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Medrado Mizael T, De Almeida JH. The Complexity of Racial Prejudice: The Importance of a Broader Perspective. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2023. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy21.tcrp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Critic review of the article: Beck, C., Garcia, Y., & Catagnus, R. (2022). Effects of Perspective Taking and Values Consistency in Reducing Implicit Racial Bias. Universitas Psychologica, 21, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy21.eptv
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Hebert KR, McReynolds S. Explicit and Implicit Attitudes towards Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among School-Based Professionals. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, SCHOOLS, & EARLY INTERVENTION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19411243.2023.2177236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Hebert
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Sidney McReynolds
- Occupational Therapy post Professional Clinical Doctorate Student, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, United States
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Testing the practical utility of implicit measures of beliefs for predicting drunk driving. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275328. [PMID: 36174048 PMCID: PMC9521934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential benefits of implicit measures over self-report measures, they are rarely used in real-world contexts to predict behavior. Two potential reasons are that (a) traditional implicit measures typically show low predictive validity and (b) the practical utility of implicit measures has hardly been investigated. The current studies test the practical utility of a new generation of implicit measures for predicting drunk driving. Study 1 (N = 290) examined whether an implicit measure of beliefs about past drunk driving (i.e., the Past Driving Under the Influence Implicit Association Test; P-DUI-IAT) retrospectively predicts drunk driving in driving school students, a population for which this measure could have applied value. Study 1 also explored whether P-DUI-IAT scores prospectively predicted drunk driving over six months. Due to the low number of offenders, however, Study 1 had low statistical power to test this latter question. In Study 2 (N = 228), we therefore examined the utility of the P-DUI-IAT and a new variant of this test (i.e., the Acceptability of Driving Under the Influence Implicit Association Test; A-DUI-IAT) to prospectively predict drunk driving in an online sample with a high number of offenders. Results from Study 1 show that the P-DUI-IAT predicts self-rated past drunk driving behavior in driving school students (ORs = 3.11–6.12, ps < .043, 95% CIs = [1.11, 37.69]). Results from Study 1 do not show evidence for utility of the P-DUI-IAT to prospectively predict self-rated drunk driving. Results from Study 2, on the other hand, show strong evidence for the utility of both implicit measures to prospectively predict self-rated drunk driving (ORs = 3.80–5.82, ps < .002, 95% CIs = [1.72, 14.47]). Although further applied research is necessary, the current results could provide a first step towards the application of implicit measures in real-world contexts.
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Michnevich T, Schmidt AF, Scheunemann J, Moritz S, Miegel F, Jelinek L. Aggressiveness in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder as assessed by the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Development and Validation of an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to Measure Implicit Dysfunctional Beliefs about Caregiving in Dementia Family Caregivers. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCaregivers of people with dementia who endorse dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving are at high risk of experiencing higher levels of distress. These dysfunctional beliefs are presented in the form of rules, verbal statements that specify what responsibilities one should expect in order to be a “good caregiver,” and are characterized as rigid, unrealistic, or highly demanding. Previous studies relied exclusively on self-report measures when assessing such dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving. The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop and validate an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to measure implicit dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving (CARE-IRAP), and 2) considering the relatively high age of the sample, to analyze the adaptation of the IRAP for older adults, comparing the IRAP performance between older adult caregivers and middle-aged caregivers. Participants were 123 dementia family caregivers with a mean age of 62.24 ± 12.89. Adaptations were made to the IRAP by adjusting the accuracy and response time criteria. The sample was split into middle-aged caregivers (below 60 years) and older adult caregivers (60 or older). The CARE-IRAP scores presented significant positive correlations with explicit measures of dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving and experiential avoidance in caregiving. A similar pattern of results was observed across the two age groups. The results revealed that caregivers endorse implicit dysfunctional beliefs about caregiving and offer preliminary support for the use of the IRAP as a valid measure of implicit caregiving beliefs. This exploratory study is the first to adapt the IRAP criteria to older adults, and future studies should further explore criteria suitable for this population.
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Pidgeon A, McEnteggart C, Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y. Four Self-Related IRAPs: Analyzing and Interpreting Effects in Light of the DAARRE Model. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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The Motivative Augmental Effects of Verbal Stimuli on Cooperative and Conformity Responding under a Financially Competing Contingency in an Analog Work Task. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ivancic M, Belisle J. Resolving Barriers to an Applied Science of the Human Condition: Rule Governance and the Verbal Behavior of Applied Scientists. Anal Verbal Behav 2019; 35:196-220. [PMID: 31976230 PMCID: PMC6877674 DOI: 10.1007/s40616-019-00117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rules / verbal behavior governing applied behavior scientists since Skinner have achieved great success resolving challenges experienced by individuals with severe developmental and intellectual disabilities. We extend prior work by Dixon, Belisle, Rehfeldt, and Root (2018, "Why We Are Still Not Acting to Save the World: The Upward Challenge of a Post-Skinnerian Behavior Science," Perspectives on Behavior Science, 41, 241-267) by suggesting that many of these rules, applied inflexibly, are unlikely to resolve significant problems experienced by humans without these same intellectual challenges (i.e., most humans). Particularly, methodological models of human behavior that ignore both private events and advances in relational frame theory and that favor a bottom-up inductive theorizing have not, and we argue cannot, address uniquely human challenges. Instead, we propose alternative rules developed in part within contextual behavior science that are more consistent with Skinner's radical behaviorism than are current approaches and that may expand the scope of applied behavior science. Only by adapting our own public and private verbal behavior as applied scientists can we move toward solving the wide range of challenges within the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ivancic
- J. Iverson Riddle Developmental Center, 300 Enola Road, Morganton, NC 28655 USA
| | - Jordan Belisle
- Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO USA
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Body Dissatisfaction Revisited: On the Importance of Implicit Beliefs about Actual and Ideal Body Image. Psychol Belg 2018; 57:158-173. [PMID: 30479799 PMCID: PMC6194529 DOI: 10.5334/pb.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction (i.e., a negative attitude towards one’s own physical appearance) is assumed to originate from a perceived discrepancy between the actual physical appearance (i.e., actual body image) and the desired ideal state of the body (i.e., ideal body image). We assessed implicit beliefs about these two aspects of the body image independently using two Relational Responding Tasks (RRT) in a sample of participants who were either low or high in explicitly reported body dissatisfaction. As hypothesized, differences in body dissatisfaction exerted a differential influence on the two RRT scores. The implicit belief that one is thin was less pronounced in participants who were strongly dissatisfied with their body relative to participants who were more satisfied with their body. The implicit desire to be thin (i.e., thin ideal body image), in contrast, tended to be more pronounced in participants who exhibited a high degree of body dissatisfaction as compared to participants who exhibited a low degree of body dissatisfaction. Hierarchical regression analyses also revealed that the RRT scores were predictive of self-reported body dissatisfaction, even over and above the predictive validity of some (but not all) explicit predictors of body dissatisfaction that were included in the present study. More generally, these findings contribute to the empirical validation of the RRT as a measure of implicit beliefs in the context of body dissatisfaction.
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Power PM, Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y. Combining the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure and the Recording of Event Related Potentials in the Analysis of Racial Bias: a Preliminary Study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-017-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hughes S, Barnes-Holmes D. On the Formation and Persistence of Implicit Attitudes: New Evidence From the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Timko CA, England EL, Herbert JD, Forman EM. The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure As a Measure of Self-Esteem. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Power PM, Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y. Exploring Racial Bias in a European Country with a Recent History of Immigration of Black Africans. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-017-0223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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An Investigation into the Relationship between the Gender Binary and Occupational Discrimination Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-016-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mizael TM, de Almeida JH, Silveira CC, de Rose JC. Changing Racial Bias by Transfer of Functions in Equivalence Classes. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-016-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Assessment of Weight/Shape Implicit Bias Related to Attractiveness, Fear, and Disgust. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-016-0181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jackson ML, Larry Williams W, Hayes SC, Humphreys T, Gauthier B, Westwood R. Whatever gets your heart pumping: the impact of implicitly selected reinforcer-focused statements on exercise intensity. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Exploring the Reliability and Convergent Validity of Implicit Racial Evaluations. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2015. [DOI: 10.5210/bsi.v24i0.5496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Drake CE, Kramer S, Habib R, Schuler K, Blankenship L, Locke J. Honest politics: Evaluating candidate perceptions for the 2012 U. S. election with the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Remue J, De Houwer J, Barnes-Holmes D, Vanderhasselt MA, De Raedt R. Self-esteem revisited: Performance on the implicit relational assessment procedure as a measure of self- versus ideal self-related cognitions in dysphoria. Cogn Emot 2013; 27:1441-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.786681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Golijani-Moghaddam N, Hart A, Dawson DL. The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: Emerging reliability and validity data. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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