Human longevity: the gender difference

Are men aging as oaks and women as reeds? A behavioral hypothesis to explain the gender paradox of French centenarians

Since the 1990s, several studies involving French centenarians have shown a gender paradox in old age. Even if women are more numerous in old age and live longer than men, men are in better physical and cognitive health, are higher functioning, and have superior vision. If better health should lead to a longer life, why are men not living longer than women? This paper proposes a hypothesis based on the differences in the generational habitus between men and women who were born at the beginning of the 20th century. The concept of generational habitus combines the generation theory of Mannheim with the habitus concept of Bourdieu based on the observation that there exists a way of being, thinking, and doing for each generation. We hypothesized that this habitus still influences many gender-linked behaviours in old age. Men, as "oaks," seem able to delay the afflictions of old age until a breaking point, while women, as "reeds," seem able to survive despite an accumulation of health deficits.

Prolonging life in elderly people: a worthwhile goal of medical care

The very elderly (over 80 years) have a relatively high level of disability and dependency, and this has been reported to be a greater problem in women. It has, therefore, been proposed that there may be little to gain from prolonging life of the very elderly, especially very elderly women. However, there is very little evidence to suggest that increasing survival leads to a higher prevalence of disability at a given age. Preventive measures that prolong life appear to postpone both morbidity and mortality. Moreover, there is little reliable evidence that an elderly woman is more dependent than a man of the same age. It is also suggested that there is a 'cap' on survival and, therefore, we should concentrate on preventing morbidity and compress it into the last few years of life. We consider whether or not the elderly are approaching a 'cap' on survival and think that they are not. We conclude that preventive medicine in the elderly should aim to prolong survival and prevent morbidity. It is uncertain whether morbidity can be prevented more than mortality or vice versa. The concept of compressing morbidity at the end of life is an attractive concept, but data are lacking to support this idea.