Adjuvant arthritis-induced changes on ampicillin binding in serum and tissues under the influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rats

Analysis of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Immune Function During the Development of Collagen-Induced Arthritis

The liver is essential for metabolic and immune functions and has been linked to systemic inflammatory diseases. However, the role of the liver is still elusive during the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although there have been indeed some reports. We used label-free quantitative proteomics and experimental verification in this study to reveal the hepatic lipid metabolism and immune function during collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) development. The proteomics results revealed that the role of the liver differs in different phases of CIA rats. In terms of specific performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, which is primarily concerned with cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and phospholipid, was significantly influenced in the CIA induction phase, whereas the immune function, which includes binding of granulocytes, adhesion of immune cells, etc., was affected considerably at the peak phase of CIA rats compared to normal rats. Finally, the hepatic dynamic changes in CIA rats were further confirmed using targeted metabolomics and ELISA. We found that most fatty acids of the liver in the CIA induction phase were significantly decreased, and proteins related to complement activation and migration or adhesion of immune cells including C3, MMP-8, CTSZ, and S100A9 were significantly increased in the liver of CIA rats in the peak phase. Our findings indicated that the lipid metabolism and immune function of the liver were influenced in CIA rats. Thus, the conditions of the liver during RA development should be considered in therapeutic and nutritional interventions.

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to ibuprofen and other arylpropionic acid derivatives

BACKGROUND

Although ibuprofen and other arylpropionic acid derivatives (APs) are the most common medicines involved in hypersensitivity drug reactions (HDRs) to NSAIDs, no patient series studies have been performed regarding immediate selective reactions (SRs) to these drugs.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize patients with immediate selective HDRs to ibuprofen and other APs through clinical history and challenge.

METHODS

Subjects who developed an HDR to APs less than 1 h after drug intake were included. Tolerance to aspirin was assessed and challenge was performed with ibuprofen in all cases, and additionally with the culprit drug (if different) in those patients that tolerated ibuprofen. Serum tryptase levels and tryptase immunohistochemical staining in skin biopsies were also assessed in some patients with a positive DPT to ibuprofen.

RESULTS

From a total of 245 patients with a confirmed history of HDRs to APs, 17% were classified as selective immediate hypersensitivity reactors by both clinical history and challenge. A selective response to naproxen and dexketoprofen with tolerance to ibuprofen was found in 16 of 20 cases. Significant differences in serum tryptase levels were observed between 2 and 24 h in the 11 cases that were studied further.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the group of patients with HDRs to NSAIDs, APs can induce immediate SRs. Within this group, selective responses to a single drug or responders to several APs may exist, suggesting potential immunological cross-reactivity.

Ibuprofen-induced hypersensitivity syndrome

Ibuprofen is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID). With the aging of the population, there will be a significant increase in the prevalence of painful degenerative and inflammatory rheumatic conditions. This increase likely will lead to a parallel increase in the use of NSAIDs, including ibuprofen. The primary effect of the NSAIDs is to inhibit cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin synthase), thereby impairing the ultimate transformation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxanes. Although in the majority of cases it is safe, this NSAID, ibuprofen, can produce an unpredictable, idiosyncratic, type B reaction that may pose a major concern in clinical practice. Type B reactions are known to occur in susceptible individuals. The true hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) is a systemic disease defined by the triad of fever, rash, and internal organ involvement that starts 1 day to 12 weeks after the initiation of therapy. HSR has limited the therapeutic use of many drugs, including ibuprofen. Hypersensitivity syndrome associated with ibuprofen is a host-dependent drug reaction that is idiosyncratic in nature. This reaction likely is caused by a combination of metabolic and immunologic factors. Immune mediated components, such as T-cell and their products cytokines and chemokines, can exacerbate cellular responses and create complex pathways that lead to a variety of clinical manifestations. Our review presents an ibuprofen-induced clinical manifestation of hypersensitivity syndrome and the necessity of wisely monitoring the patients clinically and by laboratory investigations when prescribing this drug.

Anticoagulant-induced changes on antibiotic concentrations in the serum and bones

The aim of this study was to determine whether the co-administration of acenocoumarin as anticoagulant and certain quinolones, i.e., cefapirin, pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin increased the levels of the given antibiotics and whether this resulted in a prolongation of prothrombin time. Seventy male albino Wistar rats aged 8-10 weeks and weighed 170 +/- 14 g were used and divided into seven groups (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII: n=10). The rats in group I received cefapirin via 1 g/kg/8h im injection. Group II received cefapirin via of 1 g/kg/8h im injection and 0.1 mg/kg/24h p.o. acenocoumarin. Group III received ciprofloxacin 0.18 mg/kg/24h im. Group IV received ciprofloxacin 0.18 mg/kg/24h im and 0.1 mg/kg/24h p.o. acenocoumarin. Group V received 10 mg/kg/24h pefloxacin im. Group VI received 10 mg/kg/24h pefloxacin im and 0.1 mg/kg/24h p.o. acenocoumarin while Group VII received only acenocoumarin 0.1 mg/kg/24h p.o. Drug administration was performed over a total of 5 doses in order to obtain steady state concentrations in the plasma and tissues. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation 2 h after the last antibiotic administration. Prothrombin time and antibiotic concentrations in the serum, femur and mandible were assessed. In the study, all the antibiotics were found to prolong prothrombine time following acenocoumarin administration. In addition, perfloxacin and ciproflaxin concentrations were increased in the serum and mandible after acenocoumarin treatment. Cepafirin levels remained unaffected after the administration of this anticoagulant. In conclusion, anticoagulant and quinolone co-administration led to significant pharmacokinetic interactions. Thus particular attention should be paid in the case of these drugs being used in combination in clinical practice.