy-phenazine, and 6,7,8- and 5,6,8-trimethoxy-3-methylisocoumarin, of which the latter was not described previously. Our work provided insights into the potential of actinomycetes as producers of drugs with efficacy against clinical isolates that have emerged recently and also underlined the importance of targeting a specific pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Swierstra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geneviève Girard
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie K Sandiford
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Microbial quorum sensing: a tool or a target for antimicrobial therapy? Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2009; 54:65-84. [PMID: 19594442 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inter-cell communication aided by released chemical signals when cell density reaches a critical concentration has been investigated for over 30 years as quorum sensing. Originally discovered in Gram-negative bacteria, quorum-sensing systems have also been studied extensively in Gram-positive bacteria and dimorphic fungi. Microbial communities communicating via quorum sensing employ various chemical signals to supervise their surrounding environment, alter genetic expression and gain advantage over their competitors. These signals vary from acylhomoserine lactones to small modified or unmodified peptides to complex gamma-butyrolactone molecules. The scope of this review is to give an insight into some of the quorum-sensing systems now known and to explore their role in microbial physiology and development of pathogenesis. Particular attention will be dedicated to the signalling molecules involved in quorum-sensing-mediated processes and the potential shown by some of their natural and synthetic analogues in the treatment of infections triggered by quorum sensing.
Collapse
|
7
|
Matĕjů J, Marsálková J, Nohýnek M, Steinerová N. Mutant strains of Streptomyces cinnamonensis protoplasts. Cultural and physiological conditions. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1991; 36:42-8. [PMID: 1841848 DOI: 10.1007/bf02935821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycelium of Streptomyces cinnamonensis mutant strains cultivated in a synthetic medium with glycine produced protoplasts after lysis of cell walls with lysozyme. The protoplast yield was up to 95%. The protoplasts could revert and mycelial forms were thus regenerated. In a sucrose-containing medium the protoplasts stored at 4 degrees C were stable for 2 d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Matĕjů
- Institute of Microbiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beran M, Nĕmecek J, Tax J, Zima J, Matĕjů J, Sajdl P. Preparative high-performance liquid chromatography of minor products of Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1990; 35:172-5. [PMID: 2379888 DOI: 10.1007/bf02820776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Analytical and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography of 3 phenazines and furonaphthoquinone derivative on reversed-phase column are described. The mobile phase was methanol and water. The injected amount of the mixture was about 30 mg for a preparative chromatographic run requiring 80 min. Substances were detected directly in the column effluent by UV detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Beran
- Institute of Microbiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turner JM, Messenger AJ. Occurrence, biochemistry and physiology of phenazine pigment production. Adv Microb Physiol 1986; 27:211-75. [PMID: 3532716 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|