1
|
Han Y, Barasa P, Zeger L, Salomonsson SB, Zanotti F, Egli M, Zavan B, Trentini M, Florin G, Vaerneus A, Aldskogius H, Fredriksson R, Kozlova EN. Effects of microgravity on neural crest stem cells. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1379076. [PMID: 38660221 PMCID: PMC11041629 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1379076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to microgravity (μg) results in a range of systemic changes in the organism, but may also have beneficial cellular effects. In a previous study we detected increased proliferation capacity and upregulation of genes related to proliferation and survival in boundary cap neural crest stem cells (BC) after MASER14 sounding rocket flight compared to ground-based controls. However, whether these changes were due to μg or hypergravity was not clarified. In the current MASER15 experiment BCs were exposed simultaneously to μg and 1 g conditions provided by an onboard centrifuge. BCs exposed to μg displayed a markedly increased proliferation capacity compared to 1 g on board controls, and genetic analysis of BCs harvested 5 h after flight revealed an upregulation, specifically in μg-exposed BCs, of Zfp462 transcription factor, a key regulator of cell pluripotency and neuronal fate. This was associated with alterations in exosome microRNA content between μg and 1 g exposed MASER15 specimens. Since the specimens from MASER14 were obtained for analysis with 1 week's delay, we examined whether gene expression and exosome content were different compared to the current MASER15 experiments, in which specimens were harvested 5 h after flight. The overall pattern of gene expression was different and Zfp462 expression was down-regulated in MASER14 BC μg compared to directly harvested specimens (MASER15). MicroRNA exosome content was markedly altered in medium harvested with delay compared to directly collected samples. In conclusion, our analysis indicates that even short exposure to μg alters gene expression, leading to increased BC capacity for proliferation and survival, lasting for a long time after μg exposure. With delayed harvest of specimens, a situation which may occur due to special post-flight circumstances, the exosome microRNA content is modified compared to fast specimen harvest, and the direct effects from μg exposure may be partially attenuated, whereas other effects can last for a long time after return to ground conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Han
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Povilas Barasa
- Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lukas Zeger
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara B. Salomonsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Federica Zanotti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marcel Egli
- Space Biology Group, School of Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland
- National Center for Biomedical Research in Space, Innovation Cluster Space and Aviation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Trentini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Håkan Aldskogius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena N. Kozlova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sönmez Eİ, Polat S, Öksüzler M, Göker P. Evaluation of Sella Turcica Morphology and Morphometry Based on Gender and Age in Our Population Using Computed Tomography. J Craniofac Surg 2023:00001665-990000000-01179. [PMID: 37948625 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to determine the reference values for the healthy Turkish population by evaluating the age-related changes in the morphology and morphometry of Sella Turcica (ST) and the relationship with the body mass index. In addition, it has been investigated whether the morphology and morphometry of this structure vary in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. The study group was consisted of a total of 524 individuals (266 females and 258 males) (426 healthy and 48 with DM) between the ages of 1 and 80, who applied to the Department of Radiology between January 2018 and February 2021. Axial brain computed tomography scans which have no pathology in ST were retrospectively examined. The ST length (STL), height (STH), diameter (STD), processus clinoideus anterior right-left (PCAR_L), processus clinoideus posterior right-left (PCPR_L) did not differ significantly in healthy individuals and individuals with DM (P>0.05). When the ST morphology according to the ST shape classification performed by Meyer Marcotti and colleagues and Axellson and colleagues was evaluated, it was observed that there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in STL, STD values (P<0.05), however, there was no difference in STH, PCAR_L, PCPR_L values between genders (P>0.05). While the distance between STL, STD, PCAR_L showed a significant difference between the decades in all groups, there was no significant difference in the STH, PCPR_L in both classifications (P>0.05). When the relationship between the parameters and body mass index was evaluated, STL, STD, PCAR_L showed a significant difference between the groups (P<0.05). Detailed knowledge of the ST anatomy will be helpful in terms of early diagnosis of diseases that may be related and guiding surgical interventions in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif İpek Sönmez
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana
| | - Sema Polat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana
| | - Mahmut Öksüzler
- Department of Radiology, Bozkaya Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Pinar Göker
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Towards 3D Bioprinted Spinal Cord Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105788. [PMID: 35628601 PMCID: PMC9144715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures, so-called organoids, have emerged as an attractive tool for disease modeling and therapeutic innovations. Here, we aim to determine if boundary cap neural crest stem cells (BC) can survive and differentiate in gelatin-based 3D bioprinted bioink scaffolds in order to establish an enabling technology for the fabrication of spinal cord organoids on a chip. BC previously demonstrated the ability to support survival and differentiation of co-implanted or co-cultured cells and supported motor neuron survival in excitotoxically challenged spinal cord slice cultures. We tested different combinations of bioink and cross-linked material, analyzed the survival of BC on the surface and inside the scaffolds, and then tested if human iPSC-derived neural cells (motor neuron precursors and astrocytes) can be printed with the same protocol, which was developed for BC. We showed that this protocol is applicable for human cells. Neural differentiation was more prominent in the peripheral compared to central parts of the printed construct, presumably because of easier access to differentiation-promoting factors in the medium. These findings show that the gelatin-based and enzymatically cross-linked hydrogel is a suitable bioink for building a multicellular, bioprinted spinal cord organoid, but that further measures are still required to achieve uniform neural differentiation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Han Y, Zeger L, Tripathi R, Egli M, Ille F, Lockowandt C, Florin G, Atic E, Redwan IN, Fredriksson R, Kozlova EN. Molecular genetic analysis of neural stem cells after space flight and simulated microgravity on earth. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3832-3846. [PMID: 34125436 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how stem cells adapt to space flight conditions is fundamental for human space missions and extraterrestrial settlement. We analyzed gene expression in boundary cap neural crest stem cells (BCs), which are attractive for regenerative medicine by their ability to promote proliferation and survival of cocultured and co-implanted cells. BCs were launched to space (space exposed cells) (SEC), onboard sounding rocket MASER 14 as free-floating neurospheres or in a bioprinted scaffold. For comparison, BCs were placed in a random positioning machine (RPM) to simulate microgravity on earth (RPM cells) or were cultured under control conditions in the laboratory. Using next-generation RNA sequencing and data post-processing, we discovered that SEC upregulated genes related to proliferation and survival, whereas RPM cells upregulated genes associated with differentiation and inflammation. Thus, (i) space flight provides unique conditions with distinctly different effects on the properties of BC compared to earth controls, and (ii) the space flight exposure induces postflight properties that reinforce the utility of BC for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Regenerative Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lukas Zeger
- Department of Neuroscience, Regenerative Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rekha Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcel Egli
- Luzerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Medical Engineering (IMT), Luzerne, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Ille
- Luzerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Medical Engineering (IMT), Luzerne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gunnar Florin
- Swedish Space Corporation, Science Service Division, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Regenerative Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leyton-Jaimes MF, Ivert P, Hoeber J, Han Y, Feiler A, Zhou C, Pankratova S, Shoshan-Barmatz V, Israelson A, Kozlova EN. Empty mesoporous silica particles significantly delay disease progression and extend survival in a mouse model of ALS. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20675. [PMID: 33244084 PMCID: PMC7691331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating incurable neurological disorder characterized by motor neuron (MN) death and muscle dysfunction leading to mean survival time after diagnosis of only 2-5 years. A potential ALS treatment is to delay the loss of MNs and disease progression by the delivery of trophic factors. Previously, we demonstrated that implanted mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSPs) loaded with trophic factor peptide mimetics support survival and induce differentiation of co-implanted embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived MNs. Here, we investigate whether MSP loaded with peptide mimetics of ciliary neurotrophic factor (Cintrofin), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (Gliafin), and vascular endothelial growth factor (Vefin1) injected into the cervical spinal cord of mutant SOD1 mice affect disease progression and extend survival. We also transplanted boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) which have been shown previously to have a positive effect on MN survival in vitro and in vivo. We show that mimetic-loaded MSPs and bNCSCs significantly delay disease progression and increase survival of mutant SOD1 mice, and also that empty particles significantly improve the condition of ALS mice. Our results suggest that intraspinal delivery of MSPs is a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel F Leyton-Jaimes
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Patrik Ivert
- Department of Neuroscience, Regenerative Neurobiology, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Hoeber
- Department of Neuroscience, Regenerative Neurobiology, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, 751 08, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yilin Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Regenerative Neurobiology, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Feiler
- Nanologica AB, Forskargatan 20G, 151 36, Södertälje, Sweden.,Chemistry Department, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chunfang Zhou
- Chemistry Department, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev Ltd, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Adrian Israelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Regenerative Neurobiology, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Han Y, Baltriukienė D, Kozlova EN. Effect of scaffold properties on adhesion and maintenance of boundary cap neural crest stem cells in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1274-1280. [PMID: 32061005 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optimal combination of stem cells and biocompatible support material is a promising strategy for successful tissue engineering. The required differentiation of stem cells is crucial for functionality of engineered tissues and can be regulated by chemical and physical cues. Here we examined how boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) are affected when cultured in the same medium, but on collagen- or laminin-polyacrylamide (PAA) scaffolds of different stiffness (0.5, 1, or ~7 kPa). bNCSCs displayed marked differences in their ability to attach, maintain a large cell population and differentiate, depending on scaffold stiffness. These findings show that the design of physical cues is an important parameter to achieve optimal stem cell properties for tissue repair and engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daiva Baltriukienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brboric A, Vasylovska S, Saarimäki-Vire J, Espes D, Caballero-Corbalan J, Larfors G, Otonkoski T, Lau J. Characterization of neural crest-derived stem cells isolated from human bone marrow for improvement of transplanted islet function. Ups J Med Sci 2019; 124:228-237. [PMID: 31623497 PMCID: PMC6968573 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2019.1658661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Murine boundary cap-derived neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are capable of enhancing islet function by stimulating beta cell proliferation as well as increasing the neural and vascular density in the islets both in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to isolate NCSC-like cells from human bone marrow.Methods: CD271 magnetic cell separation and culture techniques were used to purify a NCSC-enriched population of human bone marrow. Analyses of the CD271+ and CD271- fractions in terms of protein expression were performed, and the capacity of the CD271+ bone marrow cells to form 3-dimensional spheres when grown under non-adherent conditions was also investigated. Moreover, the NCSC characteristics of the CD271+ cells were evaluated by their ability to migrate toward human islets as well as human islet-like cell clusters (ICC) derived from pluripotent stem cells.Results: The CD271+ bone marrow population fulfilled the criterion of being multipotent stem cells, having the potential to differentiate into glial cells, neurons as well as myofibroblasts in vitro. They had the capacity to form 3-dimensional spheres as well as an ability to migrate toward human islets, further supporting their NCSC identity. Additionally, we demonstrated similar migration features toward stem cell-derived ICC.Conclusion: The results support the NCSC identity of the CD271-enriched human bone marrow population. It remains to investigate whether the human bone marrow-derived NCSCs have the ability to improve transplantation efficacy of not only human islets but stem cell-derived ICC as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Brboric
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jonna Saarimäki-Vire
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Larfors
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joey Lau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- CONTACT Joey Lau Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schizas N, König N, Andersson B, Vasylovska S, Hoeber J, Kozlova EN, Hailer NP. Neural crest stem cells protect spinal cord neurons from excitotoxic damage and inhibit glial activation by secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Cell Tissue Res 2018. [PMID: 29516218 PMCID: PMC5949140 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase of spinal cord injury is characterized by excitotoxic and inflammatory events that mediate extensive neuronal loss in the gray matter. Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) can exert neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects that may be mediated by soluble factors. We therefore hypothesize that transplantation of NCSCs to acutely injured spinal cord slice cultures (SCSCs) can prevent neuronal loss after excitotoxic injury. NCSCs were applied onto SCSCs previously subjected to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced injury. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining were used to quantitatively study cell populations and apoptosis. Concentrations of neurotrophic factors were measured by ELISA. Migration and differentiation properties of NCSCs on SCSCs, laminin, or hyaluronic acid hydrogel were separately studied. NCSCs counteracted the loss of NeuN-positive neurons that was otherwise observed after NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, partly by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. They also reduced activation of both microglial cells and astrocytes. The concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was increased in supernatants from SCSCs cultured with NCSCs compared to SCSCs alone and BDNF alone mimicked the effects of NCSC application on SCSCs. NCSCs migrated superficially across the surface of SCSCs and showed no signs of neuronal or glial differentiation but preserved their expression of SOX2 and Krox20. In conclusion, NCSCs exert neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic and glia-inhibitory effects on excitotoxically injured spinal cord tissue, some of these effects mediated by secretion of BDNF. However, the investigated NCSCs seem not to undergo neuronal or glial differentiation in the short term since markers indicative of an undifferentiated state were expressed during the entire observation period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Schizas
- The OrthoLab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - N König
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine Centre (BMC) Uppsala, BOX 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Andersson
- The OrthoLab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Vasylovska
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine Centre (BMC) Uppsala, BOX 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Hoeber
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine Centre (BMC) Uppsala, BOX 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine Centre (BMC) Uppsala, BOX 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N P Hailer
- The OrthoLab, Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aggarwal T, Hoeber J, Ivert P, Vasylovska S, Kozlova EN. Boundary Cap Neural Crest Stem Cells Promote Survival of Mutant SOD1 Motor Neurons. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:773-783. [PMID: 28070746 PMCID: PMC5509618 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS is a devastating disease resulting in degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord. The survival of MNs strongly depends on surrounding glial cells and neurotrophic support from muscles. We previously demonstrated that boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) can give rise to neurons and glial cells in vitro and in vivo and have multiple beneficial effects on co-cultured and co-implanted cells, including neural cells. In this paper, we investigate if bNCSCs may improve survival of MNs harboring a mutant form of human SOD1 (SOD1G93A) in vitro under normal conditions and oxidative stress and in vivo after implantation to the spinal cord. We found that survival of SOD1G93A MNs in vitro was increased in the presence of bNCSCs under normal conditions as well as under oxidative stress. In addition, when SOD1G93A MN precursors were implanted to the spinal cord of adult mice, their survival was increased when they were co-implanted with bNCSCs. These findings show that bNCSCs support survival of SOD1G93A MNs in normal conditions and under oxidative stress in vitro and improve their survival in vivo, suggesting that bNCSCs have a potential for the development of novel stem cell-based therapeutic approaches in ALS models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Aggarwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 593, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Hoeber
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 593, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ivert
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 593, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svitlana Vasylovska
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 593, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Box 593, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trolle C, Ivert P, Hoeber J, Rocamonde-Lago I, Vasylovska S, Lukanidin E, Kozlova EN. Boundary cap neural crest stem cell transplants contribute Mts1/S100A4-expressing cells in the glial scar. Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 28621171 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM During development, boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) assist sensory axon growth into the spinal cord. Here we repositioned them to test if they assist regeneration of sensory axons in adult mice after dorsal root avulsion injury. MATERIALS & METHODS Avulsed mice received bNCSC or human neural progenitor (hNP) cell transplants and their contributions to glial scar formation and sensory axon regeneration were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and transganglionic tracing. RESULTS hNPs and bNCSCs form similar gaps in the glial scar, but unlike hNPs, bNCSCs contribute Mts1/S100A4 (calcium-binding protein) expression to the scar and do not assist sensory axon regeneration. CONCLUSION bNCSC transplants contribute nonpermissive Mts1/S100A4-expressing cells to the glial scar after dorsal root avulsion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Trolle
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ivert
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Hoeber
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Eugen Lukanidin
- Department of Molecular Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena N Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krivova Y, Proshchina A, Barabanov V, Leonova O, Saveliev S. Structure of neuro-endocrine and neuro-epithelial interactions in human foetal pancreas. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:567-576. [PMID: 27823763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the pancreas of many mammals including humans, endocrine islet cells can be integrated with the nervous system components into neuro-insular complexes. The mechanism of the formation of such complexes is not clearly understood. The present study evaluated the interactions between the nervous system components, epithelial cells and endocrine cells in the human pancreas. Foetal pancreas, gestational age 19-23 weeks (13 cases) and 30-34 weeks (7 cases), were studied using double immunohistochemical labeling with neural markers (S100 protein and beta III tubulin), epithelial marker (cytokeratin 19 (CK19)) and antibodies to insulin and glucagon. We first analyse the structure of neuro-insular complexes using confocal microscopy and provide immunohistochemical evidences of the presence of endocrine cells within the ganglia or inside the nerve bundles. We showed that the nervous system components contact with the epithelial cells located in ducts or in clusters outside the ductal epithelium and form complexes with separate epithelial cells. We observed CK19-positive cells inside the ganglia and nerve bundles which were located separately or were integrated with the islets. Therefore, we conclude that neuro-insular complexes may forms as a result of integration between epithelial cells and nervous system components at the initial stages of islets formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krivova
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexandra Proshchina
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Valeriy Barabanov
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Olga Leonova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Vavilova St. 32, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey Saveliev
- Laboratory of Nervous System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418, Tsurupy St. 3, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Staels W, De Groef S, Heremans Y, Coppens V, Van Gassen N, Leuckx G, Van de Casteele M, Van Riet I, Luttun A, Heimberg H, De Leu N. Accessory cells for β-cell transplantation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:115-24. [PMID: 26289770 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances, insulin therapy remains a treatment, not a cure, for diabetes mellitus with persistent risk of glycaemic alterations and life-threatening complications. Restoration of the endogenous β-cell mass through regeneration or transplantation offers an attractive alternative. Unfortunately, signals that drive β-cell regeneration remain enigmatic and β-cell replacement therapy still faces major hurdles that prevent its widespread application. Co-transplantation of accessory non-islet cells with islet cells has been shown to improve the outcome of experimental islet transplantation. This review will highlight current travails in β-cell therapy and focuses on the potential benefits of accessory cells for islet transplantation in diabetes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Separation/trends
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/surgery
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery
- Endothelial Progenitor Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Progenitor Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Progenitor Cells/pathology
- Endothelial Progenitor Cells/transplantation
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/metabolism
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Graft Survival
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/transplantation
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/adverse effects
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/immunology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/trends
- Neural Crest/cytology
- Neural Crest/immunology
- Neural Crest/pathology
- Neural Crest/transplantation
- Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Stem Cell Transplantation/trends
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Transplantation, Autologous/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Autologous/trends
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/trends
- Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Homologous/trends
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Coppens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Van Riet
- Department Hematology Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Luttun
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nakashima R, Morooka M, Shiraki N, Sakano D, Ogaki S, Kume K, Kume S. Neural cells play an inhibitory role in pancreatic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Genes Cells 2015; 20:1028-45. [PMID: 26514269 PMCID: PMC4738370 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine β-cells derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have received attention as screening systems for therapeutic drugs and as the basis for cell-based therapies. Here, we used a 12-day β-cell differentiation protocol for mouse ES cells and obtained several hit compounds that promoted β-cell differentiation. One of these compounds, mycophenolic acid (MPA), effectively promoted ES cell differentiation with a concomitant reduction of neuronal cells. The existence of neural cell-derived inhibitory humoral factors for β-cell differentiation was suggested using a co-culture system. Based on gene array analysis, we focused on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and showed that the Wnt pathway inhibitor reversed MPA-induced β-cell differentiation. Wnt pathway activation promoted β-cell differentiation also in human iPS cells. Our results showed that Wnt signaling activation positively regulates β-cell differentiation, and represent a downstream target of the neural inhibitory factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Nakashima
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Mayu Morooka
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakano
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ogaki
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe Street, Mizuho, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Health life science: Interdisciplinary and Glocal Oriented (HIGO), Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lau J, Vasylovska S, Kozlova EN, Carlsson PO. Surface coating of pancreatic islets with neural crest stem cells improves engraftment and function after intraportal transplantation. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2263-72. [PMID: 25581301 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop techniques for surface coating of islets with neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) in order to enable cotransplantation to the clinically used liver site and then investigate engraftment and function intraportally of such bioengineered islets. Mouse islets were coated during incubation with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing mouse NCSCs and transplanted into the portal vein to cure diabetic mice. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed at 1 month posttransplantation. Islet grafts were retrieved and evaluated for vascular density, nerves, and glial cells. NCSCs expressed a vast number of key angiogenic and neurotrophic factors. Mice transplanted with NCSC-bioengineered islets responded better to the glucose load than recipient mice with control islets. NCSCs remained present in the vicinity or had often migrated into the NCSC-coated islets, and an improved islet graft reinnervation and revascularization was observed. Transplanted NCSCs differentiated into both glial and neural cells in the islet grafts. We conclude that bioengineering of islets with NCSCs for intraportal transplantation provides a possibility to improve islet engraftment and function. Pending successful establishment of protocols for expansion of NCSCs from, for example, human skin or bone marrow, this strategy may be applied to clinical islet transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joey Lau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dolenšek J, Rupnik MS, Stožer A. Structural similarities and differences between the human and the mouse pancreas. Islets 2015; 7:e1024405. [PMID: 26030186 PMCID: PMC4589993 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2015.1024405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice remain the most studied animal model in pancreas research. Since the findings of this research are typically extrapolated to humans, it is important to understand both similarities and differences between the 2 species. Beside the apparent difference in size and macroscopic organization of the organ in the 2 species, there are a number of less evident and only recently described differences in organization of the acinar and ductal exocrine tissue, as well as in the distribution, composition, and architecture of the endocrine islets of Langerhans. Furthermore, the differences in arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels, as well as innervation are potentially important. In this article, the structure of the human and the mouse pancreas, together with the similarities and differences between them are reviewed in detail in the light of conceivable repercussions for basic research and clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Slak Rupnik
- Institute of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
- Centre for Open Innovations and Research Core@UM; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute of Physiology; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
- Centre for Open Innovations and Research Core@UM; University of Maribor; Maribor, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kosykh A, Ngamjariyawat A, Vasylovska S, Konig N, Trolle C, Lau J, Mikaelyan A, Panchenko M, Carlsson PO, Vorotelyak E, Kozlova EN. Neural crest stem cells from hair follicles and boundary cap have different effects on pancreatic isletsin vitro. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:547-54. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.950373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
17
|
Canigur Bavbek N, Dincer M. Dimensions and morphologic variations of sella turcica in type 1 diabetic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 145:179-87. [PMID: 24485732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some chronic diseases are associated with changes in the morphology of sella turcica, and type 1 diabetes is the most common chronic disease in children and adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the size and morphology of sella turcica in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with a healthy control group. METHODS The study included 76 type 1 diabetic patients (38 boys, 38 girls; ages, 14.16 ± 2.46 years) and 76 controls (38 boys, 38 girls; ages, 14 ± 2.08 years). The groups were categorized as pubertal and postpubertal according to bone age. The length, height, and diameter of sella turcica were measured. Then the morphology of sella turcica was analyzed and categorized as normal, oblique anterior wall, bridging, double contour of the floor, irregularity in the posterior part of dorsum sellae, or pyramidal shape of the dorsum sellae. All measurements were made on tracings of cephalometric radiographs. Differences between the groups were tested with the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical data were evaluated with the Fisher exact test, and the Bonferroni correction was made. The significance level was assigned as P <0.05. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the dimensions of sella between the diabetic patients (diameter, 12.20 ± 1.49 mm; length, 10.49 ± 1.55 mm; height, 8.07 ± 1.25 mm) and the controls (diameter, 12.45 ± 1.43 mm; length, 10.90 ± 1.73 mm; height, 8.29 ± 1.66 mm). However, diameter and length increased with age in the overall assessment. Length was greater in the postpubertal controls (11.39 ± 1.69 mm) compared with the pubertal controls (10.41 ± 1.64 mm). Diameter was greater in the postpubertal diabetic patients (1.283 ± 1.55 mm) than in the pubertal diabetic patients (11.56 ± 1.12 mm) and was specifically higher in postpubertal boys. Normal sella morphology was less common in general in the diabetic patients, particularly in the diabetic boys and diabetic pubertal boys (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The measurements concerning sella were similar in the type 1 diabetic and control subjects, but dysmorphologic types were more common in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nehir Canigur Bavbek
- Research assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mufide Dincer
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Therapies that increase functional β-cell mass may be the best long-term treatment for diabetes. Significant resources are devoted toward this goal, and progress is occurring at a rapid pace. Here, we summarize recent advances relevant to human β-cell regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS New β-cells arise from proliferation of pre-existing β-cells or transdifferentiation from other cell types. In addition, dedifferentiated β-cells may populate islets in diabetes, possibly representing a pool of cells that could redifferentiate into functional β-cells. Advances in finding strategies to drive β-cell proliferation include new insight into proproliferative factors, both circulating and local, and elements intrinsic to the β-cell, such as cell cycle machinery and regulation of gene expression through epigenetic modification and noncoding RNAs. Controversy continues in the arena of generation of β-cells by transdifferentiation from exocrine, ductal, and alpha cells, with studies producing both supporting and opposing data. Progress has been made in redifferentiation of β-cells that have lost expression of β-cell markers. SUMMARY Although significant progress has been made, and promising avenues exist, more work is needed to achieve the goal of β-cell regeneration as a treatment for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jurczyk
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schiesser JV, Wells JM. Generation of β cells from human pluripotent stem cells: are we there yet? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1311:124-37. [PMID: 24611778 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1998, the landmark paper describing the isolation and culture of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) was published. Since that time, the main goal of many diabetes researchers has been to derive β cells from ESCs as a renewable cell-based therapy for the treatment of patients with diabetes. In working toward this goal, numerous protocols that attempt to recapitulate normal pancreatic development have been published that result in the formation of pancreatic cell types from human pluripotent cells. This review examines stem cell differentiation methods and places them within the context of pancreatic development. We additionally compare strategies that are currently being used to generate pancreatic cell types and contrast them with approaches that have been used to generate functional cell types in different lineages. In doing this, we aim to identify how new approaches might be used to improve yield and functionality of in vitro-derived pancreatic β cells as an eventual cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline V Schiesser
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cerf ME. Beta cell dynamics: beta cell replenishment, beta cell compensation and diabetes. Endocrine 2013; 44:303-11. [PMID: 23483434 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, arises mostly from beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance and remains a highly complex metabolic disease due to various stages in its pathogenesis. Glucose homeostasis is primarily regulated by insulin secretion from the beta cells in response to prevailing glycemia. Beta cell populations are dynamic as they respond to fluctuating insulin demand. Beta cell replenishment and death primarily regulate beta cell populations. Beta cells, pancreatic cells, and extra-pancreatic cells represent the three tiers for replenishing beta cells. In rodents, beta cell self-replenishment appears to be the dominant source for new beta cells supported by pancreatic cells (non-beta islet cells, acinar cells, and duct cells) and extra-pancreatic cells (liver, neural, and stem/progenitor cells). In humans, beta cell neogenesis from non-beta cells appears to be the dominant source of beta cell replenishment as limited beta cell self-replenishment occurs particularly in adulthood. Metabolic states of increased insulin demand trigger increased insulin synthesis and secretion from beta cells. Beta cells, therefore, adapt to support their physiology. Maintaining physiological beta cell populations is a strategy for targeting metabolic states of persistently increased insulin demand as in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlon E Cerf
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Muñoz-Bravo JL, Hidalgo-Figueroa M, Pascual A, López-Barneo J, Leal-Cerro A, Cano DA. GDNF is required for neural colonization of the pancreas. Development 2013; 140:3669-79. [PMID: 23903190 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian pancreas is densely innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which control exocrine and endocrine secretion. During embryonic development, neural crest cells migrating in a rostrocaudal direction populate the gut, giving rise to neural progenitor cells. Recent studies in mice have shown that neural crest cells enter the pancreatic epithelium at E11.5. However, the cues that guide the migration of neural progenitors into the pancreas are poorly defined. In this study we identify glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as a key player in this process. GDNF displays a dynamic expression pattern during embryonic development that parallels the chronology of migration and differentiation of neural crest derivatives in the pancreas. Conditional inactivation of Gdnf in the pancreatic epithelium results in a dramatic loss of neuronal and glial cells and in reduced parasympathetic innervation in the pancreas. Importantly, the innervation of other regions of the gut remains unaffected. Analysis of Gdnf mutant mouse embryos and ex vivo experiments indicate that GDNF produced in the pancreas acts as a neurotrophic factor for gut-resident neural progenitor cells. Our data further show that exogenous GDNF promotes the proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells in organ culture. In summary, our results point to GDNF as crucial for the development of the intrinsic innervation of the pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Muñoz-Bravo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang C, Suckow AT, Chessler SD. Altered pancreatic islet function and morphology in mice lacking the Beta-cell surface protein neuroligin-2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65711. [PMID: 23776533 PMCID: PMC3679192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroligin-2 is a transmembrane, cell-surface protein originally identified as an inhibitory synapse-associated protein in the central nervous system. Neuroligin-2 is also present on the pancreatic beta-cell surface, and there it engages in transcellular interactions that drive functional maturation of the insulin secretory machinery; these are necessary for normal insulin secretion. The effects of neuroligin-2 deficiency on brain and neuronal function and morphology and on behavior and coordination have been extensively characterized using neuroligin-2 knockout mice. The effects of absent neuroligin-2 expression on islet development and function, however, are unknown. Here, to help test whether neuroligin-2 is necessary for normal islet development, we characterized islet morphology in mice lacking neuroligin-2. To test whether–as predicted by our earlier co-culture studies–absence of neuroligin-2 impairs beta cell function, we compared glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by islets from mutant and wild-type mice. Our results show that while islets from neuroligin-2-deficient mice do not to appear to differ architecturally from wild-type islets, they are smaller, fewer in number, and contain beta cells with lower insulin content. Evaluation of transcript levels suggests that upregulation of neuroligin-1 helps compensate for loss of neuroligin-2. Surprisingly, under both basal and stimulating glucose levels, isolated islets from the knockout mice secreted more of their intracellular insulin content. Rat islets with shRNA-mediated neuroligin-2 knockdown also exhibited increased insulin secretion. Neurexin transcript levels were lower in the knockout mice and, consistent with our prior finding that neurexin is a key constituent of the insulin granule docking machinery, insulin granule docking was reduced. These results indicate that neuroligin-2 is not necessary for the formation of pancreatic islets but that neuroligin-2 influences islet size and number. Neuroligin-2–perhaps through its effects on the expression and/or activity of its binding partner neurexin–promotes insulin granule docking, a known constraint on insulin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur T. Suckow
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Chessler
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ngamjariyawat A, Turpaev K, Vasylovska S, Kozlova EN, Welsh N. Co-culture of neural crest stem cells (NCSC) and insulin producing beta-TC6 cells results in cadherin junctions and protection against cytokine-induced beta-cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61828. [PMID: 23613946 PMCID: PMC3629122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transplantation of pancreatic islets to Type 1 diabetes patients is hampered by inflammatory reactions at the transplantation site leading to dysfunction and death of insulin producing beta-cells. Recently we have shown that co-transplantation of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) together with the islet cells improves transplantation outcome. The aim of the present investigation was to describe in vitro interactions between NCSCs and insulin producing beta-TC6 cells that may mediate protection against cytokine-induced beta-cell death. Procedures Beta-TC6 and NCSC cells were cultured either alone or together, and either with or without cell culture inserts. The cultures were then exposed to the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ for 48 hours followed by analysis of cell death rates (flow cytometry), nitrite production (Griess reagent), protein localization (immunofluorescence) and protein phosphorylation (flow cytometry). Results We observed that beta-TC6 cells co-cultured with NCSCs were protected against cytokine-induced cell death, but not when separated by cell culture inserts. This occurred in parallel with (i) augmented production of nitrite from beta-TC6 cells, indicating that increased cell survival allows a sustained production of nitric oxide; (ii) NCSC-derived laminin production; (iii) decreased phospho-FAK staining in beta-TC6 cell focal adhesions, and (iv) decreased beta-TC6 cell phosphorylation of ERK(T202/Y204), FAK(Y397) and FAK(Y576). Furthermore, co-culture also resulted in cadherin and beta-catenin accumulations at the NCSC/beta-TC6 cell junctions. Finally, the gap junction inhibitor carbenoxolone did not affect cytokine-induced beta-cell death during co-culture with NCSCs. Conclusion In summary, direct contacts, but not soluble factors, promote improved beta-TC6 viability when co-cultured with NCSCs. We hypothesize that cadherin junctions between NCSC and beta-TC6 cells promote powerful signals that maintain beta-cell survival even though ERK and FAK signaling are suppressed. It may be that future strategies to improve islet transplantation outcome may benefit from attempts to increase beta-cell cadherin junctions to neighboring cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyril Turpaev
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and Science For Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena N. Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (NW); (ENK)
| | - Nils Welsh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and Science For Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (NW); (ENK)
| |
Collapse
|