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Kosicki R, Buharowska-Donten J, Twarużek M. Ochratoxin A levels in serum of Polish dialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Toxicon 2021; 200:183-188. [PMID: 34375657 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium. It occurs naturally in many products of plant origin and in animals because of the carry-over from feed to meat or milk. Ochratoxin A has nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic properties. Data on ochratoxin concentrations in blood or serum from patients with different kidney disorders are available for several European countries, as well as for Africa and Asia. In this study, we determined OTA concentrations in serum samples from chronic renal failure patients receiving dialysis and from healthy controls, collected in central Poland. Ochratoxin A was analyzed after extraction and purification using immunoaffinity columns by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (limit of quantification: 0.1 ng/mL) in 88 patients and 16 healthy volunteers. The dialysis group consisted of 40 women and 48 men aged between 23 and 85 years. The mean OTA concentrations were 0.75 ng/mL (maximum 2.78 ng/mL) in dialysis patients and 0.70 ng/mL (maximum 1.44 ng/mL) in healthy controls. The mean concentrations in patients treated by dialysis were 0.76 and 0.74 ng/ml for women and men, respectively (maximum 2.53 ng/ml for women and 2.78 ng/ml for men). Statistical analysis using Student's t-test showed no statistically significant differences between the control group (non-dialysis patients) and all dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, Bydgoszcz, 85-064, Poland.
| | | | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, Bydgoszcz, 85-064, Poland
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Ropejko K, Twarużek M. The occurrence of ochratoxin A in human body fluids – review. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1605530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ropejko
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye S. Aflatoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in food: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:709-721. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1548429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Yang X, Liu S, Huang C, Wang H, Luo Y, Xu W, Huang K. Ochratoxin A induced premature senescence in human renal proximal tubular cells. Toxicology 2017; 382:75-83. [PMID: 28286205 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) has many nephrotoxic effects and is a promising compound for the study of nephrotoxicity. Human renal proximal tubular cells (HKC) are an important model for the study of renal reabsorption, renal physiology and pathology. Since the induction of OTA in renal senescence is largely unknown, whether OTA can induce renal senescence, especially at a sublethal dose, and the mechanism of OTA toxicity remain unclear. In our study, a sublethal dose of OTA led to an enhanced senescent phenotype, β-galactosidase staining and senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Cell cycle arrest and cell shape alternations also confirmed senescence. In addition, telomere analysis by RT-qPCR allowed us to classify OTA-induced senescence as a premature senescence. Western blot assays showed that the p53-p21 and the p16-pRB pathways and the ezrin-associated cell spreading changes were activated during the OTA-induced senescence of HKC. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that OTA promotes the senescence of HKC through the p53-p21 and p16-pRB pathways. The understanding of the mechanisms of OTA-induced senescence is critical in determining the role of OTA in cytotoxicity and its potential carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuchu Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haomiao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Malir F, Ostry V, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Malir J, Toman J. Ochratoxin A: 50 Years of Research. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E191. [PMID: 27384585 PMCID: PMC4963825 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a range of chronic disorders such as upper urothelial carcinoma. OTA plays the main role in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases including Balkan endemic nephropathy, kidney tumors occurring in certain endemic regions of the Balkan Peninsula, and chronic interstitial nephropathy occurring in Northern African countries and likely in other parts of the world. OTA leads to DNA adduct formation, which is known for its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The present article discusses how renal carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity cause both oxidative stress and direct genotoxicity. Careful analyses of the data show that OTA carcinogenic effects are due to combined direct and indirect mechanisms (e.g., genotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetic factors). Altogether this provides strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity can also occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Brno 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Department Bioprocess & Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, INP/ENSA Toulouse, University of Toulouse, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane 31320, France.
| | - Jan Malir
- Institute of State and Law, Czech Academy of Sciences, Narodni 18, Prague 11600, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic.
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Fromme H, Gareis M, Völkel W, Gottschalk C. Overall internal exposure to mycotoxins and their occurrence in occupational and residential settings – An overview. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:143-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Soto JB, Ruiz MJ, Manyes L, Juan-García A. Blood, breast milk and urine: potential biomarkers of exposure and estimated daily intake of ochratoxin A: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:313-28. [PMID: 26565760 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1118160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this review are to study potential biomarkers of exposure for ochratoxin A (OTA) in biological fluids (blood, urine and breast milk) for the period 2005-14, calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) of OTA by using database consumption for the Spanish population, and, finally, to correlate OTA levels detected in blood and EDI values calculated from food products. The values of OTA detected in potential biomarkers of exposure for blood, breast milk and urine ranged from 0.15 to 18.0, from 0.002 to 13.1, and from 0.013 to 0.2 ng ml(-1), respectively. The calculated EDI for OTA in plasma ranged from 0.15 to 26 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1), higher than that obtained in urine (0.017-0.4 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1)). All these values are correlated with the range of EDI for OTA calculated from food products: 0.0001-25.2 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María-José Ruiz
- b Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Lara Manyes
- b Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ana Juan-García
- b Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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Fahmy N, Woo M, Alameldin M, Macdonald K, Goneau LW, Cadieux P, Pautler SE. Ochratoxin A is not detectable in renal and testicular tumours. Can Urol Assoc J 2014; 8:40-6. [PMID: 24578744 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ochratoxin-A (OTA) is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins, known for its nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, gonadotoxicity, teratogenicity, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. OTA has been linked to several genitourinary pathologies, including Balkan nephropathy and genitourinary malignancies. We examine OTA levels in serum samples and tumour specimens collected from patients with renal and testicular tumours. METHODS Frozen samples were obtained from the Ontario Tumour Bank. Serum specimens, along with renal and testicular tumour biopsies, were included in this study. Normal tissue from the negative surgical margins of each tumour served as a control. OTA levels in serum was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while OTA detection in tissue specimens was determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS We included specimens collected from 56 patients (36 men and 20 women). Histopathology of the 52 renal tumours included 31 (60%) conventional type renal cell carcinomas (RCC), 5 (10%) chromophobe RCC, 5 (10%) papillary RCC, 1 (2%) oncocytoma and 10 (19%) upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UC). The 4 testicular tumours included 1 seminomatous (25%) germ cell tumour and 3 (75%) non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. OTA was detected in the serum of renal tumour patients, with a range from 0.004 to 0.25 ng/mL (mean: 0.07 and median 0.06 ng/mL). There was no OTA signal detected by IHC staining in all tested renal and testicular tumours. CONCLUSIONS The OTA levels detected in the serum of patients were highly variable and relatively low. No OTA was detected in the tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Fahmy
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
| | - Mark Woo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
| | - Mona Alameldin
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
| | - Kyle Macdonald
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
| | - Lee W Goneau
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
| | - Peter Cadieux
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
| | - Stephen E Pautler
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON ; Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON
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Dohnal V, Dvořák V, Malíř F, Ostrý V, Roubal T. A comparison of ELISA and HPLC methods for determination of ochratoxin A in human blood serum in the Czech Republic. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:427-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ali R, Guo X, Lin H, Khan QM, Ismail M, Waheed U, Ali T, Bhalli JA. Mutant frequency in comparison to oxidative DNA damage induced by ochratoxin A in L5178Ytk+/−(3.7.2C) mouse lymphoma cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:227-32. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.838775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Biomonitoring of ochratoxin A in grain workers. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 23:88-93. [PMID: 23605913 DOI: 10.1007/bf02946032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Handling agricultural commodities such as grain can result in an inhalation of mycotoxin-containing dusts. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is particularly well suited for biomonitoring studies due to its long half-life in blood, and served as a marker toxin to investigate whether or not exposure to dusts in occupational contexts may result in elevated OTA blood serum levels. OTA analysis was performed for blood samples (n=61) obtained from a cohort of male workers employed at granaries of several grain handling companies in Germany. OTA was analyzed in plasma extracts by HPLC with fluorimetric detection; calibration curves were run for each batch of samples collected between July 2005 and March 2006, and the level of detection was 0.05 ng/ml plasma. The OTA plasma levels of the 61 grain workers ranged between 0.07 ng/ml and 0.75 ng/ml. The mean (0.28±0.13 ng/ml) and median (0.26 ng/ml) OTA value for this cohort was similar to average values previously reported for the German population. Our results gave no indication that OTA in excess of those originating from typical dietary sources was ingested by these workers. Although measurable OTA concentrations have been found in dust samples collected at the corresponding workplaces (Mayeret al, this issue), the biomonitoring data do not provide evidence for a significant inhalatory burden of OTA in grain workers. Since deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were also detected in the dust samples in concentrations much higher than that of OTA, additional research should try to assess the potential relevance of an inhalation exposure to these mycotoxins.
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Grajewski J, Twarużek M, Kosicki R. High levels of ochratoxin A in blood serum and kidneys of wild boarsSus scrofain Poland. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2981/11-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Malir F, Ostry V, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Roubal T. Ochratoxin A exposure biomarkers in the Czech Republic and comparison with foreign countries. Biomarkers 2012; 17:577-89. [PMID: 22642623 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.692392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Among ochratoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) occupies a dominant place and represents significant risk for human and animal health which also implies economic losses around the world. OTA is nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic mycotoxin. OTA exposure may lead to formation of DNA adducts resulting to genotoxicity and carcinogenicity (human carcinogen of 2B group). Now it seems that OTA could be "a complete carcinogen" which obliges to monitor its presence in biological materials, especially using the suitable biomarkers. In this article, OTA findings in urine, blood, serum, plasma and human kidneys (target dose) in the Czech Republic and comparison with foreign countries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Aslam M, Rivzi SAH, Beg AE, Blaszkewicz M, Golka K, Degen GH. Analysis of ochratoxin A blood levels in bladder cancer cases and healthy persons from Pakistan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1176-1184. [PMID: 22994571 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.707602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA), a well-known human nephrotoxic and carcinogenic agent, is a public health concern in many countries. Exposure is assessed by means of mycotoxin analysis in food commodities and by human biomonitoring of OTA in blood samples. Data available from several European countries and some studies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas indicate frequent detection of OTA. Thus far, data from developing countries that compare blood levels in healthy and diseased individuals are scarce. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to determine OTA levels in blood samples of bladder cancer patients (n = 96) and healthy controls (n = 31) from Pakistan. OTA in blood plasma was analyzed after extraction by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Among samples of 87 cancer patients and 30 controls, 92% in total contained quantifiable amounts of OTA. In bladder cancer cases the median OTA concentration was 0.19 ng/ml (mean 0.296; range: 0.03 to 3.41 ng/ml), and in healthy controls the median OTA was 0.19 ng/ml (mean 0.3; range: 0.04 to 1.24 ng/ml). The OTA levels found in the Pakistanian cohorts were comparable to those reported previously for the general population in the European Union. In conclusion, OTA is not likely to play a major role in the etiology of bladder cancer in the Karachi cohort, at least as the sole risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Abstract
There is growing recognition and interest in the role of mycotoxins as health hazards in the workplace. Examples will illustrate what we know about certain mycotoxins in some occupational settings and what we need to know to make further progress in assessing their impact on human health. A range of mycotoxins has been detected in different workplaces, e.g. in agricultural and food processing facilities, greenhouses, and the waste management sector. Their occurrence, mainly in dust from different raw materials or processed products, is indicative of a potential health hazard. However, assessing risks for workplace-related mycotoxin exposures remains a challenging task for several reasons, including uncertainties with regard to the transfer from contaminated material into air (inhalable mycotoxin concentrations) and/or the toxin fraction absorbed upon dermal contact or after respiratory intake. Human biomonitoring studies can considerably reduce these uncertainties, and serve to assess workplace-related exposures (in addition to dietary mycotoxin intake). These studies require not only sensitive methods for analysis of mycotoxins and/or their metabolites in blood or urine (biomarkers of exposure) in a cohort of workers, but also data on the levels/range of these biomarkers in non-occupationally exposed persons to account for exposures resulting from oral intake of mycotoxin-contaminated food (dietary 'background'). Biomonitoring methods were first developed for aflatoxin B1, then for ochratoxin A, and more recently for deoxynivalenol and for fumonisin B. But, there are no such methods for many other important mycotoxins. So far, only a small number of biomonitoring studies have addressed the question whether occupational mycotoxin exposures (by inhalation) add significantly to those from dietary exposure to mycotoxins, as observed in the general population. Therefore, a risk assessment is hampered by major uncertainties regarding the true impact of occupational mycotoxin exposures. Human biomonitoring (with biomarkers of exposure and/or effect) is considered a valuable instrument, and should be developed further for mycotoxins of relevance in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, University of Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin that has received particular attention because of the toxic effects, widespread occurrence in contaminated food and feed chain, suspected causal effect on nephropathies, and, more recently, possibility of exposure by inhalation in domicile and occupational settings. Biomarkers have been used not only to ascertain the role of OTA in inducing chronic renal failure diseases, but also as a means to portray general populations' risk to the mycotoxin. Biomonitoring can thus be used to assess internal OTA exposure, with no need to recognize the main source of exposure. And so it presents undeniable advantages over the monitoring of external dose. With a just right understanding of biomarkers, it is possible to follow the trail from exposure right to effect, and so contribute both to surveillance plans and etiological studies. In recognition of the long serum half-life and the renal elimination of OTA, most of the studies present serum/plasma and/or urine analyses as markers of exposure. In this review and for each of these main matrices, a comparison over the advantages and disadvantages is offered. Although currently limited, an overview of the current knowledge on OTA biomarkers and the influential role of the individual characteristics, namely gender and age, along with season and geographical location is given. Attention is also given to the ongoing debate over the existence of OTA-DNA adducts, a biomarker of effective dose regarded as an alternative to biomarkers of internal dose. Although unspecific, OTA effect biomarkers are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cancela Duarte
- Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Muñoz K, Campos V, Blaszkewicz M, Vega M, Alvarez A, Neira J, Degen GH. Exposure of neonates to ochratoxin A: first biomonitoring results in human milk (colostrum) from Chile. Mycotoxin Res 2010; 26:59-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-009-0040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Simultaneous analysis of ochratoxin A and its major metabolite ochratoxin alpha in plasma and urine for an advanced biomonitoring of the mycotoxin. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 878:2623-9. [PMID: 20031488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a frequent mycotoxin contaminant found worldwide in foods and feedstuffs. Biomonitoring has been used to assess internal OTA exposure resulting from dietary intake and from other sources. Mycotoxin levels in blood and/or urine provide good estimates of past and recent exposure since OTA binds to serum proteins and is also partly excreted via the kidney. But, measuring OTA alone does not reflect its biotransformation. In light of scarce data on its metabolites in humans, it was the aim of this study to develop a method that allows analysis of OTA and its detoxication product ochratoxin alpha (OTα) in urine and in blood plasma. The method involves enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates, liquid-liquid extraction, and analysis of sample extracts by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Application of the validated method in a pilot study with 13 volunteers revealed the presence of OTA and OTα in all samples (limit of quantification: 0.05 ng/mL in urine, and 0.1 ng/mL in plasma). In line with negative findings of others, an OTA glucuronide was not detected, neither in urine nor in plasma. By contrast, conjugates of OTα (glucuronide and/or sulfate) are major products in these samples. This was confirmed by mass spectrometry detection. As OTα represents a large fraction of ingested mycotoxin, we propose to include analyses of this metabolite in future biomonitoring studies, also in light of the observed variations for urine OTα-levels that suggest different interindividual abilities for OTA-detoxification in humans.
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Ochratoxin A in human blood serum – retrospective long-term data. Mycotoxin Res 2009; 25:175-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-009-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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The level of ochratoxin a in patients after nephrectomy. Mycotoxin Res 2007; 23:22-6. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02946020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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