[Urethral condyloma in a patient with neurogenic bladder dysfunction: a therapeutic challenge]

[Proven and new methods in the treatment of genital warts]

Anogenital warts are the most common clinical manifestation of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Although easy to recognize, asymptomatic anogenital warts (condylomata acuminata) may be overlooked, leading to unaware transmission to the sexual partner. On the other hand awareness of this sexually transmitted disease (STD) is largely associated with a great psychological and social burden, in men as well as women. Spontaneous regression of genital warts has been observed mostly within 2-5 years; however, persisting condylomata may prove refractory to all current treatment options. Because removal of the warts does not totally eliminate the underlying viral infection, treatment of genital warts can often be of long duration, of varying effectiveness and with high recurrence rates. Without a doubt only the patient's own immune system is capable of clearing HPV infections. Therefore, the solution to one of mankind's oldest health problems will depend on the future acceptability of HPV vaccines.

[HPV in urology. Basic principles and controversies]

The information presented in this article summarizes some of the basic knowledge on human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and the consequences particularly in men. According to current understanding most HPV infections are latent and transient in immunocompetent patients but some will persist. Predominantly due to the different oncogenic potential of various HPV types, persisting infections can give rise to benign or malignant neoplasms in both genders. Current controversies, such as the need for HPV testing in men or routine male HPV vaccination will be discussed. High-risk male populations, e.g. men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV positive men, merit special attention from urologists in the future. The groups of HIV positive MSMs are at an extremely high risk of developing anal cancer that currently even exceeds the highest reported incidence of cervical cancer.