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Farooq Z, Ali A, Wang H, Mola Bakhsh MZ, Li S, Liu Y, Wu S, Almakas A, Yang S, Bin Y. An overview of cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassica napus. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2025; 52:FP24337. [PMID: 40310995 DOI: 10.1071/fp24337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/03/2025]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus ) is one of the world's most important oilseed crops, supplying humans with oil products, nutritious feed for livestock, and natural resources for industrial applications. Due to immense population pressure, more seed production is needed for human consumption due to its high quality of food products. As a vital genetic resource, male sterility provides ease in hybrid seed production and heterosis breeding. Better utilization of male sterility requires understanding its mechanisms, mode of action, and genes involved to be characterized in detail. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been reported in many plant species and is a maternally inherited trait that restricts viable pollen development and production. The mitochondrial genome is involved in the induction of male sterility, while the nuclear genome plays its role in the restoration. Presently, rapeseed has more than 10 CMS systems. Pol-CMS and Shaan2A are autoplasmic resources that arose via natural mutation, while Nap-CMS and Nsa-CMS are alloplasmic and were created by intergeneric hybridisation. In this review, we discuss the types of male sterility systems in rapeseed and provide comprehensive information on CMS in rapeseed with a particular focus and emphasis the types of CMS in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Farooq
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; and Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmad Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan Mola Bakhsh
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aisha Almakas
- Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shouping Yang
- Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Bin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Romero-Muñoz M, Pérez-Jiménez M. Optimizing Brassica oleracea L. Breeding Through Somatic Hybridization Using Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) Lines: From Protoplast Isolation to Plantlet Regeneration. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:3247. [PMID: 39599456 PMCID: PMC11598112 DOI: 10.3390/plants13223247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
The Brassica oleracea L. species embrace important horticultural crops, such as broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage, which are highly valued for their beneficial nutritional effects. However, the complexity of flower emasculation in these species has forced breeders to adopt biotechnological approaches such as somatic hybridization to ease hybrid seed production. Protoplasts entail a versatile tool in plant biotechnology, supporting breeding strategies that involve genome editing and hybridization. This review discusses the use of somatic hybridization in B. oleracea L. as a biotechnological method for developing fusion products with desirable agronomic traits, particularly cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) condition. These CMS lines are critical for implementing a cost-effective, efficient, and reliable system for producing F1 hybrids. We present recent studies on CMS systems in B. oleracea L. crops, providing an overview of established models that explain the mechanisms of CMS and fertility restoration. Additionally, we emphasize key insights gained from protoplast fusion applied to B. oleracea L. breeding. Key steps including pre-treatments of donor plants, the main tissues used as sources of parental protoplasts, methods for obtaining somatic hybrids and cybrids, and the importance of establishing a reliable plant regeneration method are discussed. Finally, the review explores the incorporation of genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, to introduce multiple agronomic traits in Brassica species. This combination of advanced biotechnological tools holds significant promise for enhancing B. oleracea breeding programs in the actual climate change context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Romero-Muñoz
- Department of Biotechnology, Genomic and Plant Breeding, Institute for Agroenvironmental Research and Development of Murcia (IMIDA), c/Mayor s/n, E-30150 Murcia, Spain;
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Gu J, Guan Z, Jiao Y, Liu K, Hong D. The story of a decade: Genomics, functional genomics, and molecular breeding in Brassica napus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100884. [PMID: 38494786 PMCID: PMC11009362 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the major global sources of edible vegetable oil and is also used as a feed and pioneer crop and for sightseeing and industrial purposes. Improvements in genome sequencing and molecular marker technology have fueled a boom in functional genomic studies of major agronomic characters such as yield, quality, flowering time, and stress resistance. Moreover, introgression and pyramiding of key functional genes have greatly accelerated the genetic improvement of important traits. Here we summarize recent progress in rapeseed genomics and genetics, and we discuss effective molecular breeding strategies by exploring these findings in rapeseed. These insights will extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits and facilitate the breeding process, ultimately contributing to more sustainable agriculture throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432100 Hubei, China
| | - Zhilin Guan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Yushun Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Kede Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Dengfeng Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572024 Hainan, China.
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Gautam R, Shukla P, Kirti PB. Male sterility in plants: an overview of advancements from natural CMS to genetically manipulated systems for hybrid seed production. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:195. [PMID: 37606708 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The male sterility system in plants has traditionally been utilized for hybrid seed production. In last three decades, genetic manipulation for male sterility has revolutionized this area of research related to hybrid seed production technology. Here, we have surveyed some of the natural cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems that existed/ were developed in different crop plants for developing male sterility-fertility restoration systems used in hybrid seed production and highlighted some of the recent biotechnological advancements in the development of genetically engineered systems that occurred in this area. We have indicated the possible future directions toward the development of engineered male sterility systems. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an important trait that is naturally prevalent in many plant species, which has been used in the development of hybrid varieties. This is associated with the use of appropriate genes for fertility restoration provided by the restorer line that restores fertility on the corresponding CMS line. The development of hybrids based on a CMS system has been demonstrated in several different crops. However, there are examples of species, which do not have usable cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration systems (Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility Systems-CGMS) for hybrid variety development. In such plants, it is necessary to develop usable male sterile lines through genetic engineering with the use of heterologous expression of suitable genes that control the development of male gametophyte and fertile male gamete formation. They can also be developed through gene editing using the recently developed CRISPR-Cas technology to knock out suitable genes that are responsible for the development of male gametes. The present review aims at providing an insight into the development of various technologies for successful production of hybrid varieties and is intended to provide only essential information on male sterility systems starting from naturally occurring ones to the genetically engineered systems obtained through different means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Gautam
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208024, India
| | - Pawan Shukla
- Seri-Biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Carmelram Post, Kodathi, Bangalore, 560035, India.
| | - P B Kirti
- Agri Biotech Foundation, PJTS Agricultural University Campus, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500030, India
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Zhang Y, An R, Song M, Xie C, Wei S, Wang D, Dong Y, Jia Q, Huang S, Mu J. A Set of Molecular Markers to Accelerate Breeding and Determine Seed Purity of CMS Three-Line Hybrids in Brassica napus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1514. [PMID: 37050140 PMCID: PMC10096742 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is the main mechanism employed to utilize the heterosis of Brassica napus. CMS three-line rapeseed hybrids have dramatically enhanced yield and brought about the global revolution of hybrid varieties, replacing conventional crop varieties. Over the last half century, China has led the development of hybrid Brassica napus varieties. Two sterile lines, polima (pol) and shaan 2A, were of particular importance for the establishment of three-line hybrid systems in rapeseed, which has opened up a new era of heterosis utilization. However, in current breeding practices, it takes up to three years to identify the restorer or maintainer relationship and the cytoplasmic type of any inbred material. This greatly affects the breeding speed of new varieties and inhibits the rapid development of the rapeseed industry. To address this problem, we developed a set of molecular markers for the identification of fertile cytoplasmic gene N and sterile cytoplasmic gene S, as well as for the fertile nucleus gene R and sterile nucleus gene r, based on differences in the gene sequences between the CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line of Brassica napus. Combining these markers can accurately identify the CMS line, maintainer and restorer of both the pol and shaan systems, as well as their hybrids. These markers can not only be used to identify of the maintainer and restorer relationship of inbred materials; they can also be used as general molecular markers to identify the CMS-type hybrid purity of pol and shaan systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (R.A.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.)
| | - Ran An
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (R.A.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.)
| | - Min Song
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (R.A.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Changgen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Shihao Wei
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (R.A.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.)
| | - Daojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Yuhong Dong
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (R.A.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qingli Jia
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (R.A.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.)
| | - Shuhua Huang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (R.A.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.)
| | - Jianxin Mu
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.Z.); (R.A.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.)
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Xing M, Peng Z, Guan C, Guan M. Comparative study on abortion characteristics of Nsa CMS and Pol CMS and analysis of long non-coding RNAs related to pollen abortion in Brassica napus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284287. [PMID: 37053132 PMCID: PMC10101420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterile system (CMS) is one of the important methods for the utilization of heterosisin Brassica napus. The involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in anther and pollen development in B.napus has been recognized, but there is little data on the involvement of lncRNAs in pollen abortion in different types of rapeseed CMS. The present study compared the cytological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Nsa CMS (1258A) and Pol CMS (P5A) during pollen abortion, and high-throughput sequencing of flower buds of different sizes before and after pollen abortion. The results showed that insufficient energy supply was an important physiological basis for 1258A and P5A pollen abortion, and 1258A had excessive ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation in the stage of pollen abortion. Functional analysis showed that Starch and sucrose metabolism and Sulfur metabolism were significantly enriched before and after pollen abortion in 1258A and P5A, and a large number of genes were down-regulated. In 1258A, 227 lncRNAs had cis-targeting regulation, and 240 cis-target genes of the lncRNAs were identified. In P5A, 116 lncRNAs had cis-targeting regulation, and 101 cis-target genes of the lncRNAs were identified. There were five lncRNAs cis-target genes in 1258A and P5A during pollen abortion, and LOC106445716 encodes β-D-glucopyranosyl abscisate β-glucosidase and could regulate pollen abortion. Taken together, this study, provides a new perspective for lncRNAs to participate in the regulation of Nsa CMS and Pol CMS pollen abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xing
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha, China
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zechuan Peng
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha, China
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyun Guan
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Guan
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha, China
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, China
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Zhong X, Yue X, Cui J, Han R, Gao Y, Kang J. Complete mitochondrial genome sequencing and identification of candidate genes responsible for C5-type cytoplasmic male sterility in cabbage ( B. oleracea var. capitata). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019513. [PMID: 36226295 PMCID: PMC9549296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is widely used in cruciferous vegetables hybrid breeding. The C5-type CMS cabbage line exhibits stable male sterility and offers great value for cabbage breeding. However, the underlying CMS mechanism remains unclear. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced and assembled for this line. The genome size was 221,862 bp. Mitochondrial genome comparison showed that the mitochondrial genome was likely generated by recombination with a nap-type CMS B. napus strain. Sixty-seven unknown-function open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. Seven orfs, orf114a, orf123a, orf188a, orf222a, orf261a, orf286a, and orf322a, were specifically identified in this genome. The presence of these candidate CMS genes decreased ATPase activity and ATP content by affecting the transcript levels of energy metabolism-related genes and F1F0-ATP synthase assembly. Among them, orf188a, orf222a, orf261a, orf286a, and orf322a possessed a transmembrane structure, and orf188a was cotranscribed with rps7 and trnfM. orf222a was partially homologous to atp8 and coexpressed with nad5. orf261a and orf322a were cotranscribed with cox1 and atp9, respectively. Additionally, orf114a was cotranscribed with atp8. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that the ORF222a protein interacts with a B. oleracea ATP17 homolog (Bo7g114140) during F0-type ATP synthase assembly, reducing the quantity and activity of assembled F1F0-ATP synthase. Cytological sections showed that premature separation of the tapetum from the connective tissue and delayed tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) might be the immediate causes of CMS in C5-type CMS cabbage lines. Our results may help uncover the molecular mechanism of C5-type CMS in B. oleracea from the perspectives of the whole mitochondrial genome and cytology of anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Zhong
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangqing Yue
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Han
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jungen Kang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Ren W, Si J, Chen L, Fang Z, Zhuang M, Lv H, Wang Y, Ji J, Yu H, Zhang Y. Mechanism and Utilization of Ogura Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cruciferae Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169099. [PMID: 36012365 PMCID: PMC9409259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid production using lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has become an important way to utilize heterosis in vegetables. Ogura CMS, with the advantages of complete pollen abortion, ease of transfer and a progeny sterility rate reaching 100%, is widely used in cruciferous crop breeding. The mapping, cloning, mechanism and application of Ogura CMS and fertility restorer genes in Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea and other cruciferous crops are reviewed herein, and the existing problems and future research directions in the application of Ogura CMS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ren
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinchao Si
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Honghao Lv
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jialei Ji
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (Y.Z.)
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Xing M, Guan C, Guan M. Comparative Cytological and Transcriptome Analyses of Anther Development in Nsa Cytoplasmic Male Sterile (1258A) and Maintainer Lines in Brassica napus Produced by Distant Hybridization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042004. [PMID: 35216116 PMCID: PMC8879398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1258A is a new line of B.napus with Nsa cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) with potential applications in hybrid rapeseed breeding. Sterile cytoplasm was obtained from XinJiang Sinapis arvensis through distant hybridization and then backcrossed with 1258B for many generations. However, the characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying pollen abortion in this sterile line are poorly understood. In this study, a cytological analysis revealed normal microsporogenesis and uninucleate pollen grain formation. Pollen abortion was due to non-programmed cell death in the tapetum and the inability of microspores to develop into mature pollen grains. Sucrose, soluble sugar, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents during microspore development were lower than those of the maintainer line, along with an insufficient energy supply, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and substantial malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in the anthers. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, phenylpropane biosynthesis, cyanoamino acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism may contribute to pollen abortion. The down regulation of nine cytochrome P450 monooxygenases genes were closely associated with pollen abortion. These results suggest that pollen abortion in 1258A CMS stems from abnormalities in the chorioallantoic membranes, energy deficiencies, and dysfunctional antioxidant systems in the anthers. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying pollen abortion in Nsa CMS and provide a theoretical basis for better heterosis utilization in B.napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xing
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China; (M.X.); (C.G.)
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chunyun Guan
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China; (M.X.); (C.G.)
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mei Guan
- Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China; (M.X.); (C.G.)
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence:
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Xu F, Yang X, Zhao N, Hu Z, Mackenzie SA, Zhang M, Yang J. Exploiting sterility and fertility variation in cytoplasmic male sterile vegetable crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab039. [PMID: 35039865 PMCID: PMC8807945 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has long been used to economically produce hybrids that harness growth vigor through heterosis. Yet, how CMS systems operate within commercially viable seed production strategies in various economically important vegetable crops, and their underlying molecular mechanisms, are often overlooked details that could expand the utility of CMS as a cost-effective and stable system. We provide here an update on the nature of cytoplasmic-nuclear interplay for pollen sterility and fertility transitions in vegetable crops, based on the discovery of components of nuclear fertility restoration and reversion determinants. Within plant CMS systems, pollen fertility can be rescued by the introduction of nuclear fertility restorer genes (Rfs), which operate by varied mechanisms to countermand the sterility phenotype. By understanding these systems, it is now becoming feasible to achieve fertility restoration with Rfs designed for programmable CMS-associated open reading frames (ORFs). Likewise, new opportunities exist for targeted disruption of CMS-associated ORFs by mito-TALENs in crops where natural Rfs have not been readily identified, providing an alternative approach to recovering fertility of cytoplasmic male sterile lines in crops. Recent findings show that facultative gynodioecy, as a reproductive strategy, can coordinate the sterility and fertility transition in response to environmental cues and/or metabolic signals that reflect ecological conditions of reproductive isolation. This information is important to devising future systems that are more inherently stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Xu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Zhao
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhongyuan Hu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Sally A Mackenzie
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, 310058, China
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11
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Guo Y, Gao H, Ma H, Du C, Zhang D, Wang X, Hu S. Characterization of tribenuron-methyl-induced male sterility in Brassica juncea L. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:538-549. [PMID: 35087318 PMCID: PMC8784348 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.21016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Significant heterosis has been documented in Brassica juncea L. that are grown as agriculturally important oilseeds, vegetables and condiments crops. Male sterility induced by chemical hybridizing agents is an important pollination control system in hybrid crop breeding. Herein, we show that tribenuron-methyl (TBM), a sulfonylurea herbicide, is an effective male gametocide in B. juncea when used at a very low dosage. In the present study, foliar application of various rates of TBM induced a significant increase in pollen sterility in B. juncea (90.57-100%). TBM-treated plants exhibited reductions in size of floral organ and yield components; however, lower dose of TBM (0.075 g a.i. ha-1) did not cause a significant reduction in seed yield per plant. Tapetum cells of TBM-treated plants were hypertrophied and degenerated earlier, and abnormal meiosis was observed at the meiotic stage. A significant decrease of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) activities was detected in buds of plants treated with 0.10 g a.i. ha-1 TBM, and RT-qPCR analysis showed that TBM exposure perturbed AHAS expression in small buds, which support that TBM induces male sterility in B. juncea by targeting AHAS expression. Our results suggest that TBM could be used as an efficient chemical hybridization agent in B. juncea, which has practical implications for the application of hybrid breeding in B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huhu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huaiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunlei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dongsuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shengwu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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12
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Cold Tolerance during the Reproductive Phase in Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) Is Associated with Superior Cold Acclimation Ability Involving Antioxidants and Cryoprotective Solutes in Anthers and Ovules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111693. [PMID: 34829564 PMCID: PMC8614842 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickpea is sensitive to cold stress, especially at reproductive stage, resulting in flower and pod abortion that significantly reduces seed yield. In the present study, we evaluated (a) whether cold acclimation imparts reproductive cold tolerance in chickpea; (b) how genotypes with contrasting sensitivity respond to cold acclimation; and (c) the involvement of cryoprotective solutes and antioxidants in anthers and ovules in cold acclimation. Four chickpea genotypes with contrasting cold sensitivity (cold-tolerant: ICC 17258, ICC 16349; cold-sensitive: ICC 15567, GPF 2) were grown in an outdoor environment for 40 days in November (average maximum/minimum temperature 24.9/15.9 °C) before being subjected to cold stress (13/7 °C), with or without cold acclimation in a controlled environment of walk-in-growth chambers. The 42-d cold acclimation involved 7 d exposure at each temperature beginning with 23/15 °C, 21/13 °C, 20/12 °C, 20/10 °C, 18/8 °C, 15/8 °C (12 h/12 h day/night), prior to exposing the plants to cold stress (13/7 °C, 12 h/12 h day/night; 700 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity; 65–70% relative humidity). Cold acclimation remarkably reduced low temperature-induced leaf damage (as membrane integrity, leaf water status, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments, and chlorophyll fluorescence) under cold stress in all four genotypes. It only reduced anther and ovule damage in cold-tolerant genotypes due to improved antioxidative ability, measured as enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and non-enzymatic (ascorbate and reduced glutathione), solutes (particularly sucrose and γ-aminobutyric acid) leading to improving reproductive function and yield traits, whereas cold-sensitive genotypes were not responsive. The study concluded that cold tolerance in chickpea appears to be related to the better ability of anthers and ovules to acclimate, involving various antioxidants and cryoprotective solutes. This information will be useful in directing efforts toward increasing cold tolerance in chickpea.
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Comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequences and anther development cytology between maintainer and Ogura-type cytoplasm male-sterile cabbage (B. oleracea Var. capitata). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:646. [PMID: 34493212 PMCID: PMC8425178 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been widely used for commercial F1 hybrid seeds production. CMS is primarily caused by chimeric genes in mitochondrial genomes. However, which specific stages of anther development in cabbage are affected by the chimeric genes remain unclear. Results In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes were sequenced and assembled for the maintainer and Ogura CMS cabbage lines. The genome size of the maintainer and Ogura CMS cabbage are 219,962 bp and 236,648 bp, respectively. There are 67 and 69 unknown function ORFs identified in the maintainer and Ogura CMS cabbage mitochondrial genomes, respectively. Four orfs, orf102a, orf122b, orf138a and orf154a were specifically identified in the Ogura CMS mitochondrial genome, which were likely generated by recombination with Ogura type radish during breeding process. Among them, ORF138a and ORF154a possessed a transmembrane structure, and orf138a was co-transcribed with the atp8 and trnfM genes. orf154a is partially homologous to the ATP synthase subunit 1 (atpA) gene. Both these genes were likely responsible for the CMS phenotype. In addition, cytological sections showed that the abnormal proliferation of tapetal cells might be the immediate cause of cytoplasmic male-sterility in Ogura CMS cabbage lines. RNA-seq results showed that orf138a and orf154a in Ogura CMS might influence transcript levels of genes in energy metabolic pathways. Conclusions The presence of orf138a and orf154a lead to increased of ATPase activity and ATP content by affecting the transcript levels of genes in energy metabolic pathways, which could provide more energy for the abnormal proliferation of tapetal cells. Our data provides new insights into cytoplasmic male-sterility from whole mitochondrial genomes, cytology of anther development and transcriptome data. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07963-x.
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Yang Q, Nong X, Xu J, Huang F, Wang F, Wu J, Zhang C, Liu C. Unraveling the Genetic Basis of Fertility Restoration for Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line WNJ01A Originated From Brassica juncea in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721980. [PMID: 34531887 PMCID: PMC8438535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crosses that lead to heterosis have been widely used in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) industry. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)/restorer-of-fertility (Rf) systems represent one of the most useful tools for rapeseed production. Several CMS types and their restorer lines have been identified in rapeseed, but there are few studies on the mechanisms underlying fertility restoration. Here, we performed morphological observation, map-based cloning, and transcriptomic analysis of the F2 population developed by crossing the CMS line WNJ01A with its restorer line Hui01. Paraffin-embedded sections showed that the sporogenous cell stage was the critical pollen degeneration period, with major sporogenous cells displaying loose and irregular arrangement in sterile anthers. Most mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) complex genes were upregulated in fertile compared to sterile buds. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA)-seq to analyze mixed DNA pools from sterile and fertile F2 buds, respectively, we identified a 6.25 Mb candidate interval where Rfw is located. Using map-based cloning experiments combined with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone sequencing, the candidate interval was reduced to 99.75 kb and two pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) genes were found among 28 predicted genes in this interval. Transcriptome sequencing showed that there were 1679 DEGs (1023 upregulated and 656 downregulated) in fertile compared to sterile F2 buds. The upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) lysine degradation pathway and phenylalanine metabolism, and the downregulated DEGs were enriched in cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis. Furthermore, 44 DEGs were involved in pollen and anther development, such as tapetum, microspores, and pollen wall development. All of them were upregulated except a few such as POE1 genes (which encode Pollen Ole e I allergen and extensin family proteins). There were 261 specifically expressed DEGs (9 and 252 in sterile and fertile buds, respectively). Regarding the fertile bud-specific upregulated DEGs, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway was enriched. The top four hub genes in the protein-protein interaction network (BnaA09g56400D, BnaA10g18210D, BnaA10g18220D, and BnaC09g41740D) encode RAD23d proteins, which deliver ubiquitinated substrates to the 26S proteasome. These findings provide evidence on the pathways regulated by Rfw and improve our understanding of fertility restoration.
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15
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Cheng Q, Yao P, Li H, Han Y, Xu K, Heng S, Fu T, Wan Z. Genetic mapping reveals BjRf as a candidate gene controlling fertility restoration of the oxa CMS in Brassica juncea. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2355-2365. [PMID: 34173856 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A candidate gene for male fertility restoration in Brassica juncea, BjRf, was isolated from a 23-kb interval on chromosome A05 using map-based cloning and BSA methods. The cytoplasmic male sterility/fertility restoration (CMS/Rf) system has been extensively used for heterosis in plants. It also provides valuable resources for studying mitochondrial-nuclear coevolution and interaction. The oxa CMS, which is a new CMS type reported in Brassica juncea (B. juncea), has been broadly used in the exploitation and application of heterosis in this species. However, the oxa CMS fertility restorer gene BjRf has not been reported. In this study, a stable restorer line was successfully constructed via continuous testcross and artificial selection. Besides, a new Rf gene was mapped in a 23-kb region on chromosome A05 in B. juncea with a genetic distance of 0.5 cM by the method incorporating bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and conventional map-based cloning. Finally, BjuA017917, a non-PPR Rf gene encoding a guanosine nucleotide diphosphate dissociation inhibitor (GDI), is proposed to be the candidate gene for fertility restoration of the oxa CMS line in B. juncea. Moreover, a functional marker, CRY3, was developed for marker-assisted selection for Brassica juncea breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peijie Yao
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yiming Han
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kejing Xu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangping Heng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhengjie Wan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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16
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Quezada-Martinez D, Addo Nyarko CP, Schiessl SV, Mason AS. Using wild relatives and related species to build climate resilience in Brassica crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1711-1728. [PMID: 33730183 PMCID: PMC8205867 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will have major impacts on crop production: not just increasing drought and heat stress, but also increasing insect and disease loads and the chance of extreme weather events and further adverse conditions. Often, wild relatives show increased tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses, due to reduced stringency of selection for yield and yield-related traits under optimum conditions. One possible strategy to improve resilience in our modern-day crop cultivars is to utilize wild relative germplasm in breeding, and attempt to introgress genetic factors contributing to greater environmental tolerances from these wild relatives into elite crop types. However, this approach can be difficult, as it relies on factors such as ease of hybridization and genetic distance between the source and target, crossover frequencies and distributions in the hybrid, and ability to select for desirable introgressions while minimizing linkage drag. In this review, we outline the possible effects that climate change may have on crop production, introduce the Brassica crop species and their wild relatives, and provide an index of useful traits that are known to be present in each of these species that may be exploitable through interspecific hybridization-based approaches. Subsequently, we outline how introgression breeding works, what factors affect the success of this approach, and how this approach can be optimized so as to increase the chance of recovering the desired introgression lines. Our review provides a working guide to the use of wild relatives and related crop germplasm to improve biotic and abiotic resistances in Brassica crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Quezada-Martinez
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles P Addo Nyarko
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah V Schiessl
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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17
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Quezada-Martinez D, Addo Nyarko CP, Schiessl SV, Mason AS. Using wild relatives and related species to build climate resilience in Brassica crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1711-1728. [PMID: 33730183 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03793-3.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will have major impacts on crop production: not just increasing drought and heat stress, but also increasing insect and disease loads and the chance of extreme weather events and further adverse conditions. Often, wild relatives show increased tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses, due to reduced stringency of selection for yield and yield-related traits under optimum conditions. One possible strategy to improve resilience in our modern-day crop cultivars is to utilize wild relative germplasm in breeding, and attempt to introgress genetic factors contributing to greater environmental tolerances from these wild relatives into elite crop types. However, this approach can be difficult, as it relies on factors such as ease of hybridization and genetic distance between the source and target, crossover frequencies and distributions in the hybrid, and ability to select for desirable introgressions while minimizing linkage drag. In this review, we outline the possible effects that climate change may have on crop production, introduce the Brassica crop species and their wild relatives, and provide an index of useful traits that are known to be present in each of these species that may be exploitable through interspecific hybridization-based approaches. Subsequently, we outline how introgression breeding works, what factors affect the success of this approach, and how this approach can be optimized so as to increase the chance of recovering the desired introgression lines. Our review provides a working guide to the use of wild relatives and related crop germplasm to improve biotic and abiotic resistances in Brassica crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Quezada-Martinez
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles P Addo Nyarko
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah V Schiessl
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Wang H, Xiao Q, Wei C, Chen H, Chen X, Dai C, Wen J, Ma C, Tu J, Fu T, Shen J, Yi B. A mitochondria-localized pentatricopeptide repeat protein is required to restore hau cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassica napus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1377-1386. [PMID: 33725137 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A mitochondria-localized pentatricopeptide repeat protein was identified by positional cloning and transferred into the hau CMS line, where it successfully restored fertility Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that can be controlled by restorer-of-fertility (Rf) genes present in the nucleus. The hau CMS was identified as a new form of CMS associated with the mitochondrial transcript orf288; however, a lack of a restorer gene has limited its utilization in Brassica crops. Here, the combination of Brassica 60 K array with bulk segregant analysis and map-based cloning was used to delimit the Rfh locus to an 82.2-kb region on chromosome A09. A candidate gene encoding a mitochondria-localized pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein was identified and transferred into the hau CMS line, where it successfully restored the fertility of the hau CMS plants. Furthermore, the expression analysis showed that Rfh was highly expressed in the flower buds, and the sequence analysis results implied that functional divergence between RFH and rfh could be due to 59 amino acid residue differences in the deduced protein sequences. In addition, a co-separated molecular marker was developed based on the divergent sequences between the dominant and recessive alleles. These results will help enable the heterosis of Brassica crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Rapeseed Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Wei X, Lv Y, Zhao Y, Nath UK, Yuan Y, Wang Z, Yang S, Jia H, Wei F, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis in Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa ssp. pekinesis) for DEGs of Ogura-, Polima-CMS and their shared maintainer. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:719-731. [PMID: 32255935 PMCID: PMC7113364 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is maternally inherited trait, which hinders the ability to produce viable pollen in plants. It serves as a useful tool for hybrid seed production via exploiting heterosis in crops. The molecular mechanism of CMS and fertility restoration has been investigated in different crops. However, limited number of reports is available on comparison of Ogura- and Polima-CMS with their shared maintainer in Chinese cabbage. We performed transcript profiling of sterile Ogura CMS (Tyms), Polima CMS (22m2) and their shared maintainer line (231-330) with an aim to identify genes associated with male sterility. In this work, we identified 912, 7199 and 6381 DEGs (Differentially Expressed Genes) in 22m2 Vs Tyms, 231-330 VS 22m2 and 231-330 Vs Tyms, respectively. The GO (Gene Ontology) annotation and KEGG pathway analysis suggested that most of the DEGs were involved in pollen development, carbon metabolism, lipase activity, lipid binding, penta-tricopeptide repeat (PPR), citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which were down-regulated in both CMS lines. This result will provide an important resource for further understanding of functional pollen development, the CMS mechanism and to improve molecular breeding in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wei
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Lv
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Yuxiang Yuan
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangjuan Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Jia
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wei
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Differentially Expressed Genes between Carrot Petaloid Cytoplasmic Male Sterile and Maintainer during Floral Development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17384. [PMID: 31757985 PMCID: PMC6874560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Petaloid cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited loss of male fertility due to the complete conversion of stamens into petal-like organs, and CMS lines have been widely utilized in carrot breeding. Petaloid CMS is an ideal model not only for studying the mitochondrial-nuclear interaction but also for discovering genes that are essential for floral organ development. To investigate the comprehensive mechanism of CMS and homeotic organ alternation during carrot flower development, we conducted transcriptome analysis between the petaloid CMS line (P2S) and its maintainer line (P2M) at four flower developmental stages (T1-T4). A total of 2838 genes were found to be differentially expressed, among which 1495 genes were significantly downregulated and 1343 genes were significantly upregulated in the CMS line. Functional analysis showed that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, plant hormone signal transduction, and biosynthesis. A total of 16 MADS-box genes were grouped into class A, B, C, and E, but not class D, genes. Several key genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation showed continuously low expression from stage T2 in P2S, and the expression of DcPI and DcAG-like genes also greatly decreased at stage T2 in P2S. This indicated that energy deficiency might inhibit the expression of B- and C-class MADS-box genes resulting in the conversion of stamens into petals. Stamen petaloidy may act as an intrinsic stress, upregulating the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes and MADS-box genes at stages T3 and T4 in P2S, which results in some fertile revertants. This study will provide a better understanding of carrot petaloid CMS and floral development as a basis for further research.
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Wei C, Wang H, Heng S, Wen J, Yi B, Ma C, Tu J, Shen J, Fu T. Construction of restorer lines and molecular mapping for restorer gene of hau cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassica napus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2525-2539. [PMID: 31165223 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Successfully constructing restorer lines for the hau CMS line and molecular mapping of Rfh to a 94 kb candidate region on chromosome A03 in Brassica napus. Cytoplasmic male sterility is a general phenomenon in almost 200 species, and the interaction between chimeric genes in mitochondria and restorer genes in nucleus may be responsible for restoration of male fertility. Orf288 has been identified as a CMS-associated gene in the hau CMS line of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea; however, the restorer lines/genes have not been found yet. We therefore have successfully constructed two restorer lines in B. napus by extensive testcrossing and have mapped a major restorer gene Rfh to a physical distance of 94 kb on chromosome A03 by whole-genome resequencing and molecular markers. We found that the restorer line is indeed restored to male fertility at histological level. Comparative genomics and collinearity analysis between close relatives revealed that rearrangements and recombination may have happened and thus caused the production of Rfh or components of the restoration of fertility complex. Meanwhile, nuclear backgrounds with multiple loci and temperature were related to the variation and instability of restoration of fertility in three different populations. Our study provides new sights into the coevolution between restorer genes and CMS-associated genes as well as the cultivation of superior hybrids via molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, People's Republic of China
| | - Huadong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangping Heng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan City, 430070, People's Republic of China
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22
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Singh S, Dey SS, Bhatia R, Kumar R, Behera TK. Current understanding of male sterility systems in vegetable Brassicas and their exploitation in hybrid breeding. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:231-256. [PMID: 31053901 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-019-00371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Overview of the current status of GMS and CMS systems available in Brassica vegetables, their molecular mechanism, wild sources of sterile cytoplasm and exploitation of male sterility in hybrid breeding. The predominantly herbaceous family Brassicaceae (crucifers or mustard family) encompasses over 3700 species, and many of them are scientifically and economically important. The genus Brassica is an economically important genus within the tribe Brassicaceae that comprises important vegetable, oilseed and fodder crops. Brassica vegetables display strong hybrid vigor, and heterosis breeding is the integral part in their improvement. Commercial production of F1 hybrid seeds in Brassica vegetables requires an effective male sterility system. Among the available male sterility systems, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is the most widely exploited in Brassica vegetables. This system is maternally inherited and studied intensively. A limited number of reports about the genic male sterility (GMS) are available in Brassica vegetables. The GMS system is reported to be dominant, recessive and trirecessive in nature in different species. In this review, we discuss the available male sterility systems in Brassica vegetables and their potential use in hybrid breeding. The molecular mechanism of mt-CMS and causal mitochondrial genes of CMS has been discussed in detail. Finally, the exploitation of male sterility system in heterosis breeding of Brassica vegetables, future prospects and need for further understanding of these systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Singh
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - S S Dey
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Reeta Bhatia
- Division of Floriculture and Landscaping, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - T K Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110012, India
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23
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Cytological and iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analyses of hau CMS in Brassica napus L. J Proteomics 2019; 193:230-238. [PMID: 30385414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hau cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a new type of CMS that was originally identified in Brassica juncea and subsequently transferred to B. napus and B. rapa. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying hau CMS in B. napus, semithin section analysis and iTRAQ-based differential proteomic analysis were performed to compare the hau CMS and its maintainer line. Cytological analysis revealed that abnormal anther development in the hau CMS line was arrested during the differentiation of stamen archesporial cells. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the sterility gene orf288 was expressed at substantially higher levels in CMS anthers than in anthers with restored fertility. In comparison with the maintainer line, a total of 186 differentially abundant proteins were identified in the CMS line, 58 of which exhibited increased accumulation and 128 exhibited decreased accumulation. Bioinformatics analysis showed that proteins involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, such as those involved in oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and pyruvate metabolism, exhibited decreased accumulation in the hau CMS line, whereas those involved in oxidative stress, antagonism of cell death and protein processing exhibited increased accumulation in the hau CMS line, indicating the potential roles of carbohydrate metabolism and energy supply in the regulation of hau anther abortion. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is one of the most efficient ways to produce hybrid seeds in crops. CMS is mainly caused by mitochondrial mutation and has been an important model for investigation of cytoplasmic and nuclear interactions in various plant species. Hau is a new type of CMS line in Brassica with completely abortive anthers. Although studies have been conducted to identify the key genes associated with CMS, the molecular mechanisms underlying hau CMS remain unclear. In this study, cytological, molecular, and proteomic approaches were used to reveal the mechanism underlying hau CMS in B. napus. Based on a comparison of the protein expression profiles of the hau CMS line and its maintainer line to elucidate the mechanisms underlying hau CMS, a potential protein regulatory network is proposed herein. These results may provide new insights into the molecular basis of hau CMS in B. napus.
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Xie F, Yuan JL, Li YX, Wang CJ, Tang HY, Xia JH, Yang QY, Wan ZJ. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Associated with Leaf Etiolation of a Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Line in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica Rapa L. ssp. Pekinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E922. [PMID: 29561749 PMCID: PMC5979472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is universally utilized in cruciferous vegetables. However, the Chinese cabbage hau CMS lines, obtained by interspecific hybridization and multiple backcrosses of the Brassica juncea (B. juncea) CMS line and Chinese cabbage, show obvious leaf etiolation, and the molecular mechanism of etiolation remains elusive. Here, the ultrastructural and phenotypic features of leaves from the Chinese cabbage CMS line 1409A and maintainer line 1409B are analyzed. The results show that chloroplasts of 1409A exhibit abnormal morphology and distribution. Next, RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) is used to identify 485 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 1409A and 1409B, and 189 up-regulated genes and 296 down-regulated genes are found. Genes that affect chloroplasts development, such as GLK1 and GLK2, and chlorophyll biosynthesis, such as PORB, are included in the down-regulated DEGs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis validate that the expression levels of these genes are significantly lower in 1409A than in 1409B. Taken together, these results demonstrate that leaf etiolation is markedly affected by chloroplast development and pigment biosynthesis. This study provides an effective foundation for research on the molecular mechanisms of leaf etiolation of the hau CMS line in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jia-Lan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yi-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Can-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jun-Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qing-Yong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zheng-Jie Wan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Yang K, Nath UK, Biswas MK, Kayum MA, Yi GE, Lee J, Yang TJ, Nou IS. Whole-genome sequencing of Brassica oleracea var. capitata reveals new diversity of the mitogenome. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194356. [PMID: 29547671 PMCID: PMC5856397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) vary in sequence structure. We assembled the Brassica oleracea var. capitata mtDNA using a mean coverage depth of 25X whole genome sequencing (WGS) and confirmed the presence of eight contigs/fragments by BLASTZ using the previously reported KJ820683 and AP012988 mtDNA as reference. Assembly of the mtDNA sequence reads resulted in a circular structure of 219,975 bp. Our assembled mtDNA, NCBI acc. no. KU831325, contained 34 protein-coding genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 19 tRNA genes with similarity to the KJ820683 and AP012988 reference mtDNA. No large repeats were found in the KU831325 assembly. However, KU831325 showed differences in the arrangement of bases at different regions compared to the previously reported mtDNAs. In the reference mtDNAs KJ820683 and AP012988, contig/fragment number 4 is partitioned into two contigs/fragments, 4a and 4b. However, contig/fragment number 4 was a single contig/fragment with 29,661 bp in KU831325. PCR and qRT-PCR using flanking markers from separate parts of contig/fragment number 4 confirmed it to be a single contig/fragment. In addition, genome re-alignment of the plastid genome and mtDNAs supported the presence of heteroplasmy and reverse arrangement of the heteroplasmic blocks within the other mtDNAs compared to KU831325 that might be one of the causal factors for its diversity. Our results thus confirm the existence of different mtDNAs in diverse B. oleracea subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwoung Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Abdul Kayum
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Go-eun Yi
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Jonghoon Lee
- Joeun Seed, Goesan-Gun, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (ISN); (TJY)
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
- * E-mail: (ISN); (TJY)
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Heng S, Gao J, Wei C, Chen F, Li X, Wen J, Yi B, Ma C, Tu J, Fu T, Shen J. Transcript levels of orf288 are associated with the hau cytoplasmic male sterility system and altered nuclear gene expression in Brassica juncea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:455-466. [PMID: 29301015 PMCID: PMC5853284 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is primarily caused by chimeric genes located in the mitochondrial genomes. In Brassica juncea, orf288 has been identified as a CMS-associated gene in the hau CMS line; however, neither the specific abortive stage nor the molecular function of the gene have been determined. We therefore characterized the hau CMS line, and found that defective mitochondria affect the development of archesporial cells during the L2 stage, leading to male sterility. The expression level of the orf288 transcript was higher in the male-sterility line than in the fertility-restorer line, although no significant differences were apparent at the protein level. The toxicity region of ORF288 was found to be located near the N-terminus and repressed growth of Escherichia coli. However, transgenic expression of different portions of ORF288 indicated that the region that causes male sterility resides between amino acids 73 and 288, the expression of which in E. coli did not result in growth inhibition. Transcriptome analysis revealed a wide range of genes involved in anther development and mitochondrial function that were differentially expressed in the hau CMS line. This study provides new insights into the hau CMS mechanism by which orf288 affects the fertility of Brassica juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangping Heng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- College of Life Science, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, P.R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Fengyi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xianwen Li
- College of Life Science, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Correspondence:
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Heng S, Liu S, Xia C, Tang H, Xie F, Fu T, Wan Z. Morphological and genetic characterization of a new cytoplasmic male sterility system (oxa CMS) in stem mustard (Brassica juncea). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:59-66. [PMID: 28948310 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE: oxa CMS is a new cytoplasmic male sterility type in Brassica juncea. oxa CMS is a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line that has been widely used in the production and cultivation of stem mustard in the southwestern China. In this study, different CMS-type specific mitochondrial markers were used to confirm that oxa CMS is distinct from the pol CMS, ogu CMS, nap CMS, hau CMS, tour CMS, Moricandia arvensis CMS, orf220-type CMS, etc., that have been previously reported in Brassica crops. Pollen grains of the oxa CMS line are sterile with a self-fertility rate of almost 0% and the sterility strain rate and sterility degree of oxa CMS is 100% due to a specific flower structure and flowering habit. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that most pollen grains in mature anthers of the oxa CMS line are empty, flat and deflated. Semi-thin section further showed that the abortive stage of anther development in oxa CMS is initiated at the late uninucleate stage. Abnormally vacuolated microspores caused male sterility in the oxa CMS line. This cytological study combined with marker-assisted selection showed that oxa CMS is a novel CMS type in stem mustard (Brassica juncea). Interestingly, the abortive stage of oxa CMS is later than those in other CMS types reported in Brassica crops, and there is no negative effect on the oxa CMS line growth period. This study demonstrated that this novel oxa CMS has a unique flower structure with sterile pollen grains at the late uninucleate stage. Our results may help to uncover the mechanism of oxa CMS in Brassica juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangping Heng
- College of Life Science, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sansan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiu Xia
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - HongYu Tang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjie Wan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Heng S, Chen F, Wei C, Hu K, Yang Z, Wen J, Yi B, Ma C, Tu J, Si P, Fu T, Shen J. Identification of different cytoplasms based on newly developed mitotype-specific markers for marker-assisted selection breeding in Brassica napus L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:901-909. [PMID: 28265748 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different mitotype-specific markers were developed to distinguish different cytoplasms in Brassica napus L. Mitotype-specific markers have been developed to distinguish different mitotypes in plant. And use of molecular markers to identify different mitotypes in Brassica napus would enhance breeding efficiency. Here, we comparatively analyzed six sequenced mitochondrial genomes in Brassica napus and identified collinear block sequences and mitotype-specific sequences (MSSs) of these mitochondrial genomes. The collinear block sequences between mitochondrial genomes of nap, cam, and pol cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) lines were higher than those of other lines. After comparative analysis of the six sequenced mitochondrial genomes (cam, nap, ole, pol CMS, ogu CMS, and hau CMS), 90 MSSs with sizes ranging from 101 to 9981 bp and a total length of 103,756 bp (accounting for 6.77% of the mitochondrial genome sequences) were identified. Additionally, 12 mitotype-specific markers were developed based on the mitochondrial genome-specific sequences in order to distinguish among these different mitotypes. Cytoplasms of 570 different inbred lines collected across scientific research institutes in China were identified using the MSS markers developed in our study. In addition to confirming the accuracy of the cytoplasmic identification, we also identified mitotypes that have not been reported in Brassica napus. Our study may provide guidance for the classification of different mitotypes in B. napus breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangping Heng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaining Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghui Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Si
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Kang L, Li P, Wang A, Ge X, Li Z. A Novel Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Brassica napus (inap CMS) with Carpelloid Stamens via Protoplast Fusion with Chinese Woad. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:529. [PMID: 28428799 PMCID: PMC5382163 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Brassica napus (inap CMS) was selected from the somatic hybrid with Isatis indigotica (Chinese woad) by recurrent backcrossing. The male sterility was caused by the conversion of tetradynamous stamens into carpelloid structures with stigmatoid tissues at their tips and ovule-like tissues in the margins, and the two shorter stamens into filaments without anthers. The feminized development of the stamens resulted in the complete lack of pollen grains, which was stable in different years and environments. The pistils of inap CMS displayed normal morphology and good seed-set after pollinated by B. napus. Histological sections showed that the developmental alteration of the stamens initiated at the stage of stamen primordium differentiation. AFLP analysis of the nuclear genomic composition with 23 pairs of selective primers detected no woad DNA bands in inap CMS. Twenty out of 25 mitochondrial genes originated from I. indigotica, except for cox2-2 which was the recombinant between cox2 from woad and cox2-2 from rapeseed. The novel cox2-2 was transcribed in flower buds of inap CMS weakly and comparatively with the fertile B. napus addition line Me harboring one particular woad chromosome. The restorers of other autoplasmic and alloplasmic CMS systems in rapeseed failed to restore the fertility of inap CMS and the screening of B. napus wide resources found no fertility restoration variety, showing its distinct origin and the related mechanism of sterility. The reasons for the mitochondrial rearrangements and the breeding of the restorer for the novel CMS system were discussed.
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Bohra A, Jha UC, Adhimoolam P, Bisht D, Singh NP. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in hybrid breeding in field crops. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:967-93. [PMID: 26905724 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of CMS/Rf system enabled by modern omics tools and technologies considerably improves our ability to harness hybrid technology for enhancing the productivity of field crops. Harnessing hybrid vigor or heterosis is a promising approach to tackle the current challenge of sustaining enhanced yield gains of field crops. In the context, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) owing to its heritable nature to manifest non-functional male gametophyte remains a cost-effective system to promote efficient hybrid seed production. The phenomenon of CMS stems from a complex interplay between maternally-inherited (mitochondrion) and bi-parental (nucleus) genomic elements. In recent years, attempts aimed to comprehend the sterility-inducing factors (orfs) and corresponding fertility determinants (Rf) in plants have greatly increased our access to candidate genomic segments and the cloned genes. To this end, novel insights obtained by applying state-of-the-art omics platforms have substantially enriched our understanding of cytoplasmic-nuclear communication. Concomitantly, molecular tools including DNA markers have been implicated in crop hybrid breeding in order to greatly expedite the progress. Here, we review the status of diverse sterility-inducing cytoplasms and associated Rf factors reported across different field crops along with exploring opportunities for integrating modern omics tools with CMS-based hybrid breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bohra
- Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur, India.
| | - Uday C Jha
- Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur, India
| | | | - Deepak Bisht
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi, India
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Nothnagel T, Klocke E, Schrader O, Linke B, Budahn H. Development of male sterile Eruca sativa carrying a Raphanus sativus/Brassica oleracea cybrid cytoplasm. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:331-44. [PMID: 26602232 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Alloplasmic male sterile breeding lines of Eruca sativa were developed by intergeneric hybridization with CMS- Brassica oleracea, followed by recurrent backcrosses and determination of the breeding value. ABSTRACT Male sterile breeding lines of rocket salad (Eruca sativa) were developed by intergeneric hybridization with cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) followed by recurrent backcrosses. Five amphidiploid F1 plants (2n = 2x = 20, CE), achieved by manual crosses and embryo rescue, showed an intermediate habit. The plants were completely male sterile and lacked seed set after pollination with the Eruca parent. Allotetraploid F1-hybrid plants (4n = 4x = 40, CCEE) obtained after colchicine treatment were backcrossed six times with pollen of the Eruca parent to select alloplasmic diploid E. sativa lines. The hybrid status and the nucleo-cytoplasmic constellation were continuously controlled by RAPD and Southern analysis during subsequent backcrosses. The ploidy level was investigated by flow cytometry and chromosome analysis. Premeiotic (sporophytic) and postmeiotic (pollen abortive) defects during the anther development were observed in the alloplasmic E. sativus plants in comparison to the CMS-cauliflower donor. No further incompatibilities were noticed between the CMS-inducing cybrid cytoplasm and the E. sativa nuclear genome. The final alloplasmic E. sativa lines were diploid with 2n = 2x = 22 chromosomes and revealed complete male sterility and restored female fertility. Plant vigor and yield potential of the CMS-E. sativa BC5 lines were comparable to the parental E. sativus line. In conclusion, the employed cybrid-cytoplasm has been proven as a vital source of CMS for E. sativa. The developed lines are directly applicable for hybrid breeding of rocket salad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nothnagel
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany.
| | - Evelyn Klocke
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Otto Schrader
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Linke
- Department of Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Budahn
- Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
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Shu J, Liu Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Fang Z, Yang L, Zhuang M, Zhang Y, Lv H. Detection of the Diversity of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Sources in Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea var. Italica) Using Mitochondrial Markers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:927. [PMID: 27446156 PMCID: PMC4919338 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is an important commercial vegetable crop. As part of an efficient pollination system, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been widely used for broccoli hybrid production. Identifying the original sources of CMS in broccoli accessions has become an important part of broccoli breeding. In this study, the diversity of the CMS sources of 39 broccoli accessions, including 19 CMS lines and 20 hybrids, were analyzed using mitochondrial markers. All CMS accessions contained the ogu orf138-related DNA fragment and the key genes of nap CMS, pol CMS, and tour CMS were not detected. The 39 CMS accessions were divided into five groups using six orf138-related and two simple sequence repeat markers. We observed that ogu CMS R3 constituted 79.49% of the CMS sources. CMS6 and CMS26 were differentiated from the other accessions using a specific primer. CMS32 was distinguished from the other accessions based on a 78-nucleotide deletion at the same locus as the orf138-related sequence. When the coefficient was about 0.90, five CMS accessions (13CMS6, 13CMS23, 13CMS24, 13CMS37, and 13CMS39) exhibiting abnormal floral organs with poor seed setting were grouped together. The polymerase chain reaction amplification profiles for these five accessions differed from those of the other accessions. We identified eight useful molecular markers that can be used to detect CMS types during broccoli breeding. Our data also provide important information relevant to future studies on the possible origins and molecular mechanisms of CMS in broccoli.
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Heng S, Shi D, Hu Z, Huang T, Li J, Liu L, Xia C, Yuan Z, Xu Y, Fu T, Wan Z. Characterization and classification of one new cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line based on morphological, cytological and molecular markers in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1529-1537. [PMID: 25972263 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new non-heading Chinese cabbage CMS line M119A was characterized and specific molecular markers were developed to classify different CMS types. One new non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line M119A was obtained by interspecific crosses between the recently discovered hau CMS line of Brassica juncea and B. rapa. Furthermore, the line was characterized and compared with other five isonuclear-alloplasmic CMS lines. The M119A line produced six stamens without pollen and only two stamen fused together in fewer flowers. Tissue section indicated that anther abortion in M119A may have occurred during differentiation of the archesporial cells without pollen sac. All the six CMS lines were grouped into three types based on the presence of three PCR fragments of 825, 465 and 772 bp amplified with different mitochondrial genes specific primers. The 825-bp fragment was amplified both in 09-10A and H201A using the specific primer pair P-orf224-atp6, and showed 100 % identity with the mitochondrial gene of pol CMS. The 465-bp fragment was amplified in 30A and 105A using the primer pair P-orf138 and shared 100 % identity with the mitochondrial gene of ogu CMS. The 772-bp fragment was amplified in M119A and H203A using the primer pair P-orf288 and showed 100 % identity with the mitochondrial gene of hau CMS. Therefore, these markers could efficiently distinguish different types of isonuclear-alloplasmic CMS lines of non-heading Chinese cabbage, which were useful for improving the efficiency of cross-breeding and heterosis utilization in cruciferous vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangping Heng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Utility of Informative SSR Markers in the Molecular Characterization of Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility-Based Hybrid and its Parents in Pigeonpea. NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS-INDIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40009-014-0288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang QS, Zhang X, Li CY, Liu ZY, Feng H. Directional transfer of a multiple-allele male sterile line in Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino var. rosularis Tsen et Lee. BREEDING SCIENCE 2014; 64:149-55. [PMID: 24987301 PMCID: PMC4065322 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.64.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To produce hybrid seeds of Wutacai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino var. rosularis Tsen et Lee), a "directional transfer program" was designed to breed the multiple-allele male sterile line of Wutacai. A multiple-allele male sterile line of Naibaicai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis L., S01) was used as the male sterile resource, and an inbred line of Wutacai (WT01) was used as the target line. Recurrent backcrossing was employed to transfer the male sterility and other botanical traits simultaneously, while the genotype was identifiedthrough test crossing. The male sterility was successfully transferred from S01 to WT01. A new male sterile line, GMS-3, with similar botanical traits to WT01, was bred. Four hybrid combinations were generated with GMS-3 as the female parent. One hybrid (C1) that contained the most desirable traits was developed from the new male sterile line.
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Yamagishi H, Bhat SR. Cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassicaceae crops. BREEDING SCIENCE 2014; 64:38-47. [PMID: 24987289 PMCID: PMC4031109 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.64.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae crops display strong hybrid vigor, and have long been subject to F1 hybrid breeding. Because the most reliable system of F1 seed production is based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), various types of CMS have been developed and adopted in practice to breed Brassicaceae oil seed and vegetable crops. CMS is a maternally inherited trait encoded in the mitochondrial genome, and the male sterile phenotype arises as a result of interaction of a mitochondrial CMS gene and a nuclear fertility restoring (Rf) gene. Therefore, CMS has been intensively investigated for gaining basic insights into molecular aspects of nuclear-mitochondrial genome interactions and for practical applications in plant breeding. Several CMS genes have been identified by molecular genetic studies, including Ogura CMS from Japanese radish, which is the most extensively studied and most widely used. In this review, we discuss Ogura CMS, and other CMS systems, and the causal mitochondrial genes for CMS. Studies on nuclear Rf genes and the cytoplasmic effects of alien cytoplasm on general crop performance are also reviewed. Finally, some of the unresolved questions about CMS are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamagishi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University,
Kamigamo, Kita, Kyoto 603-8555,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Shripad R. Bhat
- National Research Centre of Plant Biotechnology,
New Delhi 10012,
India
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Heng S, Wei C, Jing B, Wan Z, Wen J, Yi B, Ma C, Tu J, Fu T, Shen J. Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes between the hau cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line and its iso-nuclear maintainer line in Brassica juncea to reveal the origin of the CMS-associated gene orf288. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:322. [PMID: 24884490 PMCID: PMC4035054 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is not only important for exploiting heterosis in crop plants, but also as a model for investigating nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction. CMS may be caused by mutations, rearrangement or recombination in the mitochondrial genome. Understanding the mitochondrial genome is often the first and key step in unraveling the molecular and genetic basis of CMS in plants. Comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genome of the hau CMS line and its maintainer line in B. juneca (Brassica juncea) may help show the origin of the CMS-associated gene orf288. Results Through next-generation sequencing, the B. juncea hau CMS mitochondrial genome was assembled into a single, circular-mapping molecule that is 247,903 bp in size and 45.08% in GC content. In addition to the CMS associated gene orf288, the genome contains 35 protein-encoding genes, 3 rRNAs, 25 tRNA genes and 29 ORFs of unknown function. The mitochondrial genome sizes of the maintainer line and another normal type line “J163-4” are both 219,863 bp and with GC content at 45.23%. The maintainer line has 36 genes with protein products, 3 rRNAs, 22 tRNA genes and 31 unidentified ORFs. Comparative analysis the mitochondrial genomes of the hau CMS line and its maintainer line allowed us to develop specific markers to separate the two lines at the seedling stage. We also confirmed that different mitotypes coexist substoichiometrically in hau CMS lines and its maintainer lines in B. juncea. The number of repeats larger than 100 bp in the hau CMS line (16 repeats) are nearly twice of those found in the maintainer line (9 repeats). Phylogenetic analysis of the CMS-associated gene orf288 and four other homologous sequences in Brassicaceae show that orf288 was clearly different from orf263 in Brassica tournefortii despite of strong similarity. Conclusion The hau CMS mitochondrial genome was highly rearranged when compared with its iso-nuclear maintainer line mitochondrial genome. This study may be useful for studying the mechanism of natural CMS in B. juncea, performing comparative analysis on sequenced mitochondrial genomes in Brassicas, and uncovering the origin of the hau CMS mitotype and structural and evolutionary differences between different mitotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-322) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P,R, China.
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Yan X, Dong C, Yu J, Liu W, Jiang C, Liu J, Hu Q, Fang X, Wei W. Transcriptome profile analysis of young floral buds of fertile and sterile plants from the self-pollinated offspring of the hybrid between novel restorer line NR1 and Nsa CMS line in Brassica napus. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:26. [PMID: 23324545 PMCID: PMC3556089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fertile and sterile plants were derived from the self-pollinated offspring of the F1 hybrid between the novel restorer line NR1 and the Nsa CMS line in Brassica napus. To elucidate gene expression and regulation caused by the A and C subgenomes of B. napus, as well as the alien chromosome and cytoplasm from Sinapis arvensis during the development of young floral buds, we performed a genome-wide high-throughput transcriptomic sequencing for young floral buds of sterile and fertile plants. RESULTS In this study, equal amounts of total RNAs taken from young floral buds of sterile and fertile plants were sequenced using the Illumina/Solexa platform. After filtered out low quality data, a total of 2,760,574 and 2,714,441 clean tags were remained in the two libraries, from which 242,163 (Ste) and 253,507 (Fer) distinct tags were obtained. All distinct sequencing tags were annotated using all possible CATG+17-nt sequences of the genome and transcriptome of Brassica rapa and those of Brassica oleracea as the reference sequences, respectively. In total, 3231 genes of B. rapa and 3371 genes of B. oleracea were detected with significant differential expression levels. GO and pathway-based analyses were performed to determine and further to understand the biological functions of those differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In addition, there were 1089 specially expressed unknown tags in Fer, which were neither mapped to B. oleracea nor to B. rapa, and these unique tags were presumed to arise basically from the added alien chromosome of S. arvensis. Fifteen genes were randomly selected and their expression levels were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, and fourteen of them showed consistent expression patterns with the digital gene expression (DGE) data. CONCLUSIONS A number of genes were differentially expressed between the young floral buds of sterile and fertile plants. Some of these genes may be candidates for future research on CMS in Nsa line, fertility restoration and improved agronomic traits in NR1 line. Further study of the unknown tags which were specifically expressed in Fer will help to explore desirable agronomic traits from wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Caihua Dong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jingyin Yu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wanghui Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Chenghong Jiang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Qiong Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xiaoping Fang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wenhui Wei
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, China
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Jing B, Heng S, Tong D, Wan Z, Fu T, Tu J, Ma C, Yi B, Wen J, Shen J. A male sterility-associated cytotoxic protein ORF288 in Brassica juncea causes aborted pollen development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1285-95. [PMID: 22090439 PMCID: PMC3276091 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a widespread phenomenon in higher plants, and several studies have established that this maternally inherited defect is often associated with a mitochondrial mutant. Approximately 10 chimeric genes have been identified as being associated with corresponding CMS systems in the family Brassicaceae, but there is little direct evidence that these genes cause male sterility. In this study, a novel chimeric gene (named orf288) was found to be located downstream of the atp6 gene and co-transcribed with this gene in the hau CMS sterile line. Western blotting analysis showed that this predicted open reading frame (ORF) was translated in the mitochondria of male-sterile plants. Furthermore, the growth of Escherichia coli was significantly repressed in the presence of ORF288, which indicated that this protein is toxic to the E. coli host cells. To confirm further the function of orf288 in male sterility, the gene was fused to a mitochondrial-targeting pre-sequence under the control of the Arabidopsis APETALA3 promoter and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana. Almost 80% of transgenic plants with orf288 failed to develop anthers. It was also found that the independent expression of orf288 caused male sterility in transgenic plants, even without the transit pre-sequence. Furthermore, transient expression of orf288 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a fused protein in A. thaliana protoplasts showed that ORF288 was able to anchor to mitochondria even without the external mitochondrial-targeting peptide. These observations provide important evidence that orf288 is responsible for the male sterility of hau CMS in Brassica juncea.
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Engelke T, Hirsche J, Roitsch T. Metabolically engineered male sterility in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2011; 122:163-174. [PMID: 20821307 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Male sterility is of special interest as a mechanism allowing hybrid breeding, especially in important crops such as rapeseed (Brassica napus). Male sterile plants are also suggested to be used as a biological safety method to prevent the spread of transgenes, a risk that is high in the case of rapeseed due to the mode of pollination, out-crossing by wind or insects, and the presence of related, cross-pollinating species in the surrounding ecosystem in Europe. Different natural occurring male sterilities and alloplasmic forms have been tried to be used in rapeseed with more or less success. Due to the difficulties and limitations with these systems, we present a biotechnological alternative: a metabolically engineered male sterility caused by interference with anther-specific cell wall-bound invertase. This is an essential enzyme for carbohydrate supply of the symplastically isolated pollen. The activity of this enzyme is reduced either by antisense interference or by expressing an invertase inhibitor under control of the anther-specific promoter of the invertase with the consequence of a strong decrease of pollen germination ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Engelke
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Julius von Sachs Institut, Universität Würzburg, Julius von Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
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Wei W, Li Y, Wang L, Liu S, Yan X, Mei D, Li Y, Xu Y, Peng P, Hu Q. Development of a novel Sinapis arvensis disomic addition line in Brassica napus containing the restorer gene for Nsa CMS and improved resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and pod shattering. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 120:1089-97. [PMID: 20033391 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-009-1236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An allo-cytoplasmic male sterile line, which was developed through somatic hybridization between Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis (thus designated as Nsa CMS line), possesses high potential for hybrid production of rapeseed. In order to select for restorer lines, fertile plants derived from the same somatic hybridization combination were self-pollinated and testcrossed with the parental Nsa CMS line for six generations. A novel disomic alien addition line, B. napus-S. arvensis, has been successfully developed. GISH analysis showed that it contains one pair of chromosomes from S. arvensis and 19 pairs from B. napus, and retains stable and regular mitotic and meiotic processes. The addition line displays very strong restoration ability to Nsa CMS line, high resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and a low incidence of pod shattering. Because the addition line shares these very important agricultural characters, it is a valuable restorer to Nsa CMS line, and is named NR1 here (Nsa restorer no. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wei
- Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences of Oil Crops, National Center for Oil Crops Improvement, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 430062, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Li Y, Cao J. Morphological and functional characterization of BcMF13 in the antisense-silenced plants of Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:929-37. [PMID: 18592396 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene Brassica campestris male fertility 13 (BcMF13, GenBank accession number EF158459) was isolated as a reproductive organ-specific gene from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino, syn. B. rapa ssp. chinensis). It is exclusively expressed in stage four and five flower buds of fertile lines and is most strongly expressed in stamens. Here, we report a functional characterization of this BcMF13 gene in the antisense-silenced plants. The inflorescence of the BcMF13 mutant was compacted with anthers curved outside. The fertility of this mutant was greatly reduced with less than 5 seeds per silique. Under scanning electron microscopy, the mutant demonstrated numerous shriveled pollen grains with deep invaginations. The frequency of normal pollen grains was just 45.34%. The pollen mother cell, the tetrad, and the mature pollen of the BcMF13 mutant were abnormal resulting in the poor pollen vitality. Germination test in vivo suggested BcMF13 delayed the pollen tubes' extension in the style. All these indicated BcMF13 had a vital role in pollen development of Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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