[Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography using gadolinium-EOB-DTPA. Preliminary experience and clinical applications]

Radiomic analysis using T1 mapping in gadoxetic acid disodium-enhanced MRI for liver function assessment

OBJECTIVES

To explore the value of a T1 mapping-based radiomic model for evaluating liver function.

METHODS

From September 2020 to October 2022, 163 patients were retrospectively recruited and categorized into normal liver function group, chronic liver disease group without cirrhosis, Child‒Pugh class A group, and Child‒Pugh class B and C group. Patients were randomly split into training and testing sets. Radiomic features were extracted from T1 mapping images taken both pre- and post-contrast injection, as well as during the hepatobiliary phase (HBP). Radiomic models were constructed to stratify chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis. Model performance was assessed with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and decision curve analysis.

RESULTS

The K-Nearest Neighbors model demonstrated the best generalization across native T1 map, HBP T1 maps and HBP images. In the training set, based on native T1 maps, it achieved accuracies of 0.83, 0.86, and 0.86 in distinguishing chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and decompensated cirrhosis, with corresponding AUCs of 0.92, 0.92, and 0.95. In the testing set, the accuracies were 0.75, 0.89, and 0.71, with AUCs of 0.79, 0.92, and 0.83, respectively. When using HBP images with T1 maps, the accuracies were 0.72, 0.90, and 0.72 in the testing set in identifying chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and decompensated cirrhosis with AUCs of 0.82, 0.93, and 0.79, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Radiomic analysis based on native T1 map, and HBP with or without T1 map images shows promising potential for liver function assessment, particularly in distinguishing cirrhosis.

Role of Contrast in MR Imaging

Magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents have been widely used over the last 3 decades in routine clinical practice. Paul Lauterbur recognized the presence of these contrast agents, which act as paramagnetic catalysts that accelerate the T1 relaxation process. The first MR contrast agent to be approved for clinical use was in 1988, and since then, it is estimated that 200 million doses have been administered worldwide. These contrast agents have diverse clinical as well as research applications, involving almost all the body organs. This review will cover some existing as well as many new applications that have emerged over the last few decades. MR imaging now has the potential of being used to monitor enzymatic activity, gene expression, metal ion homeostasis, and cell death in vivo. In future, newer contrast agents will develop and become commercially available, expanding the current clinical applications of MR contrast media.

The Impact of Gd-Eob-Dtpa-Enhanced MR Cholangiography in Biliary Diseases: Comparison with T2-Weighted MR Cholangiopancreatography

BACKGROUND

Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography is a novel technique and promising method in demonstrating biliary tree anatomy and evaluating biliary disorders. However, to date, there are a limited number of studies that have focused on the impact of this technique.

AIMS

We aimed to evaluate the additional role of contrast enhanced MR cholangiography (MRC) and compare contrast enhanced MRC with T2-weighted (w) magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in the diagnosis of biliary disorders.

STUDY DESIGN

Diagnostic accuracy study.

METHODS

The T2w-MRCP and contrast enhanced MRC sequences of 31 patients whose gold standard test results were available were scored visually for the existence of pathological findings with regard to any of the biliary diseases. Gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) was used as the contrast agent. The correlation values were determined according to the statistical analysis made from those scores and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of each sequence were detected as well.

RESULTS

We detected that the correlation values with gold standard methods of contrast enhanced MRC sequences were significantly higher than the ones of T2w-MRCP sequences. The correlation ratios of T2w-MRCP sequences were between 26 and 34%, while those for contrast enhanced MRC sequences were between 81 and 83% for the first reader and the correlation ratios of T2w-MRCP sequences were between 10 and 61%, whereas those of contrast enhanced MRC were between 79 and 81% for the second reader The mean sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of T2w-MRCP sequences were 14.3-42.5%, 85-89.2% and 59.3-72.5%, respectively, while the mean sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of contrast enhanced MRC sequences were 100%, 86.7% and 93.2-93.3%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

We suggest that obtaining of contrast enhanced MRC sequences in addition to the T2w-MRCP can be useful in the diagnosis of many diseases in relation with biliary tree.

Functional magnetic resonance cholangiography with Gd-EOB-DTPA: a study in healthy volunteers

PURPOSE

To describe the patterns of bile distribution in the biliary tree, duodenum, jejunum, and stomach, and to determine the gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) by using functional magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) with gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) in healthy volunteers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty subjects were included in this study. After conventional MRC, pre-fatty meal MRC (PRFM) was obtained at 30, 40, 50, and 60min after contrast agent injection. Then, post-fatty meal MRC (POFM) was obtained every 10min for 1h. We assessed the PRFM and POFM for opacification of contrast agent in the first- and second-order intrahepatic ducts (IHDs) and the common bile duct (CBD). Contrast agent opacification in the cystic duct was assessed, and the percentage volume of contrast agent filling in the gallbladder (GB) was calculated on PRFM. We calculated the GBEF and assessed the presence of contrast agent in the GB, duodenum, jejunum, and stomach.

RESULTS

Thirty-six (90%) subjects showed grade 3 CBD opacification (visible contrast and well-defined bile duct border) on 60-min PRFM. Thirty-four (85%) subjects showed grade 3 first-order IHD opacification on 60-min PRFM. All (100%) subjects showed cystic duct opacification of contrast agent, and the average percentage volume of contrast agent filling in the GB was 68.81%±16.84% on 60-min PRFM. The GBEF at 30-min POFM was 35.00%±18.26%. Ten (25%) subjects had no contrast agent in the stomach and small bowel on all PRFMs. Twelve (30%) subjects had contrast medium in the stomach on PRFM and/or POFM.

CONCLUSIONS

Functional MRC with Gd-EOB-DTPA can allow determining the distribution of bile in the biliary tree and small intestine, as well as the GBEF.

Non-invasive detection of biliary leaks using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR cholangiography: comparison with T2-weighted MR cholangiography

Objective

To evaluate the added role of T1-weighted (T1w) gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) compared with T2-weighted MRC (T2w-MRC) in the detection of biliary leaks.

Methods

Ninety-nine patients with suspected biliary complications underwent routine T2w-MRC and T1w contrast-enhanced (CE) MRC using Gd-EOB-DTPA to identify biliary leaks. Two observers reviewed the image sets separately and together. MRC findings were compared with those of surgery and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopancreatography. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the techniques in identifying biliary leaks were calculated.

Results

Accuracy of locating biliary leaks was superior with the combination of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC and T2w-MRC (P < 0.05).The mean sensitivities were 79 % vs 59 %, and the mean accuracy rates were 84 % vs 58 % for combined CE-MRC and T2w-MRC vs sole T2w-MRC. Nineteen out of 21 patients with biliary-cyst communication, 90.4 %, and 12/15 patients with post-traumatic biliary extravasations, 80 %, were detected by the combination of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC and T2w-MRC images, P < 0.05.

Conclusions

Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC yields information that complements T2w-MRC findings and improves the identification and localisation of the bile extravasations (84 % accuracy, 100 % specificity, P < 0.05). We recommend Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC in addition to T2w-MRC to increase the preoperative accuracy of identifying and locating extravasations of bile.

Key Points

• Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) does not always detect bile leakage and cysto-biliary communications.

• Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC helps by demonstrating extravasation of contrast material into fluid collections.

• Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC also demonstrates the leakage site and bile duct injury type.

• Combined Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced and T2w-MRC can provide comprehensive information about biliary system.

• Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRC is non-invasive and does not use ionising radiation.

MRI for evaluation of potential living liver donors: a new approach including contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography

OBJECTIVES

To assess the feasibility of a comprehensive MRI protocol using intrabiliary contrast medium (gadolinium-EOB-DTPA) for evaluation of living liver donors.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this prospective study, 30 donor candidates for living-related liver transplantation (17 men; 13 women, mean age 37 ± 10.9 years) underwent MRI including MR-angiography (MRA) as well as a conventional T2-weighted MR-cholangiography (MRC) and a contrast-enhanced sequence for depiction of the biliary structures. MRC and MRA images were evaluated for quality on a four-point-scale (score of 0 indicated poor and a score of 3, excellent image quality). Anatomic variants of the arterial, venous, portal venous, and biliary structures were identified.

RESULTS

Image quality was diagnostic in all examinations except for 4 of 30 MRA data sets. Intrahepatic biliary structures, especially with regard to the intrahepatic bile ducts of 2nd and 3rd order could be identified with significantly increased image quality than in conventional T2-weighted MRC sequences (P = 0.005 and P = 0.035). A high percentage rate of anatomic variants regarding the biliary, arterial, venous, and portal venous anatomy was found.

CONCLUSION

This protocol allows the evaluation of liver donors especially with regard to the biliary structures. However, the depiction of the arterial anatomy requires further technical developments.

[New developments in MRI of the liver]

Radiology has gained an exceptional position in medicine because a correct diagnosis is the most crucial issue in determining an accurate and personalized therapeutic strategy. This has a direct influence not only on the individual patient but also on the socio-economic aspects of healthcare services in terms of shortening the time interval to establish a diagnosis and to avoid risk-associated invasive diagnostic methods or long-term, cost-intensive follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent example of this which due to continuous technological developments and emerging techniques allows a non-invasive diagnosis of the different hepatic diseases. In this article, we illustrate the direct correlation between the recent technical advances in MRI, such as 3.0 T, diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion imaging, spectroscopy, texture analysis and MR elastography and obtaining a confident non-invasive diagnosis of focal and diffuse liver diseases.

Contrast-enhanced MR cholangiography (MRCP) with GD-EOB-DTPA in evaluating biliary complications after surgery

PURPOSE

We assessed the usefulness of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography (CE-MRC) with liver-specific contrast agent in evaluating the biliary tree after hepatic surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 142 patients with suspected biliary complications after liver surgery underwent hepatobiliary MR before and after administration of gadolinium ethoxy benzylic diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA). Unenhanced MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and postcontrast MRC were obtained in all patients. Blinded image evaluation and semiquantitative analysis comparing MRCP and CE-MRC were performed by two experienced radiologists.

RESULTS

In all cases, optimal postcontrast visualisation of the biliary tract was obtained. In 22 patients, a postsurgical biliary complication was confirmed. MRCP detected 64% of lesions, but in 36% of cases, an alteration was only suspected but not clearly defined. CE-MRC allowed definite diagnosis in 100% of cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents allow for accurate and extensive study of biliary tract alterations, especially in assessing postsurgical complications.

Role of magnetic resonance cholangiography in biliary complications of orthotopic liver transplantation

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in the detection of biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventy-eight transplant patients with clinically suspected biliary complications were evaluated with 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a surface coil. All patients were imaged with the following sequences: axial T1-weighted and axial and coronal T2-weighted, 2D spin echo (SE) breath-hold radial cholangiography, and coronal 3D single-shot turbo spin echo (SS-TSE) with respiratory triggering. Patients with negative MRI underwent clinical and sonographic followup. When biliary complications were present, diagnostic confirmation was obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n=13), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) (n=20), ultrasonography (n=10) or computed tomography (CT) (n=2). In 11 cases, surgical confirmation was also obtained.

RESULTS

MRC detected biliary complications in 44/78 patients, in particular, 42 biliary strictures (37 anastomotic and five intrahepatic), 40 of which were confirmed by other imaging modalities. In 25/37 cases of anastomotic stricture, preanastomotic dilatation of the biliary tract was also demonstrated. Other MRC-detected biliary complications were biliary sludge (n=4), biloma (n=5), and biliary stones (n=3). In four cases, PTC revealed biliary complications that had not been detected with MRC (false negative results). In two cases, MRC showed unconfirmed strictures of the intrahepatic ducts and biliodigestive anastomosis (false positive results). The sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values and diagnostic accuracy of MRC were 93.5%, 94.4%, 96.7%, 89.5% and 93.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results confirm that MRC is a reliable technique for depicting biliary anastomoses and detecting biliary complications after OLT. The high diagnostic accuracy of MRC indicates that this examination should be routinely employed in all OLT patients with clinically suspected biliary complications.

Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI of the liver: part 1, protocol optimization and lesion appearance in the noncirrhotic liver

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this article is to review the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA), to describe a workflow-optimized pulse sequence protocol, and to illustrate the imaging appearance of focal lesions in the noncirrhotic liver.

CONCLUSION

Gd-EOB-DTPA allows a comprehensive evaluation of the liver with the acquisition of both dynamic and hepatocyte phase images. This provides potential additional information, especially for the detection and characterization of small liver lesions. However, protocol optimization is necessary for improved image quality and workflow.

Hepatobiliary transit times of gadoxetate disodium (Primovist®) for protocol optimization of comprehensive MR imaging of the biliary system--what is normal?

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to determine transit times for excretion of Gd-EOB-DTPA into different segments of the hepatobiliary system in patients with normal liver function.

METHODS

This retrospective study was IRB approved with a waiver of consent granted. 61 patients (39 female, 22 male, mean age 52.5 years) with normal liver and renal function who underwent contrast enhanced hepatic MRI after injection of 10 mL Gd-EOB-DTPA at 1.5T and 3T were included. Two readers evaluated all delayed images (3-20 min post contrast) for the presence of contrast agent in the intrahepatic bile ducts (IBD), the common bile duct (CBD), the gallbladder and the duodenum. A two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test with p<0.05 deemed significant was used to determine whether transit times were affected by patient gender, age or body mass index.

RESULTS

20 min after contrast initiation, Gd-EOB-DTPA could be detected in the IBD and the CBD in all patients (100%); gallbladder reflux was visible in 53 (86.9%), duodenal excretion in 40 patients (65.5%), respectively. Mean transit times for contrast appearance in the various segments were as follows: IBD 12 min 13s; CBD 12 min 27 s; gallbladder 13 min 32s. Transit times were not significantly affected by patient gender, age or BMI.

CONCLUSION

Within 20 min post contrast initiation, Gd-EOB-DTPA can be expected in the IBD and the CBD in patients with normal liver function. However, functional information about the sphincter Oddi complex can be ascertained only in about two thirds of these patients within this timeframe.

[Examination of the means of measuring liver function in the hepatobiliary phase]

In a field of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver, attention has been focused on evaluation of liver function using gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(EOB). In this study, we examined the possibility of obtaining liver function in only one hepatobiliary phase 60 minutes after injection. First, in regard to the difference between the signal intensity of two materials, we examined the effects of slice gap, surface coil intensity correction(SCIC), and others. Secondly, we compared the difference between liver and spleen signal intensity with biochemical laboratory tests, Child-Pugh class, liver damage class, and the two indices(HH(15) and LHL(15))calculated by 99mTc-DTPA-galactosyl-human serum albumin hepatic scintigraphy in patients with chronic liver diseases. Finally, we designated the "Liver EOB uptake index(L-EOB(60))" from those results, compared with HH(15) and LHL(15). The results demonstrated that the difference between the signal intensity of two materials increased in the lack of slice gap explained by cross talk, and decreased with SCIC. The difference between liver and spleen signal intensity decreased with worsened liver and kidney function. In the case of slice gap >20% and direct bilirubin <0.5 mg/dL without SCIC, the correlation coefficient between L-EOB(60) and LHL(15) was 0.97. L-EOB(60) was strongly proportional to LHL(15). We conclude that L-EOB(60) meeting the above conditions can be employed as a useful index to determine liver function.

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: current use and future applications

Magnetic resonance pancreatography (MRCP) is now established as a robust noninvasive tool for the evaluation of biliary and pancreatic pathology. Its diagnostic performance is comparable with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography without the associated risks. This article aims to familiarize the reader with the technique, clinical indications, and limitations of the investigation. Common pitfalls in interpretation also are addressed. Emerging applications and techniques are discussed that include recent advances in technology and the development of functional imaging.