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Cheng J, Jia Y, Hill C, He T, Wang K, Guo G, Shabala S, Zhou M, Han Y, Li C. Diversity of Gibberellin 2-oxidase genes in the barley genome offers opportunities for genetic improvement. J Adv Res 2024; 66:105-118. [PMID: 38199453 PMCID: PMC11674783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gibberellin (GA) is a vital phytohormone in regulating plant growth and development. During the "Green Revolution", modification of GA-related genes created semi-dwarfing phenotype in cereal crops but adversely affected grain weight. Gibberellin 2-oxidases (GA2oxs) in barley act as key catabolic enzymes in deactivating GA, but their functions are still less known. OBJECTIVES This study investigates the physiological function of two HvGA2ox genes in barley and identifies novel semi-dwarf alleles with minimum impacts on other agronomic traits. METHODS Virus-induced gene silencing and CRISPR/Cas9 technology were used to manipulate gene expression of HvGA2ox9 and HvGA2ox8a in barley and RNA-seq was conducted to compare the transcriptome between wild type and mutants. Also, field trials in multiple environments were performed to detect the functional haplotypes. RESULTS There were ten GA2oxs that distinctly expressed in shoot, tiller, inflorescence, grain, embryo and root. Knockdown of HvGA2ox9 did not affect plant height, while ga2ox8a mutants generated by CRISPR/Cas9 increased plant height and significantly altered seed width and weight due to the increased bioactive GA4 level. RNA-seq analysis revealed that genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly decreased in the inflorescence of ga2ox8a mutants. Furthermore, haplotype analysis revealed one naturally occurring HvGA2ox8a haplotype was associated with decreased plant height, early flowering and wider and heavier seed. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the potential of manipulating GA2ox genes to fine tune GA signalling and biofunctions in desired plant tissues and open a promising avenue for minimising the trade-off effects of Green Revolution semi-dwarfing genes on grain size and weight. The knowledge will promote the development of next generation barley cultivars with better adaptation to a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingye Cheng
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia; Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Jia
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Camilla Hill
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Tianhua He
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ganggang Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia.
| | - Yong Han
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, Food Futures Institute, School of Agriculture, Murdoch University, WA, Australia; Agriculture and Food, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia.
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Ahn JY, Subburaj S, Yan F, Yao J, Chandrasekaran A, Ahn KG, Lee GJ. Molecular Evaluation of the Effects of FLC Homologs and Coordinating Regulators on the Flowering Responses to Vernalization in Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata) Genotypes. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:154. [PMID: 38397144 PMCID: PMC10887945 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The flowering loci of cabbage must be understood to boost their productivity. In this study, to clarify the flowering mechanisms of cabbage, we examined the three flowering repressors BoFLC1, 2 and 3, and the flowering regulators BoGI, BoCOOLAIR, and BoVIN3 of early (CAB1), middle (CAB3), and late (CAB5) flowering cabbage genotypes. Analysis of allele-specifically amplified genomic DNA and various sequence alignments demonstrated that maximal insertions and deletions influenced cabbage flowering behavior, notably in CAB3 and CAB5. Phylogenetic studies showed that BoFLC1, 2, and 3 in the CAB1, 3, and 5 genotypes had the highest homologies to other Brassica species, with CAB3 and 5 the most similar. Although CAB3 and CAB5 have comparable genetic patterns, flowering repressors and flowering regulators were investigated individually with and without vernalization to determine their minor flowering differences. The expression investigation revealed that vernalized CAB5 downregulated all BoFLC genes compared to CAB3 and, in contrast, CAB3 exhibited upregulated BoCOOLAIR. We hypothesized that the CAB3 BoFLC locus' additional insertions may have led to BoCOOLAIR overexpression and BoFLC downregulation. This study sheds light on cabbage genotypes-particularly those of CAB1 and CAB5-and suggests that structural variations in BoFLC2 and 3 bind flowering regulators, such as COOLAIR, which may affect cabbage flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Young Ahn
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.A.); (S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Saminathan Subburaj
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.A.); (S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Fanzhuang Yan
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (F.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (F.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ajithan Chandrasekaran
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.A.); (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (F.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Kyoung-Gu Ahn
- Joen Seed Co., Ltd., Goesan 28051, Republic of Korea;
| | - Geung-Joo Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.A.); (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (F.Y.); (J.Y.)
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Jin Y, Luo X, Li Y, Peng X, Wu L, Yang G, Xu X, Pei Y, Li W, Zhang W. Fine mapping and analysis of candidate genes for qBT2 and qBT7.2 locus controlling bolting time in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 137:4. [PMID: 38085292 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Two major QTLs for bolting time in radish were mapped to chromosome 02 and 07 in a 0.37 Mb and 0. 52 Mb interval, RsFLC1 and RsFLC2 is the critical genes. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop of Cruciferae. The premature bolting and flowering reduces the yield and quality of the fleshy root of radish. However, the molecular mechanism underlying bolting and flowering in radish remains unknown. In YZH (early bolting) × XHT (late bolting) F2 population, a high-density genetic linkage map was constructed with genetic distance of 2497.74 cM and an average interval of 2.31 cM. A total of nine QTLs for bolting time and two QTLs for flowering time were detected. Three QTLs associated with bolting time in radish were identified by QTL-seq using radish GDE (early bolting) × GDL (late bolting) F2 population. Fine mapping narrowed down qBT2 and qBT7.2 to an 0.37 Mb and 0.52 Mb region on chromosome 02 and 07, respectively. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis showed that RsFLC1 and RsFLC2 were the candidate gene for qBT7.2 and qBT2 locus, respectively. Subcellular localization exhibited that RsFLC1 and RsFLC2 were mainly expressed in the nucleus. A 1856-bp insertion in the first intron of RsFLC1 was responsible for bolting time. Overexpression of RsFLC2 in Arabidopsis was significantly delayed flowering. These findings will provide new insights into the exploring the molecular mechanism of late bolting and promote the marker-assisted selection for breeding late-bolting varieties in radish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Jin
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Luo
- Guizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
| | - Yadong Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao Peng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
| | - Linjun Wu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
| | - Guangqian Yang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Xu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
| | - Yun Pei
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Higher Education Facility Vegetable Engineering Reseach Centre, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China
| | - Wanping Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China.
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550003, Guizhou, China.
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Wang J, Zhang B, Guo H, Chen L, Han F, Yan C, Yang L, Zhuang M, Lv H, Wang Y, Ji J, Zhang Y. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes and Pathways Associated with the Regulation of Flowering Time in Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3413. [PMID: 37836153 PMCID: PMC10574337 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time is an important agronomic trait in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), but the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying flowering time regulation in cabbage remains unclear. In this study, transcriptome analysis was performed using two sets of cabbage materials: (1) the early-flowering inbred line C491 (P1) and late-flowering inbred line B602 (P2), (2) the early-flowering individuals F2-B and late-flowering individuals F2-NB from the F2 population. The analysis revealed 9508 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common to both C491_VS_ B602 and F2-B_VS_F2-NB. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGGs) analysis showed that plant hormone signal transduction and the MAPK signaling pathway were mainly enriched in up-regulated genes, and ribosome and DNA replication were mainly enriched in down-regulated genes. We identified 321 homologues of Arabidopsis flowering time genes (Ft) in cabbage. Among them, 25 DEGs (11 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated genes) were detected in the two comparison groups, and 12 gene expression patterns closely corresponded with the different flowering times in the two sets of materials. Two genes encoding MADS-box proteins, Bo1g157450 (BoSEP2-1) and Bo5g152700 (BoSEP2-2), showed significantly reduced expression in the late-flowering parent B602 compared with the early-flowering parent C491 via qRT-PCR analysis, which was consistent with the RNA-seq data. Next, the expression levels of Bo1g157450 (BoSEP2-1) and Bo5g152700 (BoSEP2-2) were analyzed in two other groups of early-flowering and late-flowering inbred lines, which showed that their expression patterns were consistent with those in the parents. Sequence analysis revealed that three and one SNPs between B602 and C491 were identified in Bo1g157450 (BoSEP2-1) and Bo5g152700 (BoSEP2-2), respectively. Therefore, BoSEP2-1 and BoSEP2-2 were designated as candidates for flowering time regulation through a potential new regulatory pathway. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying flowering time regulation in cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huiling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Fengqing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chao Yan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Limei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Mu Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Honghao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jialei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (B.Z.); (H.G.); (L.C.); (F.H.); (L.Y.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (J.J.); (Y.W.)
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Wang P, Li Z, Zhu L, Cheng M, Chen X, Wang A, Wang C, Zhang X. Fine Mapping and Identification of a Candidate Gene for the Glossy Green Trait in Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var. capitata). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3340. [PMID: 37765502 PMCID: PMC10538046 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, cuticular wax deposited on the surface of epidermal cells plays an important role in protecting the plant from biotic and abiotic stresses; however, the molecular mechanism of cuticular wax production is not completely understood. In this study, we identified a glossy green mutant (98-1030gl) from the glaucous cabbage inbred line 98-1030. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the amount of leaf cuticular wax significantly decreased in 98-1030gl. Genetic analysis showed that the glossy green trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. Bulked segregant analysis coupled with whole genome sequencing revealed that the candidate gene for the glossy green trait was located at 13,860,000-25,070,000 bp (11.21 Mb) on Chromosome 5. Based on the resequencing data of two parents and the F2 population, insertion-deletion markers were developed and used to reduce the candidate mapping region. The candidate gene (Bol026949) was then mapped in a 50.97 kb interval. Bol026949 belongs to the Agenet/Tudor domain protein family, whose members are predicted to be involved in chromatin remodeling and RNA transcription. Sequence analysis showed that a single nucleotide polymorphism mutation (C → G) in the second exon of Bol026949 could result in the premature termination of its protein translation in 98-1030gl. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Bol026949 is relatively conserved in cruciferous plants. Transcriptome profiling indicated that Bol026949 might participate in cuticular wax production by regulating the transcript levels of genes involved in the post-translational cellular process and phytohormone signaling. Our findings provide an important clue for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of cuticular wax production in cruciferous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ziheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mozhen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiuling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (P.W.); (Z.L.); (L.Z.); (M.C.); (X.C.); (A.W.); (C.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Kinoshita Y, Motoki K, Hosokawa M. Upregulation of tandem duplicated BoFLC1 genes is associated with the non-flowering trait in Brassica oleracea var. capitata. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:41. [PMID: 36897379 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tandem duplicated BoFLC1 genes (BoFLC1a and BoFLC1b), which were identified as the candidate causal genes for the non-flowering trait in the cabbage mutant 'nfc', were upregulated during winter in 'nfc'. The non-flowering natural cabbage mutant 'nfc' was discovered from the breeding line 'T15' with normal flowering characteristics. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis underlying the non-flowering trait of 'nfc'. First, 'nfc' was induced to flower using the grafting floral induction method, and three F2 populations were generated. The flowering phenotype of each F2 population was widely distributed with non-flowering individuals appearing in two populations. QTL-seq analysis detected a genomic region associated with flowering date at approximately 51 Mb on chromosome 9 in two of the three F2 populations. Subsequent validation and fine mapping of the candidate genomic region using QTL analysis identified the quantitative trait loci (QTL) at 50,177,696-51,474,818 bp on chromosome 9 covering 241 genes. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis in leaves and shoot apices of 'nfc' and 'T15' plants identified 19 and 15 differentially expressed genes related to flowering time, respectively. Based on these results, we identified tandem duplicated BoFLC1 genes, which are homologs of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C, as the candidate genes responsible for the non-flowering trait of 'nfc'. We designated the tandem duplicated BoFLC1 genes as BoFLC1a and BoFLC1b. Expression analysis revealed that the expression levels of BoFLC1a and BoFLC1b were downregulated during winter in 'T15' but were upregulated and maintained during winter in 'nfc'. Additionally, the expression level of the floral integrator BoFT was upregulated in the spring in 'T15' but hardly upregulated in 'nfc'. These results suggest that the upregulated levels of BoFLC1a and BoFLC1b contributed to the non-flowering trait of 'nfc'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ko Motoki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0218, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hosokawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute (ATIRI), Kindai University, Nara, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
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Jiang M, Zhang Y, Yang X, Li X, Lang H. Brassica rapa orphan gene BR1 delays flowering time in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1135684. [PMID: 36909380 PMCID: PMC9998908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Orphan genes are essential to the emergence of species-specific traits and the process of evolution, lacking sequence similarity to any other identified genes. As they lack recognizable domains or functional motifs, however, efforts to characterize these orphan genes are often difficult. Flowering is a key trait in Brassica rapa, as premature bolting can have a pronounced adverse impact on plant quality and yield. Bolting resistance-related orphan genes, however, have yet to be characterized. In this study, an orphan gene designated BOLTING RESISTANCE 1 (BR1) was identified and found through gene structural variation analyses to be more highly conserved in Chinese cabbage than in other available accessions. The expression of BR1 was increased in bolting resistant Chinese cabbage and decreased in bolting non-resistant type, and the expression of some mark genes were consist with bolting resistance phenotype. BR1 is primarily expressed in leaves at the vegetative growth stage, and the highest BR1 expression levels during the flowering stage were observed in the flower buds and silique as compared to other tissue types. The overexpression of BR1 in Arabidopsis was associated with enhanced bolting resistance under long day (LD) conditions, with these transgenic plants exhibiting significant decreases in stem height, rosette radius, and chlorophyll content. Transcriptomic sequencing of WT and BR1OE plants showed the association of BR1 with other bolting resistance genes. Transcriptomic sequencing and qPCR revealed that six flowering integrator genes and one chlorophyll biosynthesis-related gene were downregulated following BR1 overexpression. Six key genes in photoperiodic flowering pathway exhibited downward expression trends in BR1OE plants, while the expression of floral repressor AtFLC gene was upregulated. The transcripts of these key genes were consistent with observed phenotypes in BR1OE plants, and the results indicated that BR1 may function through vernalization and photoperiodic pathway. Instead, the protein encoded by BR1 gene was subsequently found to localize to the nucleus. Taken together, we first propose that orphan gene BR1 functions as a novel regulator of flowering time, and these results suggested that BR1 may represent a promising candidate gene to support the selective breeding of Chinese cabbage cultivars with enhanced bolting resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Lang
- School of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
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