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Sarcopenia: The need to establish different cutoff points of fat-free mass for the Chilean population. Nutrition 2019; 57:217-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bunout D, Barrera G, Hirsch S, Jimenez T, de la Maza MP. Association between activity energy expenditure and peak oxygen consumption with sarcopenia. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:298. [PMID: 30509203 PMCID: PMC6276239 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sedentariness may be an important risk factor for sarcopenia. The aim of this work was to assess the association between muscle mass and strength and markers of usual physical activity such as activity energy expenditure and peak oxygen uptake. Methods Young and old participants were assessed measuring body composition by DEXA (double beam X ray absorptiometry), handgrip strength, peak oxygen consumption and workload during an exercise calorimetry in a braked cycle ergometer and a 72 h activity energy expenditure using Actiheart actigraphs. A heart rate/energy expenditure curve derived from the exercise calorimetry was used to calibrate each actigraph. Sarcopenia was defined as having an appendicular fat free mass index below 7.5 kg/m2 and 5.6 kg/m2 in men and women respectively, or a handgrip strength z score below 1, using local normal data or having both parameters below the cutoff points. Results We analyzed data from 192 assessments performed in participants aged 22 to 88 years (106 women). Sarcopenic participants (as determined by muscle mass, strength or both) had a significantly lower peak oxygen uptake and work load and a significantly lower activity energy expenditure. When analyzing lean mass and strength as continuous variables, peak oxygen consumption was a significant predictor of fat free mass in men. Among women, the association was observed only when percentage of muscle mass was expressed as a z score. Conclusions Activity energy expenditure and peak oxygen consumption are associated with a lower muscle mass and the presence of sarcopenia and should be considered as risk factors for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bunout
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, PO Box 138-11, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gladys Barrera
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, PO Box 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Hirsch
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, PO Box 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - Teresa Jimenez
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, PO Box 138-11, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Pia de la Maza
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, PO Box 138-11, Santiago, Chile
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Karagounis LG, Volterman KA, Breuillé D, Offord EA, Emady-Azar S, Moore DR. Protein Intake at Breakfast Promotes a Positive Whole-Body Protein Balance in a Dose-Response Manner in Healthy Children: A Randomized Trial. J Nutr 2018; 148:729-737. [PMID: 30053279 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein ingestion promotes whole-body net protein balance (NB) in children, which is a prerequisite for growth. Determining how much protein is required at breakfast to promote a positive NB, which may be negative after the traditional overnight fast in children, has yet to be determined. Objective We determined the impact of incremental doses of milk protein at breakfast as well as the impact of daily dietary protein distribution on NB in children. Methods A total of 28 children [14 boys, 14 girls; age range: 7-11 y; body mass index (mean ± SD, in kg/m2): 16.0 ± 1.9] completed 2 intervention trials. During the breakfast meal, participants consumed an isoenergetic beverage with different amounts of protein (0, 7, 14, or 21 g for Groups A-D, respectively) and [15N]-glycine to measure whole body protein metabolism. Whole-body nitrogen turnover, protein synthesis (PS), protein breakdown, and NB were measured over 9 and 24 h. Results Following an overnight fast, children were in negative NB (-64.5 mg · kg-1 · h-1). Protein ingestion at breakfast induced a stepwise increase in NB over 9 h [Groups A (6.2 mg · kg-1 · h-1) < B (27.9 mg · kg-1 · h-1) < C (46.9 mg · kg-1 · h-1) < D (66.0 mg · kg-1 · h-1)] with all conditions different from each other (all P < 0.01). PS was 42% greater in Group D than in Group A over 9 h (P < 0.05). Conclusions Consuming ≥7 g of the total daily protein intake at breakfast attenuates the observed overnight protein losses in children during the subsequent 9 h following breakfast consumption. The dose-dependent increase in NB over a daytime fed period, inclusive of breakfast and lunch, highlights the importance of breakfast protein intake on acute anabolism in healthy active children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02465151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas G Karagounis
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Experimental Myology and Integrative Physiology Cluster, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly A Volterman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Denis Breuillé
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth A Offord
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shahram Emady-Azar
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Physical Function in Elderly Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs Aging 2016; 32:727-35. [PMID: 26286094 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-015-0288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia has been accepted as a new geriatric syndrome, which will become a common and important public health challenge. And angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have been shown to improve exercise capacity in elderly without heart failure. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) on physical function in elderly. DATA SOURCES The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA All researches included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared any kind of ACEIs with placebo or other anti-hypertensives in elderly, and provided empirical data of grip strength and 6-min walk distance change from baseline. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Risk of bias was systematically assessed by using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Data of grip strength and 6-min walk distance change from baseline were collected and mean differences (MDs) were calculated along with 95% CI (confidence interval) by using a random effects model. RESULTS In 3 RCTs including 337 elderly participants, ACEIs (n = 178) did not significantly improved 6-min walk distance (13.45, 95% CI: -16.71 to 43.61; P = 0.38) versus placebo or other antihypertensives (n = 159). In 3 RCTs including 499 elderly participants, grip strength was not significantly different (-0.67, 95% CI: -1.53 to 0.19; P = 0.12) between ACEIs (n = 260) and placebo or other antihypertensives (n = 239). LIMITATIONS There exists only 4 RCTs and the number of participants is limited. Pooling of data were from different trials including different participant characteristics. And intervention is not strictly consistent. CONCLUSION This study shows that ACEIs can not significantly improve walk distance or the age-related decline of muscle strength for older participants in clinical trials.
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Cherin P, Voronska E, Fraoucene N, de Jaeger C. Prevalence of sarcopenia among healthy ambulatory subjects: the sarcopenia begins from 45 years. Aging Clin Exp Res 2014; 26:137-46. [PMID: 24129803 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-013-0132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sarcopenia has been indicated as a reliable marker of frailty and poor prognosis among the oldest individuals. There are only few data on sarcopenia in healthy general population. We evaluated the prevalence of sarcopenia and its association with functional and clinical status in a population of healthy ambulatory subjects over 45 years living at home, in Paris (France). METHODS This study was conducted selecting all ambulatory participants (n = 1,445) aged 45 years and older from October 2008 to September 2011, consulting in the Institute of Physiology (Institut de Jaeger) from Paris (France) for a functional and muscular evaluation, and did not have limitations to moderate physical exercise. All were healthy people. All subjects performed a medical examination, associated with evaluation of muscle mass (body composition assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and of muscle function (by hand grip strength). Diagnosis of sarcopenia required the documentation of low muscle mass with low muscle strength according to the current international consensus definition of sarcopenia. RESULTS From 1,421 participants (553 males and 868 females) definitively enrolled, 221 subjects (135 females and 86 males) (15.5 %) were identified as sarcopenic. Results from multivariate logistic regression models showed that sarcopenia was inversely associated with BMI with those participants with BMI higher than 22 kg/m(2) showing a lower risk of sarcopenia relative to those with BMI less than 21 kg/m(2) (OR 0.72; 95 % CI 0.60-0.91). Similarly, probability of sarcopenia was lower among subjects involved in leisure physical activities for 3 h or more per week (OR 0.45; 95 % CI 0.24-0.93). According to the category of age [45-54; 55-64; 65-74; 75-84 and 85 years or more], the prevalence of sarcopenia in women increase from 9.1; 12.7; 14.5; 19.4; to 33.3 %, respectively. For the men, the percentage of sarcopenia increase with aging from 8.6; 15.6; 13.6; 63.8 to 45.5 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that among healthy ambulatory subjects over 45 years living at home, sarcopenia is frequent, even to the youngest subjects of the studied population, taking place from 9 % from 45 years, until 64.3 % for the subjects over 85 years. Our findings support the hypothesis that muscle mass and function are associated with BMI and physical activity, whatever the age of the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cherin
- Service de Médecine Interne I, CHU Pitié-Salpétrière, 47 bd de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France,
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Bunout D, de la Maza MP, Barrera G, Leiva L, Hirsch S. Association between sarcopenia and mortality in healthy older people. Australas J Ageing 2011; 30:89-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-6612.2010.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Speakman JR, Westerterp KR. Associations between energy demands, physical activity, and body composition in adult humans between 18 and 96 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:826-34. [PMID: 20810973 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between body composition and the energy expended on basal metabolism and activity are complex and age dependent. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine associations between body composition and daily (DEE), basal (BEE), and activity energy expenditure (AEE) throughout the adult life span. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted in 529 adults aged 18-96 y. DEE was measured by using doubly labeled water, BEE by using respirometry, and body composition by isotope dilution. AEE was calculated as DEE - BEE, and physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as DEE/BEE. RESULTS Up to age 52 y, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were positively associated with age in men, but no significant effect was observed in women. No effects of age on DEE and AEE were observed. The average DEE in men (14.1 MJ/d) was 27% greater than that in women (10.7 MJ/d). PAL averaged 1.84 in men and 1.75 in women. Above and including the age of 52 y, FFM, FM, DEE, BEE, and AEE were all negatively associated with greater age. The effect of age on AEE was greater than on BEE; consequently, PAL by the age of 95 y was only 1.36. PAL and AEE were both unrelated to FFM (both age adjusted). CONCLUSIONS PAL and AEE were not associated with age in subjects aged <52 y. AEE, BEE, and PAL were all negatively associated with age in subjects aged ≥52 y. An absence of a relation between age-adjusted PAL and FFM suggested that greater physical activity was not associated with higher FFM in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Rantalainen T, Sievänen H, Linnamo V, Hoffrén M, Ishikawa M, Kyröläinen H, Avela J, Selänne H, Komi PV, Heinonen A. Bone rigidity to neuromuscular performance ratio in young and elderly men. Bone 2009; 45:956-63. [PMID: 19631780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Given the adaptation of bone to prevalent loading, bone loss should follow, but lag behind, the decline in physical performance during aging. Furthermore, bone responsiveness to load-induced strains is believed to decrease with aging. However, the relationship between bone and lean body ( approximately muscle) mass appears to remain rather constant throughout adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between age and bone to neuromuscular performance ratio. Young (N=20, age 24 SD+/-2 years, body mass 77+/-11 kg, height 178+/-6 cm) and elderly (N=25, 72+/-4 years, 75+/-9 kg, 172+/-5 cm) men served as subjects. Bone structural traits were measured at the right distal tibia and tibial mid-shaft with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Maximal section modulus (Z(max50)), total area (ToA(d)), cortical area (CoA(50)), total density (ToD(d)) and cortical density (CoD(50)) were determined from the pQCT images. Neuromuscular performance was measured by recording vertical ground reaction force (GRF) in maximal bilateral hopping. Load-induced strains were estimated by calculating appropriate indices for compressive and tensile loading that took into account both the bone structure and apparent biomechanics of the given bone site. Young subjects had significantly higher maximal GRF compared to older men (4260+/-800 N vs. 3080+/-600 N, P<0.001). They also had smaller ToA(d) (1100+/-170 mm(2) vs. 1200+/-100 mm(2), P=0.028) while their ToD(d) was higher (370+/-46 g/cm(3) vs. 330+/-22 g/cm(3), P=0.002). The Z(max50) did not differ significantly between young (1660+/-320 mm(3)) and elderly men (1750+/-320 mm(3)) (P=0.224). Compressive (0.484+/-0.102 vs. 0.399+/-0.078, P=0.016) and tensile (0.107+/-0.016 vs. 0.071+/-0.018, P<0.001) strain indices were significantly higher in the younger group. In conclusion, the difference in bone to loading ratio at the tibial mid-shaft is bigger than expected from the delay in bone adaptation alone. Potential candidates to explain this phenomenon include a decrease in mechanosensitivity with aging, inability of maximal physical performance to adequately represent the bone loading environment, or the need to maintain constant safety factors to functional strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rantalainen
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Quinn LS, Anderson BG, Strait-Bodey L, Wolden-Hanson T. Serum and muscle interleukin-15 levels decrease in aging mice: correlation with declines in soluble interleukin-15 receptor alpha expression. Exp Gerontol 2009; 45:106-12. [PMID: 19854259 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a skeletal muscle-derived cytokine with favorable effects on muscle mass and body composition. Modulation of IL-15 levels has been suggested as a treatment for sarcopenia and age-associated increases in adiposity. However, it is unclear whether IL-15 levels change during aging, as measurement of IL-15 at physiological concentrations in mice has been technically difficult, and translational regulation of IL-15 is complex. Moreover, the IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ralpha) can comprise part of a membrane-associated receptor complex, or appear as a soluble form which stabilizes IL-15 and facilitates IL-15 secretion. Here, we report measurement of physiological levels of murine IL-15, and determine that muscle and serum IL-15 levels decline progressively with age. However, expression of IL-15 mRNA and membrane-associated subunits of the IL-15 receptor did not change with age in muscle. Expression of soluble IL-15Ralpha (sIL-15Ralpha) mRNA declined 5-fold with age, and serum IL-15 levels correlated highly with muscle sIL-15 mRNA expression, suggesting declines in sIL-15Ralpha expression lead to decreased circulating IL-15 levels during aging. These findings complement studies which described several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human IL-15Ralpha gene which impact muscularity and adiposity, and provide a technical basis for further investigation of IL-15 and the sIL-15Ralpha in determining body composition in aging mice, as a model for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeBris S Quinn
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Tacoma,WA 98493, USA.
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Bunout D, Barrera G, de la Maza MP, Leiva L, Backhouse C, Hirsch S. Effects of enalapril or nifedipine on muscle strength or functional capacity in elderly subjects. A double blind trial. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 10:77-84. [PMID: 19502254 DOI: 10.1177/1470320309105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme could be useful to avoid sarcopenia in the elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared in a prospective double blind trial, the effects of treatment with enalapril or nifedipine on muscle performance in hypertensive elderly subjects. Patients were followed for nine months, and at baseline, 4.5 months and the end of follow-up, quadriceps and hand grip muscle strength, walking capacity, timed up and go and the short physical performance test were measured. RESULTS During follow-up, more subjects on nifedipine than on enalapril discontinued the medication due to side-effects. No differences in the evolution of muscle strength, walking capacity or functional measures were observed. At nine months, plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity decreased by 6.0+/-2.5 U/L among patients on enalapril and increased by 8.5+/-4.2 U/L (p<0.001) among patients on nifedipine. CONCLUSION In this group of elderly subjects, enalapril was not superior to nifedipine with regard to the age-related decline of muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bunout
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Relationship between protein and mitochondrial DNA oxidative injury and telomere length and muscle loss in healthy elderly subjects. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 48:335-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Beavers KM, Beavers DP, Serra MC, Bowden RG, Wilson RL. Low relative skeletal muscle mass indicative of sarcopenia is associated with elevations in serum uric acid levels: findings from NHANES III. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13:177-82. [PMID: 19262948 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia may be related to increases in reactive oxygen species formation and inflammation, both of which are associated with elevations in serum uric acid. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that a reduced skeletal muscle mass index, indicative of sarcopenia, is related to elevations in uric acid. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative data. SETTING Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. PATIENTS 7544 men and women 40 years of age and older who had uric acid, skeletal muscle mass, and select covariate information. MEASUREMENTS Skeletal muscle mass assessment was based on a previously published equation including height, BIA-resistance, gender, and age. Absolute skeletal muscle mass was calculated for all study population individuals and compared against the sex-specific mean for younger adults. Serum uric acid data were gathered from the NHANES laboratory file. RESULTS A logistic regression analysis revealed that elevations in serum uric acid are significantly related to sarcopenia status. For every unit (mg/dL) increase in uric acid, the odds ratio of manifesting a skeletal muscle mass index at least one standard deviation below the reference mean was 1.12. Participants in the highest grouping (> 8 mg/dL) of serum uric acid concentration had 2.0 times the odds of manifesting sarcopenia compared to the lowest grouping (< 6 mg/dL) (p < 0.01) after adjusting for the additional covariates. LIMITATIONS This study design was limited in its cross-sectional nature. Potential selection, measurement, and recall bias may have occurred, and methodology used to classify sarcopenia status based on skeletal muscle mass index is not validated. CONCLUSION This observation provides support for the theory that elevations in uric acid may lead to sarcopenia, although the proposed mechanism needs further experimental support.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Beavers
- Baylor University, Center for Exercise, Nutrition, and Preventive Health Research, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Waco, TX 76798-7313, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract
Masters athletes are typically older than 35 years of age and systematically train for, and compete in, organized forms of sport specifically designed for older adults. They are motivated to participate in masters sport for a wide variety of reasons. Age-related declines in endurance performance are observed across the endurance sports of running, orienteering, rowing, and swimming. These declines are curvilinear from age 35 years until approximately age 60–70 years and exponential thereafter. The decline in endurance performance appears primarily due to an age-related decrease in VO2max secondary to an age-related decrease in HRmax and possible age-related declines in stroke volume and arteriovenous oxygen difference. While performance velocity at lactate threshold decreases with age in masters endurance athletes, it appears to increase relative to VO2max while exercise economy is maintained. There also appears an age-related decrease in active muscle mass, type II muscle fiber size, and blood volume that contribute to decreased endurance performance. However, research suggests that maintenance of training intensity and volume into older age may mediate the rate of age-related decline in VO2max, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, blood volume, and muscle mass in masters endurance athletes.
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