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Netzer NC, Jaekel H, Popp R, Gostner JM, Decker M, Eisendle F, Turner R, Netzer P, Patzelt C, Steurer C, Cavalli M, Forstner F, Pramsohler S. Oxidative Stress Reaction to Hypobaric-Hyperoxic Civilian Flight Conditions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:481. [PMID: 38672497 PMCID: PMC11048003 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In military flight operations, during flights, fighter pilots constantly work under hyperoxic breathing conditions with supplemental oxygen in varying hypobaric environments. These conditions are suspected to cause oxidative stress to neuronal organ tissues. For civilian flight operations, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) also recommends supplemental oxygen for flying under hypobaric conditions equivalent to higher than 3048 m altitude, and has made it mandatory for conditions equivalent to more than 3657 m altitude. AIM We hypothesized that hypobaric-hyperoxic civilian commercial and private flight conditions with supplemental oxygen in a flight simulation in a hypobaric chamber at 2500 m and 4500 m equivalent altitude would cause significant oxidative stress in healthy individuals. METHODS Twelve healthy, COVID-19-vaccinated (third portion of vaccination 15 months before study onset) subjects (six male, six female, mean age 35.7 years) from a larger cohort were selected to perform a 3 h flight simulation in a hypobaric chamber with increasing supplemental oxygen levels (35%, 50%, 60%, and 100% fraction of inspired oxygen, FiO2, via venturi valve-equipped face mask), switching back and forth between simulated altitudes of 2500 m and 4500 m. Arterial blood pressure and oxygen saturation were constantly measured via radial catheter and blood samples for blood gases taken from the catheter at each altitude and oxygen level. Additional blood samples from the arterial catheter at baseline and 60% oxygen at both altitudes were centrifuged inside the chamber and the serum was frozen instantly at -21 °C for later analysis of the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde low-density lipoprotein (M-LDL) and glutathione-peroxidase 1 (GPX1) via the ELISA test. RESULTS Eleven subjects finished the study without adverse events. Whereas the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) levels increased in the mean with increasing oxygen levels from baseline 96.2 mm mercury (mmHg) to 160.9 mmHg at 2500 m altitude and 60% FiO2 and 113.2 mmHg at 4500 m altitude and 60% FiO2, there was no significant increase in both oxidative markers from baseline to 60% FiO2 at these simulated altitudes. Some individuals had a slight increase, whereas some showed no increase at all or even a slight decrease. A moderate correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.55) existed between subject age and glutathione peroxidase levels at 60% FiO2 at 4500 m altitude. CONCLUSION Supplemental oxygen of 60% FiO2 in a flight simulation, compared to flying in cabin pressure levels equivalent to 2500 m-4500 m altitude, does not lead to a significant increase or decrease in the oxidative stress markers M-LDL and GPX1 in the serum of arterial blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus C. Netzer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Noi Park Campus, Via Hypatia 2, 39100 Bozen, Italy; (F.E.); (R.T.)
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Medicine Research, Department Psychology and Sport Science, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.N.); (S.P.)
- Division Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department Internal Medicine, University Hospitals, 89070 Ulm, Germany
- Terra X Cube, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen, Italy; (C.P.); (C.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Heidelinde Jaekel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.J.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Roland Popp
- Sleep Medicine Work Group, Department Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospitals, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (H.J.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Michael Decker
- Institute for Aerospace Physiology, Department Physiology, Medical School, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA;
| | - Frederik Eisendle
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Noi Park Campus, Via Hypatia 2, 39100 Bozen, Italy; (F.E.); (R.T.)
| | - Rachel Turner
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Noi Park Campus, Via Hypatia 2, 39100 Bozen, Italy; (F.E.); (R.T.)
| | - Petra Netzer
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Medicine Research, Department Psychology and Sport Science, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.N.); (S.P.)
| | - Carsten Patzelt
- Terra X Cube, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen, Italy; (C.P.); (C.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Christian Steurer
- Terra X Cube, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen, Italy; (C.P.); (C.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Marco Cavalli
- Terra X Cube, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen, Italy; (C.P.); (C.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Florian Forstner
- Terra X Cube, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen, Italy; (C.P.); (C.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Stephan Pramsohler
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Medicine Research, Department Psychology and Sport Science, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.N.); (S.P.)
- Division Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department Internal Medicine, University Hospitals, 89070 Ulm, Germany
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Schuh AK, Sheybani B, Jortzik E, Niemann B, Wilhelm J, Boening A, Becker K. Redox status of patients before cardiac surgery. Redox Rep 2017; 23:83-93. [PMID: 29257712 PMCID: PMC6748699 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1418620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Redox regulation plays a crucial role in balancing the
cardiovascular system. In this prospective study we aimed to identify currently
unknown correlations valuable to cardiovascular research and patient
management. Methods: Blood samples from 500 patients were collected directly
before cardiosurgical interventions (Ethics Committee reference number 85/11).
Four central redox parameters were determined together with about 30 clinical,
anthropometric, and metabolic parameters. Results: Creatinine levels and pulmonary hypertension were
significant predictors of the total antioxidant status (TAOS) in the patients;
total glutathione levels were linked to C-peptide, and creatinine, gender, and
ventricular arrhythmia influenced nitrate/nitrite levels. Notably, significant
interactions were found between medication and redox parameters. Calcium channel
blockers (CCBs) were positive predictors of total glutathione levels, whereas
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and CCBs were negative predictors of
NOx levels. Age showed the highest correlation with the duration of the
intensive care stay, followed by NOx levels, creatinine, TAOS, and C-reactive
protein. Discussion: In this prospective study we determined multiple
correlations between redox markers and parameters linked to cardiovascular
diseases. The data point towards so far unknown interdependencies, particularly
between antihypertensive drugs and redox metabolism. A thorough follow-up to
these data has the potential to improve patient management. Abbreviations: A: absorption; ΔA: absorption difference; ABTS:
2,2′-azino-di(3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulfonate); ACE:
angiotensin-converting enzyme; AO: antioxidant; ARB: angiotensin receptor
blocker; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCB: calcium
channel blocker; CDC: coronary heart diseases; COPD: chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CVD: cardiovascular diseases;
Cu-OOH: cumene hydroperoxide; D: dilution factor; DAN: 2,3-diaminonaphtalene;
DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DTNB:
5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate); ϵ: extinction coefficient;
EDRF: endothelium-derived relaxing factor; fc: final concentration; GPx:
glutathione peroxidases; (h)GR: (human) glutathione reductase; GSH: (reduced)
glutathione; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; Hb:
hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Hk: hematocrit;
H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; ICS: intensive care stay;
LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MI: myocardial
infarction; NED: N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylendiamine-dihydrochloride;
NOS: nitric oxide synthase; NOx: nitrate/nitrite; NR: nitrate reductase; PBS:
phosphate buffered saline; PCA: principle component analysis; PH: pulmonary
hypertension; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RNS: reactive nitrogen species; RT:
room temperature (25°C); SA: sulfanilamide; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SSA:
sulfosalicylic acid; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TAOS: total antioxidant
status; TEAC: trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity; TG: triglycerides; tGSH:
total glutathione; TNB-: 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate; U: unit; UV: ultraviolet; VA:
volume activity; Wc: working concentration; WHR: waist-hip ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katharina Schuh
- a Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center , Justus Liebig University , Giessen , Germany
| | - Babak Sheybani
- b Clinic for Heart, Pediatric Heart and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , UKGM , Giessen , Germany
| | - Esther Jortzik
- a Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center , Justus Liebig University , Giessen , Germany
| | - Bernd Niemann
- b Clinic for Heart, Pediatric Heart and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , UKGM , Giessen , Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- c Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System , Justus Liebig University , Giessen , Germany
| | - Andreas Boening
- b Clinic for Heart, Pediatric Heart and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine , UKGM , Giessen , Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- a Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center , Justus Liebig University , Giessen , Germany
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Wiesmüller GA, Heinzow B, Aurbach U, Bergmann KC, Bufe A, Buzina W, Cornely OA, Engelhart S, Fischer G, Gabrio T, Heinz W, Herr CEW, Kleine-Tebbe J, Klimek L, Köberle M, Lichtnecker H, Lob-Corzilius T, Merget R, Mülleneisen N, Nowak D, Rabe U, Raulf M, Seidl HP, Steiß JO, Szewszyk R, Thomas P, Valtanen K, Hurraß J. Abridged version of the AWMF guideline for the medical clinical diagnostics of indoor mould exposure: S2K Guideline of the German Society of Hygiene, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Medicine (GHUP) in collaboration with the German Association of Allergists (AeDA), the German Society of Dermatology (DDG), the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the German Society for Occupational and Environmental Medicine (DGAUM), the German Society for Hospital Hygiene (DGKH), the German Society for Pneumology and Respiratory Medicine (DGP), the German Mycological Society (DMykG), the Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA), the German Federal Association of Pediatric Pneumology (BAPP), and the Austrian Society for Medical Mycology (ÖGMM). ALLERGO JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2017; 26:168-193. [PMID: 28804700 PMCID: PMC5533814 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-017-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This article is an abridged version of the AWMF mould guideline "Medical clinical diagnostics of indoor mould exposure" presented in April 2016 by the German Society of Hygiene, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Medicine (Gesellschaft für Hygiene, Umweltmedizin und Präventivmedizin, GHUP), in collaboration with the above-mentioned scientific medical societies, German and Austrian societies, medical associations and experts. Indoor mould growth is a potential health risk, even if a quantitative and/or causal relationship between the occurrence of individual mould species and health problems has yet to be established. Apart from allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and mould-caused mycoses, only sufficient evidence for an association between moisture/mould damage and the following health effects has been established: allergic respiratory disease, asthma (manifestation, progression and exacerbation), allergic rhinitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis), and increased likelihood of respiratory infections/bronchitis. In this context the sensitizing potential of moulds is obviously low compared to other environmental allergens. Recent studies show a comparatively low sensitizing prevalence of 3-10% in the general population across Europe. Limited or suspected evidence for an association exist with respect to mucous membrane irritation and atopic eczema (manifestation, progression and exacerbation). Inadequate or insufficient evidence for an association exist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage in children, rheumatism/arthritis, sarcoidosis and cancer. The risk of infection posed by moulds regularly occurring indoors is low for healthy persons; most species are in risk group 1 and a few in risk group 2 (Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus) of the German Biological Agents Act (Biostoffverordnung). Only moulds that are potentially able to form toxins can be triggers of toxic reactions. Whether or not toxin formation occurs in individual cases is determined by environmental and growth conditions, above all the substrate. In the case of indoor moisture/mould damage, everyone can be affected by odour effects and/or mood disorders. However, this is not a health hazard. Predisposing factors for odour effects can include genetic and hormonal influences, imprinting, context and adaptation effects. Predisposing factors for mood disorders may include environmental concerns, anxiety, condition, and attribution, as well as various diseases. Risk groups to be protected particularly with regard to an infection risk are persons on immunosuppression according to the classification of the German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, KRINKO) at the Robert Koch- Institute (RKI) and persons with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis); with regard to an allergic risk, persons with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) and patients with bronchial asthma should be protected. The rational diagnostics include the medical history, physical examination, and conventional allergy diagnostics including provocation tests if necessary; sometimes cellular test systems are indicated. In the case of mould infections the reader is referred to the AWMF guideline "Diagnosis and Therapy of Invasive Aspergillus Infections". With regard to mycotoxins, there are currently no useful and validated test procedures for clinical diagnostics. From a preventive medicine standpoint it is important that indoor mould infestation in relevant dimension cannot be tolerated for precautionary reasons. With regard to evaluating the extent of damage and selecting a remedial procedure, the reader is referred to the revised version of the mould guideline issued by the German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard A. Wiesmüller
- Institute for Occupational Medicine and Social Medicine, University Hospital, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Infection Control and Environmental Hygiene, Cologne Health Authority, Neumarkt 15–21, 50667 Cologne, Germany
| | - Birger Heinzow
- Formerly: Regional Social Security Authorities (LAsD) for Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Aurbach
- Department of Microbiology and Mycology, Dr. Wisplinghoff Laboratory, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Albrecht Bufe
- Experimental Pneumology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Walter Buzina
- Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver A. Cornely
- Department I for Internal Medicine and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffen Engelhart
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guido Fischer
- Baden-Württemberg Regional Health Authorities at the Regional Council Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Gabrio
- Formerly: Baden-Württemberg Regional Health Authorities at the Regional Council in Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Werner Heinz
- Medical Clinic and Outpatient Clinic II with Special Focus on Infectiology, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Caroline E. W. Herr
- Bavarian Office for Health and Food Safety, Munich, Germany
- Adj. Prof. “Hygiene and Environmental Medicine”, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ludger Klimek
- Wiesbaden Centre for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Martin Köberle
- Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology am Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Lichtnecker
- Medical Institute for Environmental and Occupational Medicine MIU GmbH, Erkrath, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Merget
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Rabe
- Centre for Allergology and Asthma, Johanniter Hospital im Fläming Treuenbrietzen GmbH, Treuenbrietzen, Germany
| | - Monika Raulf
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Seidl
- Formerly: Chair of Microbiology and Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology am Biederstein, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens-Oliver Steiß
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Gießen and Marburg GmbH, Gießen, Germany
- Specialist Practice for Allergology and Pediatric Pneumology, Fulda, Germany
| | - Regine Szewszyk
- FG (specialist field) II 1.4 Microbiological Risks, Federal Environmental Agency, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Thomas
- Department and Outpatient Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerttu Valtanen
- FG (specialist field) II 1.4 Microbiological Risks, Federal Environmental Agency, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Hurraß
- Department of Infection Control and Environmental Hygiene, Cologne Health Authority, Neumarkt 15–21, 50667 Cologne, Germany
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