Interventionen bei malignen Gallenwegstenosen

Leber und Gallenwege

Patienten mit einer akuten Gallenblasenkolik müssen im Verlauf mit erneuten Beschwerden oder Komplikationen rechnen (siehe Übersicht). Sie sollten daher so bald wie möglich einer Cholezystektomie zugeführt werden, weil sich dadurch die Morbidität während der Wartezeit für eine elektive Cholezystektomie und wiederholte notfallmäßige Vorstellungen in der Notaufnahme vermeiden lassen. Die frühe laparoskopische Cholezystektomie scheint dabei mit einer niedrigeren Konversionsrate, einer kürzeren Operationszeit und einem kürzeren Krankenhausaufenthalt einherzugehen (Duncan u. Riall 2013).

Clinical Impact of Percutaneous Transhepatic Insertion of Metal Biliary Endoprostheses for Palliation of Jaundice and Facilitation of Chemotherapy

OBJECTIVE

To describe the technique and report on the clinical benefit of percutaneous transhepatic metal biliary endoprosthesis (TMBE) placement for the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction (MBO).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a retrospective single-center case series of 31 TMBE placements between October 2007 and October 2011 in 29 patients with inoperable MBO who failed endoscopic drainage and were not candidates for surgical resection. The mean age was 66.4 years. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance scores were ≤2 in all patients. Data on procedural success, clinical and radiologic markers of stent patency, procedure-related complications, return to medically treatable status, benefit from chemotherapy, and survival were recorded.

RESULTS

All TMBE procedures were successful with no major procedure-related complications, and all patients improved clinically. Mean preprocedural and postprocedural bilirubin concentrations were 228.9±138.4 and 39.9.0±33.6 μmol/L, respectively (P<0.0001). Mean overall survival and occlusion-free survival were 9.355±2.425 months (95% confidence interval [4.60-14.12]) and 4.678±0.720 months (95% confidence interval [3.27-6.09]), respectively. Chemotherapy was initiated or reinstated in 16 patients (55%), 7 of whom (44%) demonstrated stable disease or partial response. Three patients were lost to follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

TMBE provides acceptable palliation for patients with inoperable MBO who have failed endoscopic drainage. Stents appear to remain patent for the remainder of the patient's life in most cases and may facilitate the first induction or reinstatement of chemotherapy with further clinical response in some patients.

Comparing percutaneous primary and secondary biliary stenting for malignant biliary obstruction: A retrospective clinical analysis

Purpose:

Percutaneous transhepatic primary biliary stenting (PS) is an alternative to the widely used staged procedure (secondary biliary stenting, SS) for treating obstructive jaundice in cancer patients. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PS and SS, a retrospective analysis was carried out.

Materials and Methods:

The percutaneous biliary stenting procedures performed between January 2000 and December 2007 at one hepatobiliary center were retrospectively analyzed, comparing the technical success rates, complications, and length of hospitalization of the two procedures. Of 61 patients (mean age 65.5 ± 13.1 years; range 31.1-92.7 years) suffering from obstructive jaundice caused by primary or metastatic tumors, 30 received PS and 31 received SS. The groups were comparable in the anatomical level of the obstruction, stent configuration, or the concurrent presence of cholangitis. Placement of metallic stents required one session for patients in the PS group and an average of 2.6 ± 1.1 sessions for patients in the SS group.

Results:

The overall technical success rate was 98.4% with 1 (1/61) failed approach to transcend the occlusion in the SS group. The rate of minor complications was 10% in the PS group and 6.5% in the SS group. The corresponding rates of major complications were 23.3% and 54.8%, respectively. SS patients had a higher rate of complications in general (P < 0.05), as well as a higher rate of severe complications in particular (P < 0.05). Procedural mortality was 0% for both the groups. The mean overall length of hospitalization was 7.7 ± 9.6 days for PS and 20.6 ± 19.6 days for SS (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Primary percutaneous biliary stenting of malignant biliary obstructions is as efficacious and safer than a staged procedure with secondary stenting. By virtue of requiring shorter hospital stays, primary stenting is likely to be more cost-effective.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy with preoperative obstructive jaundice: drainage or not

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we determined whether preoperative biliary drainage should be routinely performed in patients with jaundice.

METHODS

The 342 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy between June 2004 and June 2008 were analyzed. Of these patients, 303 without biliary drainage were divided into 4 groups: (1) no jaundice, (2) mild jaundice, (3) moderate jaundice, and (4) severe jaundice. Multiple preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were examined. Postoperative complications were stratified by severity according to the modified Clavien classification.

RESULTS

Patients with jaundice had a higher incidence in subsequent complications than those with no jaundice. The complications were stratified by severity. Compared with those in group 1, patients in groups 2, 3, and 4 had more complications just in grade 2 (15.6%, 23.1%, 28.3%, and 40.0%, respectively, P = 0.046), but not other more severe grades including 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, and 5; all of the complications in this grade could be conservatively treated and cured without requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention. The incidences of infection and overall complications were higher in patients with drainage than those without, but neither difference was statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative drainage should not routinely be performed in patients with jaundice scheduled for pancreaticoduodenectomy, and immediate surgery is preferable.