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Hu Y, Zhong M, Lv Y, Zhao W, Qian B, Song J, Zhang Y. MST1/2 exerts a pivotal role in inducing neuroinflammation and Coxsackievirus-A10 replication by interacting with innate immunity. Virol J 2024; 21:89. [PMID: 38641810 PMCID: PMC11031903 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus-A10 (CV-A10), responsible for the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) pandemic, could cause serious central nervous system (CNS) complications. The underlying molecular basis of CV-A10 and host interactions inducing neuropathogenesis is still unclear. The Hippo signaling pathway, historically known for a dominator of organ development and homeostasis, has recently been implicated as an immune regulator. However, its role in host defense against CV-A10 has not been investigated. Herein, it was found that CV-A10 proliferated in HMC3 cells and promoted the release of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)-mediated pathways, including TLR3-TRIF-TRAF3-TBK1-NF-κB axis, RIG-I/MDA5-MAVS-TRAF3-TBK1-NF-κB axis and TLR7-MyD88-IRAK1/IRAK4-TRAF6-TAK1-NF-κB axis, were examined to be elevated under CV-A10 infection. Meanwhile, it was further uncovered that Hippo signaling pathway was inhibited in HMC3 cells with CV-A10 infection. Previous studies have been reported that there exist complex relations between innate immune and Hippo signaling pathway. Then, plasmids of knockdown and overexpression of MST1/2 were transfected into HMC3 cells. Our results showed that MST1/2 suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines via interacting with TBK1 and IRAK1, and also enhanced virus production via restricting IRF3 and IFN-β expressions. Overall, these data obviously pointed out that CV-A10 accelerated the formation of neuroinflammation by the effect of the Hippo pathway on the PRRs-mediated pathway, which delineates a negative immunoregulatory role for MST1/2 in CV-A10 infection and the potential for this pathway to be pharmacologically targeted to treat CV-A10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Minigmei Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yaming Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Baojiang Qian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China.
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
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Cedillo-Barrón L, García-Cordero J, Visoso-Carvajal G, León-Juárez M. Viroporins Manipulate Cellular Powerhouses and Modulate Innate Immunity. Viruses 2024; 16:345. [PMID: 38543711 PMCID: PMC10974846 DOI: 10.3390/v16030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have a wide repertoire of molecular strategies that focus on their replication or the facilitation of different stages of the viral cycle. One of these strategies is mediated by the activity of viroporins, which are multifunctional viral proteins that, upon oligomerization, exhibit ion channel properties with mild ion selectivity. Viroporins facilitate multiple processes, such as the regulation of immune response and inflammasome activation through the induction of pore formation in various cell organelle membranes to facilitate the escape of ions and the alteration of intracellular homeostasis. Viroporins target diverse membranes (such as the cellular membrane), endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Cumulative data regarding the importance of mitochondria function in multiple processes, such as cellular metabolism, energy production, calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and mitophagy, have been reported. The direct or indirect interaction of viroporins with mitochondria and how this interaction affects the functioning of mitochondrial cells in the innate immunity of host cells against viruses remains unclear. A better understanding of the viroporin-mitochondria interactions will provide insights into their role in affecting host immune signaling through the mitochondria. Thus, in this review, we mainly focus on descriptions of viroporins and studies that have provided insights into the role of viroporins in hijacked mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Cedillo-Barrón
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN) Av., IPN # 2508 Col., San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (G.V.-C.)
| | - Julio García-Cordero
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN) Av., IPN # 2508 Col., San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (G.V.-C.)
| | - Giovani Visoso-Carvajal
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV-IPN) Av., IPN # 2508 Col., San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (G.V.-C.)
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq, Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
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Lu W, Wang L, Xing J. Editorial: Antiviral innate immune sensing, regulation, and viral immune evasion. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1358542. [PMID: 38239347 PMCID: PMC10794728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1358542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Lu
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junji Xing
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
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Ji L, Li T, Chen H, Yang Y, Lu E, Liu J, Qiao W, Chen H. The crucial regulatory role of type I interferon in inflammatory diseases. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:230. [PMID: 38124132 PMCID: PMC10734085 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays crucial roles in the regulation of inflammation and it is associated with various inflammatory diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and periodontitis, impacting people's health and quality of life. It is well-established that IFN-Is affect immune responses and inflammatory factors by regulating some signaling. However, currently, there is no comprehensive overview of the crucial regulatory role of IFN-I in distinctive pathways as well as associated inflammatory diseases. This review aims to provide a narrative of the involvement of IFN-I in different signaling pathways, mainly mediating the related key factors with specific targets in the pathways and signaling cascades to influence the progression of inflammatory diseases. As such, we suggested that IFN-Is induce inflammatory regulation through the stimulation of certain factors in signaling pathways, which displays possible efficient treatment methods and provides a reference for the precise control of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ji
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianle Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqi Yang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Eryi Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qiao
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Level 3, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Level 3, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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Wang L, Xing J. Editorial: Community series in antiviral innate immune sensing, regulation, and viral immune evasion: volume II. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1341193. [PMID: 38106426 PMCID: PMC10722406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1341193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junji Xing
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
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Fakharian F, Thirugnanam S, Welsh DA, Kim WK, Rappaport J, Bittinger K, Rout N. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Loss of Intestinal Immune Cell Functions and Viral Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1849. [PMID: 37513022 PMCID: PMC10384393 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and immune function. However, dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbiome composition, can have profound effects on various aspects of human health, including susceptibility to viral infections. Despite numerous studies investigating the influence of viral infections on gut microbiome, the impact of gut dysbiosis on viral infection and pathogenesis remains relatively understudied. The clinical variability observed in SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza infections, and the presence of natural HIV suppressors, suggests that host-intrinsic factors, including the gut microbiome, may contribute to viral pathogenesis. The gut microbiome has been shown to influence the host immune system by regulating intestinal homeostasis through interactions with immune cells. This review aims to enhance our understanding of how viral infections perturb the gut microbiome and mucosal immune cells, affecting host susceptibility and response to viral infections. Specifically, we focus on exploring the interactions between gamma delta (γδ) T cells and gut microbes in the context of inflammatory viral pathogenesis and examine studies highlighting the role of the gut microbiome in viral disease outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss emerging evidence and potential future directions for microbiome modulation therapy in the context of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Fakharian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Siva Thirugnanam
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70806, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Namita Rout
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Zhao Q, Hao Y, Yang X, Mao J, Tian F, Gao Y, Tian X, Yan X, Qiu Y. Mitigation of maternal fecal microbiota transplantation on neurobehavioral deficits of offspring rats prenatally exposed to arsenic: Role of microbiota-gut-brain axis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131816. [PMID: 37307732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is established that gut microbiota dysbiosis is implicated in arsenic (As)-induced neurotoxic process, however, the underlying mode of action remains largely unclear. Here, through remodeling gut microbiota on As-intoxicated pregnancy rats using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from Control rats, neuronal loss and neurobehavioral deficits in offspring prenatally exposed to As were significantly alleviated after maternal FMT treatment. In prenatal As-challenged offspring after maternal FMT treatment, remarkably, suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines in tissues (colon, serum, and striatum) were observed along with reversed mRNA and protein expression of tight junction related molecules in intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB); Further, expression of serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88) and nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) in colonic and striatal tissues were repressed with activation of astrocytes and microglia inhibited. In particular, tightly correlated and enriched microbiomes were identified such as higher-expressed g_Prevotella, g_UCG_005, and lower-expressed p_Desulfobacterota, g_Eubacterium_xylanophilum_group. Collectively, our results first demonstrated that reconstruction of normal gut microbiota by maternal FMT treatment alleviated prenatal As-induced overall inflammatory state and impairments of intestinal barrier and BBB integrity by impeding LPS-mediated TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway through microbiota-gut-brain axis, which provides a novel therapeutic avenue for developmental arsenic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Daxing District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Mao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Fengjie Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Gao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Fu C, Cao N, Liu W, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Zhu W, Fan S. Crosstalk between mitophagy and innate immunity in viral infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1064045. [PMID: 36590405 PMCID: PMC9800879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1064045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles involved in cell metabolism and programmed cell death in eukaryotic cells and are closely related to the innate immunity of host cells against viruses. Mitophagy is a process in which phagosomes selectively phagocytize damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria to form autophagosomes and is degraded by lysosomes, which control mitochondrial mass and maintain mitochondrial dynamics and cellular homeostasis. Innate immunity is an important part of the immune system and plays a vital role in eliminating viruses. Viral infection causes many physiological and pathological alterations in host cells, including mitophagy and innate immune pathways. Accumulating evidence suggests that some virus promote self-replication through regulating mitophagy-mediated innate immunity. Clarifying the regulatory relationships among mitochondria, mitophagy, innate immunity, and viral infection will shed new insight for pathogenic mechanisms and antiviral strategies. This review systemically summarizes the activation pathways of mitophagy and the relationship between mitochondria and innate immune signaling pathways, and then discusses the mechanisms of viruses on mitophagy and innate immunity and how viruses promote self-replication by regulating mitophagy-mediated innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Fu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Cao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wenhui Zhu,
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Shuangqi Fan,
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Fang M, Zhang A, Du Y, Lu W, Wang J, Minze LJ, Cox TC, Li XC, Xing J, Zhang Z. TRIM18 is a critical regulator of viral myocarditis and organ inflammation. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:55. [PMID: 35909127 PMCID: PMC9339186 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by viruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 could cause organ inflammations such as myocarditis, pneumonia and encephalitis. Innate immunity to viral nucleic acids mediates antiviral immunity as well as inflammatory organ injury. However, the innate immune mechanisms that control viral induced organ inflammations are unclear. Methods To understand the role of the E3 ligase TRIM18 in controlling viral myocarditis and organ inflammation, wild-type and Trim18 knockout mice were infected with coxsackievirus B3 for inducing viral myocarditis, influenza A virus PR8 strain and human adenovirus for inducing viral pneumonia, and herpes simplex virus type I for inducing herpes simplex encephalitis. Mice survivals were monitored, and heart, lung and brain were harvested for histology and immunohistochemistry analysis. Real-time PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, luciferase assay, flow cytometry, over-expression and knockdown techniques were used to understand the molecular mechanisms of TRIM18 in regulating type I interferon (IFN) production after virus infection in this study. Results We find that knockdown or deletion of TRIM18 in human or mouse macrophages enhances production of type I IFN in response to double strand (ds) RNA and dsDNA or RNA and DNA virus infection. Importantly, deletion of TRIM18 protects mice from viral myocarditis, viral pneumonia, and herpes simplex encephalitis due to enhanced type I IFN production in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that TRIM18 recruits protein phosphatase 1A (PPM1A) to dephosphorylate TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which inactivates TBK1 to block TBK1 from interacting with its upstream adaptors, mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thereby dampening antiviral signaling during viral infections. Moreover, TRIM18 stabilizes PPM1A by inducing K63-linked ubiquitination of PPM1A. Conclusions Our results indicate that TRIM18 serves as a negative regulator of viral myocarditis, lung inflammation and brain damage by downregulating innate immune activation induced by both RNA and DNA viruses. Our data reveal that TRIM18 is a critical regulator of innate immunity in viral induced diseases, thereby identifying a potential therapeutic target for treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-022-00840-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Fang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Junying Wang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Laurie J Minze
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry & Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Xian Chang Li
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Junji Xing
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Surgery and Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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