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Baidya A, Basu AK, Bhattacharjee R, Biswas D, Biswas K, Chakraborty PP, Chatterjee P, Chowdhury S, Dasgupta R, Ghosh A, Ghosh S, Giri D, Goswami S, Maisnam I, Maiti A, Mondal S, Mukhopadhyay P, Mukhopadhyay S, Mukhopadhyay S, Pal SK, Pandit K, Ray S, Chowdhury BR, Raychaudhuri M, Raychaudhuri P, Roy A, Sahana PK, Sanyal D, Sanyal T, Saraogi RK, Sarkar D, Sengupta N, Singh AK, Sinha A. Diagnostic approach in 46, XY DSD: an endocrine society of bengal (ESB) consensus statement. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:4-18. [PMID: 36424806 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 46, XY difference/disorder of sex development (DSD) is a relatively uncommon group of heterogeneous disorders with varying degree of underandrogenization of male genitalia. Such patients should be approached systematically to reach an aetiological diagnosis. However, we lack, at present, a clinical practice guideline on diagnostic approach in 46, XY DSD from this part of the globe. Moreover, debate persists regarding the timing and cut-offs of different hormonal tests, performed in these cases. The consensus committee consisting of 34 highly experienced endocrinologists with interest and experience in managing DSD discussed and drafted a consensus statement on the diagnostic approach to 46, XY DSD focussing on relevant history, clinical examination, biochemical evaluation, imaging and genetic analysis. CONTENT The consensus was guided by systematic reviews of existing literature followed by discussion. An initial draft was prepared and distributed among the members. The members provided their scientific inputs, and all the relevant suggestions were incorporated. The final draft was approved by the committee members. SUMMARY The diagnostic approach in 46, XY DSD should be multidisciplinary although coordinated by an experienced endocrinologist. We recommend formal Karyotyping, even if Y chromosome material has been detected by other methods. Meticulous history taking and thorough head-to-toe examination should initially be performed with focus on external genitalia, including location of gonads. Decision regarding hormonal and other biochemical investigations should be made according to the age and interpreted according to age-appropriate norms Although LC-MS/MS is the preferred mode of steroid hormone measurements, immunoassays, which are widely available and less expensive, are acceptable alternatives. All patients with 46, XY DSD should undergo abdominopelvic ultrasonography by a trained radiologist. MRI of the abdomen and/or laparoscopy may be used to demonstrate the Mullerian structure and/or to localize the gonads. Genetic studies, which include copy number variation (CNV) or molecular testing of a candidate gene or next generation sequencing then should be ordered in a stepwise manner depending on the clinical, biochemical, hormonal, and radiological findings. OUTLOOK The members of the committee believe that patients with 46, XY DSD need to be approached systematically. The proposed diagnostic algorithm, provided in the consensus statement, is cost effective and when supplemented with appropriate genetic studies, may help to reach an aetiological diagnosis in majority of such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Baidya
- Department of Endocrinology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish Kumar Basu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rana Bhattacharjee
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibakar Biswas
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R/SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R/SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Ranen Dasgupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Amritava Ghosh
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R/SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Soumik Goswami
- Department of Endocrinology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Indira Maisnam
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R/SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Animesh Maiti
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sunetra Mondal
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R/SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradip Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R/SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Salil Kumar Pal
- Department of Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Kaushik Pandit
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R/SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Sayantan Ray
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bibek Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R/SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Pradip Raychaudhuri
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ajitesh Roy
- Department of Endocrinology, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Sahana
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, IPGME&R/SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Debmalya Sanyal
- Department of Endocrinology, KPC Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Trinanjan Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Malda Medical College & Hospital, Malda, India
| | | | - Dasarathi Sarkar
- Department of Endocrinology, G.D Hospital & Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Nilanjan Sengupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Anirban Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Genital Wound Repair and Scarring. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:medsci10020023. [PMID: 35466231 PMCID: PMC9036227 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound repair has been the central focus of clinicians and scientists for almost a century. Insights into acute and chronic wound healing as well as scarring have influenced and ameliorated wound treatment. Our knowledge of normal skin notwithstanding, little is known of acute and chronic wound repair of genital skin. In contrast to extra-genital skin, hypertrophic scarring is uncommon in genital tissue. Chronic wound healing disorders of the genitals are mostly confined to mucosal tissue diseases. This article will provide insights into the differences between extra-genital and genital skin with regard to anatomy, physiology and aberrant wound repair. In light of fundamental differences between genital and normal skin, it is recommended that reconstructive and esthetic surgery should exclusively be performed by specialists with profound expertise in genital wound repair.
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Gaydou L, Rossetti MF, Tschopp MV, Stoker C, Bosquiazzo VL, Ramos JG. Epigenetic regulation of steroidogenic enzymes expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 204:105767. [PMID: 33011313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormone synthesis occurs in various organs and tissues besides the gonads, such as adrenal glands, brain, intestines, skin, fat, bone, and cells of the immune system. Regarding the latter, it is still not clear which pathways are active, and if they are modified in case of illness of the immune system. Our goal in this study was to determine mRNA expression of different steroidogenic enzymes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy individuals of both sexes and of different ages, and then to compare their expression between healthy individuals and patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Furthermore, to elucidate possible mechanisms that regulate enzyme expression, we analyzed epigenetic events like promoter methylation. We determined that normal cells of the immune system, regardless of sex and age, expressed P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/c17,20-lyase (P45017α), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase (3β-HSD), steroid 5 α reductase (5α-R) types 1, 2 and 3, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) type 3, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) types 1, 3 and 5. We also established that 5α-R 1, 5α-R 3, 3α-HSD 3, 17β-HSD 1 and 17β-HSD 5 expression was altered in CLL patients, and that promoter regions of 5α-R 1, 17β-HSD 1 and 17β-HSD 5 were diferentially methylated. These results suggest that steroidogenic pathways may be affected in CLL cells, and this could be related to disease pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Estradiol/blood
- Female
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Progesterone/blood
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Testosterone/blood
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gaydou
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Ma Florencia Rossetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Ma Virginia Tschopp
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Cora Stoker
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Verónica L Bosquiazzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Jorge G Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral(ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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4
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Wu X, Pan X, Cao S, Xu F, Lan L, Zhang Y, Lian S, Yan M, Li A. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis provides insights into strong broodiness in Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) combined with metabolomics analysis. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103401. [PMID: 31152940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to the broodiness of the Muscovy duck, but the molecular mechanism of broodiness remains largely unknown. In this study, the ovary tissues of Muscovy ducks during the broody and laying periods were used to investigate differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by the iTRAQ-based proteomics approach. A total of 335 DEPs were identified, including 139 up-regulated and 196 down-regulated proteins. Six proteins (APOV1, GAL, SAA, GNB5, VLDLR and CDK1) with higher changes in expression were selected, and these proteins are mainly involved in the pathways related to reproductive performance, such as Oocyte meiosis, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Steroid biosynthesis was the most significantly enriched pathway by KEGG pathway enriched analysis. The qRT-PCR analysis was applied to verify the proteomic analysis. Meanwhile, metabolomics analysis found that several important differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) (7-dehydrodesmosterol, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3, 7-Dehydrocholesterol, Pregnanolone, Allopregnanolone and estrogen) that were also mainly involved in Steroid biosynthesis, Steroid hormone biosynthesis and Metabolic pathways. Crucially, the changes in the abundance of these metabolites are closely related to the changes in the protein abundance of proteins identified in the same pathway, and it is always the upstream key enzymes that influence the production of downstream metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Institutional addresses: College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Institutional addresses: College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, PR China
| | - Sumei Cao
- Institutional addresses: College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, PR China
| | - Faqiong Xu
- Institutional addresses: College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, PR China
| | - Liming Lan
- Institutional addresses: College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yingyan Zhang
- Institutional addresses: College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, PR China
| | - Senyang Lian
- Institutional addresses: College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, PR China
| | - Meijiao Yan
- Institutional addresses: College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- Institutional addresses: College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, PR China..
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5
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Lolli F, Pallotti F, Rossi A, Fortuna MC, Caro G, Lenzi A, Sansone A, Lombardo F. Androgenetic alopecia: a review. Endocrine 2017; 57:9-17. [PMID: 28349362 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgenetic alopecia, commonly known as male pattern baldness, is the most common type of progressive hair loss disorder in men. The aim of this paper is to review recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology and molecular mechanism of androgenetic alopecia. METHODS Using the PubMed database, we conducted a systematic review of the literature, selecting studies published from 1916 to 2016. RESULTS The occurrence and development of androgenetic alopecia depends on the interaction of endocrine factors and genetic predisposition. Androgenetic alopecia is characterized by progressive hair follicular miniaturization, caused by the actions of androgens on the epithelial cells of genetically susceptible hair follicles in androgen-dependent areas. Although the exact pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia remains to be clarified, research has shown that it is a polygenetic condition. Numerous studies have unequivocally identified two major genetic risk loci for androgenetic alopecia, on the X-chromosome AR⁄EDA2R locus and the chromosome 20p11 locus. CONCLUSIONS Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have reported that single-nucleotide polymorphisms at different genomic loci are associated with androgenetic alopecia development. A number of genes determine the predisposition for androgenetic alopecia in a polygenic fashion. However, further studies are needed before the specific genetic factors of this polygenic condition can be fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lolli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pallotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Fortuna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Caro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
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6
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Armeni AK, Vasileiou V, Georgopoulos NA. When genotype prevails: sexual female-to-male transformation in classical antiquity, recorded by Gaius Plinius Secundus and Phlegon. Hormones (Athens) 2014; 13:153-6. [PMID: 24722137 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cases of sexual reassignment in classical antiquity, namely a female-to-male gender change occurring after childhood, are described in the literature. Textual evidence concerning these cases of androgynism and their symbolism as well as a comprehensive scholar analysis is provided in the present study. Μedical interpretation of these cases covers the entire spectrum of differential diagnosis of heterosexual puberty in pseudohermaphrodites characterized by genital ambiguity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Armeni
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Vasileiou
- 1st Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Centre, "Alexandra" Hospital, Athens; Greece
| | - Neoklis A Georgopoulos
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
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Abstract
Sexual development in humans is only partly understood at the molecular level. It is dependent on genetic control primarily induced by the sex chromosomal differences between males and females. This leads to the development of the gonads, whereby afterwards the differentiation of the apparent phenotype is controlled by hormone action. Sex steroids may exert permanent and temporary effects. Their organizational features of inducing permanent changes in phenotype occur through genetic control of downstream genes. In this, androgens are the key elements for the differentiation of male internal and external genitalia as well as other sexual organs and general body composition, acting through a single androgen receptor. The androgen receptor is a nuclear transcription factor modulating DNA transcription of respective target genes and thereby driving development and growth in a stringent manner. The specificity of androgen action seems to be a strictly time-controlled process with the androgen receptor acting in concert with different metabolites and an array of cofactors modulating the cellular response and thereby permanently altering the phenotype of any given individual. For every cell programmed by androgens, a specific 'androgen response index' must be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Hiort
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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8
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Inui S, Itami S. Androgen actions on the human hair follicle: perspectives. Exp Dermatol 2012; 22:168-71. [PMID: 23016593 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Androgens stimulate beard growth but suppress hair growth in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). This condition is known as 'androgen paradox'. Human pilosebaceous units possess enough enzymes to form the active androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. In hair follicles, 5α-reductase type 1 and 2, androgen receptors (AR) and AR coactivators can regulate androgen sensitivity of dermal papillae (DP). To regulate hair growth, androgens stimulate production of IGF-1 as positive mediators from beard DP cells and of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, dickkopf1 and IL-6 as negative mediators from balding DP cells. In addition, androgens enhance inducible nitric oxide synthase from occipital DP cells and stem cell factor for positive regulation of hair growth in beard and negative regulation of balding DP cells. Moreover, AGA involves crosstalk between androgen and Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Finally, recent data on susceptibility genes have provided us with the impetus to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Inui
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Werner R, Kulle A, Sommerfeld I, Riepe F, Wudy S, Hartmann M, Merz H, Döhnert U, Bertelloni S, Holterhus PM, Hiort O. Testosterone Synthesis in Patients with 17ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 3 Deficiency. Sex Dev 2012; 6:161-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000336605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Silva TSE, Richetti F, Cunha DPPS, Amarante ACM, Leão JQDS, Longui CA. Absolute measurement of androgen receptor mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear, preputial skin and urethral mucosa cells of control individuals with phimosis using qRT-PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 55:665-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302011000800024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Androgen actions are exerted upon the androgen receptor (AR), and complete genital virilization of normal 46,XY individuals depends on adequate function and expression of the AR gene in a tissue-specific manner. OBJECTIVE: Standardization of normal ARmRNA in androgen-sensitive tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we determined the quantitative amounts of ARmRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear, urethral mucosa and preputial skin cells of control subjects with phimosis by using RT-PCR. RESULTS: The mean (SD) values of AR expression in blood, urethra and prepuce were: 0.01 (0.01); 0.43 (0.32); 0.31 (0.36), respectively. CONCLUSION: The AR expression is low in blood and equivalent in urethral mucosa and preputial skin, which may be useful in the diagnosis of individuals with abnormal external genitalia.
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Holterhus PM, Bebermeier JH, Werner R, Demeter J, Richter-Unruh A, Cario G, Appari M, Siebert R, Riepe F, Brooks JD, Hiort O. Disorders of sex development expose transcriptional autonomy of genetic sex and androgen-programmed hormonal sex in human blood leukocytes. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:292. [PMID: 19570224 PMCID: PMC2713997 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender appears to be determined by independent programs controlled by the sex-chromosomes and by androgen-dependent programming during embryonic development. To enable experimental dissection of these components in the human, we performed genome-wide profiling of the transcriptomes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in patients with rare defined "disorders of sex development" (DSD, e.g., 46, XY-females due to defective androgen biosynthesis) compared to normal 46, XY-males and 46, XX-females. RESULTS A discrete set of transcripts was directly correlated with XY or XX genotypes in all individuals independent of male or female phenotype of the external genitalia. However, a significantly larger gene set in the PBMC only reflected the degree of external genital masculinization independent of the sex chromosomes and independent of concurrent post-natal sex steroid hormone levels. Consequently, the architecture of the transcriptional PBMC-"sexes" was either male, female or even "intersex" with a discordant alignment of the DSD individuals' genetic and hormonal sex signatures. CONCLUSION A significant fraction of gene expression differences between males and females in the human appears to have its roots in early embryogenesis and is not only caused by sex chromosomes but also by long-term sex-specific hormonal programming due to presence or absence of androgen during the time of external genital masculinization. Genetic sex and the androgen milieu during embryonic development might therefore independently modulate functional traits, phenotype and diseases associated with male or female gender as well as with DSD conditions.
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Moeller G, Adamski J. Integrated view on 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:7-19. [PMID: 19027824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17beta-HSDs) are important enzymes in steroid metabolism. Long known members of the protein family seemed to be well characterised concerning their role in the regulation of the biological potency of steroid hormones, but today more and more evidence points to pivotal contributions of these enzymes in a variety of other metabolic pathways. Therefore, studies on 17beta-HSDs develop towards metabolomic survey. Latest research results give new insights into the complex metabolic interconnectivity of the 17beta-HSDs. In this paper metabolic activities of 17beta-HSDs will be compared, their interplay with endogenous substrates summarised, and interlacing pathways depicted. Strategies on deciphering the physiological role of 17beta-HSDs and the genetic predisposition for associated diseases will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Moeller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany.
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13
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Frye CA. Hormonal influences on seizures: basic neurobiology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 83:27-77. [PMID: 18929075 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
There are sex differences and effects of steroid hormones, such as androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, that influence seizures. Androgens exert early organizational and later activational effects that can amplify sex/gender differences in the expression of some seizure disorders. Female-typical sex steroids, such as estrogen (E2) and progestins, can exert acute activational effects to reduce convulsive seizures and these effects are mediated in part by the actions of steroids in the hippocampus. Some of these anticonvulsive effects of sex steroids are related to their formation of ligands which have agonist-like actions at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors or antagonist actions at glutamatergic receptors. Differences in stress, developmental phase, reproductive status, endocrine status, and treatments, such as anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), may alter levels of these ligands and/or the function of target sites, which may mitigate differences in sensitivity to, and/or tolerance of, steroids among some individuals. The evidence implicating sex steroids in differences associated with hormonal, reproductive, developmental, stress, seizure type, and/or therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-State University of New York, New York 12222, USA
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Faienza MF, Giordani L, Delvecchio M, Cavallo L. Clinical, endocrine, and molecular findings in 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:85-91. [PMID: 18296911 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17betaHSD) gene family comprises different enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of active steroid hormones. The 17betaHSD type 3 (17betaHSD3) isoenzyme catalyzes the reductive conversion of the inactive C19-steroid, Delta4-androstenedione (Delta4- A), into the biologically active androgen, testosterone (T), in the Leydig cells of the testis. It is encoded by the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (HSD17B3) gene, which maps to chromosome 9q22. Mutations in the HSD17B3 gene are associated with a rare form of 46,XY disorder of sex development referred to as 17betaHSD3 deficiency (or as 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency), due to impaired testicular conversion of Delta4-A into T. 46,XY patients with 17betaHSD3 deficiency are usually classified as female at birth, raised as such, but develop secondary male features at puberty. Diagnosis, and consequently early treatment, is difficult because clinical signs from birth until puberty may be mild or absent. Biochemical diagnosis of 17betaHSD3 deficiency requires measurement of serum T/Delta4-A ratio after hCG stimulation test in pre-pubertal subjects, while baseline values seem to be informative in early infancy and adolescence. However, low basal T/Delta4-A ratio is not specific for 17betaHSD3 deficiency, being sometimes also found in patients with other defects in T synthesis or with Leydig cells hypoplasia. Mutational analysis of the 17HSDB3 gene is useful in confirming the clinical diagnosis of 17betaHSD3 deficiency. This review describes clinical findings, diagnosis, and molecular basis of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Faienza
- Department of Biomedicine of Development Age, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Störungen der Geschlechtsentwicklung. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2007; 50:1569-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-007-0393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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