In vivo distribution of ferric-ATP complex

Evaluation of health risks caused by radio frequency accelerated carcinogenesis: the importance of processes driven by the calcium ion signal

The acceleration of carcinogenesis, which was induced either by radio frequency radiation from a cellular telephone or by the ferric-ATP complex, was similar in a mouse strain characterized by age-determined carcinogenesis of lymphoid tissues. Organ hypertrophy, the presence of lymphoid blood and ascites, the development of solid tumours, and mortality were very different to those found in control animals. These results emphasize the role of calcium ion signal influx in the activation of oncogenes and the failure of thymus-determined immune defences.

Iron-radiofrequency synergism in lymphomagenesis

The parenteral iron administration effects on the acceleration of lymphomagenesis by radiofrequency exposure were investigated using an animal model that develops spontaneous lymphomas with ageing. Complementary studies of the in vivo uptake of 59Fe-labeled ferric gluconate and ferric-ATP complex showed differences ob absorption and excretion between both iron compounds. In vitro assays of their effects on calcium cellular uptake using a cell model and tissues homogenates showed a molecular structure-dependence. The current results (mortality, clinical and histopathological examinations) demonstrated a synergism between radiofrequency and ferric gluconate, and the increased risk of radiofrequency exposure when it is simultaneous to parenteral iron administration.

Toxic and carcinogenic effects of parenteral and percutaneous ATP and its iron complex

The long term effects of percutaneous, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration of sodium-ATP (NaATP) and ferric iron-ATP (FeATP) were studied on an animal model. Both compounds induce a generalized lymphoadenitis which in the case of FeATP led to lymphomas. The analytical study of the involved target tissues showed intracellular composition changes that result from the impairment of the cell membrane permeability. The morbidity and mortality rate were higher with FeATP which seems to be the result of two different, in intensity and duration, interactions with the cell plasma membrane. The influence of the changes in cellular calcium homeostasis, and its relationship with carcinogenesis and immuno response are discussed.

Binding site of Fe3+ at purine of ATP as studied by NMR

The binding site of Fe3+ in the purine base of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The NMR relaxation rates (R1) of 1H and 31P in ATP solutions free of and containing ferric ions were measured in the pH range of 3-10. It was found that Fe3+ selectively enhanced the relaxation rate of protons. In the presence of Fe3+, the R1 of H2 was much bigger than that of H8 at a lower pH (3-4.5), while at a higher pH (5.5-7.5) the R1 of H8 was more enhanced than H2. At a pH of around 5, both H2 and H8, as well as all three phosphorous, showed a sudden jump in R1. When pH>8, Fe3+ failed to show appreciable enhancement of R1 to all protons and phosphorous. The quantitative data of relaxation rate enhancements suggest that the binding site of Fe3+ in ATP is strongly dependent on pH. At lower pH values, Fe3+ binds N1 but at higher pH it binds to N7. When pH is around 5, the whole purine base donates the aromatic pi-electrons to the ferric ion, forming a ferrocene-like complex, while when pH>8, ATP could not form complexes with Fe3+.

ATP in cellular calcium-overload by trivalent metal ions

Extracellular Ca2+-influx induced by trivalent metal ions (Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, In3+, Ga3+, and La3+) in Ehrlich carcinoma cells is enhanced by ATP. This action seems to be related to the high coordination capacity of the ATP ligand that inhibits the polymerization of the solvated cations taking place at physiological pH, and consequently permits their biological activity. A general relationship between induced lipid peroxidation and increased calcium uptake was not found. These results emphasize the ATP role in the toxicity of trivalent metals, and its possible involvement, via cellular calcium overload, in a neurodegenerative process, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, in whose etiology the implication of aluminum and iron has been suggested.