Risk of suicide attempt and suicide in young adult refugees compared to their Swedish-born peers: a register-based cohort study

Psychiatric disorder, traumatic experience and social deprivation in distinct subtypes of suicide attempt: a cross-national study using latent class analysis

BACKGROUND

Suicide attempts are critical predictors of suicide. Developing typologies of suicide attempt may indicate new prevention strategies, which have not been investigated by comparing developed and developing countries. Therefore, we aimed to explore the subtypes of suicide attempt and to compare the characteristics of these subtypes between developed and developing countries.

METHODS

This study included 2046 British and 4238 Chinese men aged 18 - 34 years old in households. Hierarchical multinomial regression models were performed to investigate associated factors of suicide attempt. Latent class analysis was employed to identify subtypes of suicide attempt.

RESULTS

We found that anxiety and psychosis were independently associated with suicide attempts among British and Chinese young men, while depression was independently associated with suicide attempts only among British young men. Three latent classes of suicide attempt were identified: depressed/anxious subtype was robust across the Eastern and Western cultural contexts; no psychiatric morbidity subtype featured by weakened social bonds was significant more prevalent among Chinese young men attempted suicide, whereas impulsive, trauma, psychopathology subtype was significant more prevalent among British men attempted suicide.

CONCLUSIONS

These differences of attempted suicide appeared to result from the distinct social factors in China and the UK. Weakened social bonds could be a new intervention target for Chinese young men attempted suicide, whereas chaotic lifestyles for that of British young men attempted suicide.

Suicide among post-Arabellion refugees in Germany

BACKGROUND

Although immigrants are considered to be vulnerable to mental illness, there is limited knowledge regarding their suicide mortality.

AIMS

To investigate standardised mortality ratios (SMR) for suicide among the largest immigrant populations in Germany before and after the refugee movement of 2015.

METHOD

Data on immigrants and the general population in Germany between 2000 and 2020 were provided by the scientific section of the Federal Statistical Office. SMR with 95% confidence intervals were calculated by indirect standardisation for gender, age and calendar year for the pre-2015 and post-2015 time interval, first for all the immigrant populations studied and second for the Syrian, Afghan and Iraqi populations separately.

RESULTS

Immigrants from the countries studied showed a lower suicide risk compared with the German reference population (SMR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.35-0.41). No differences in SMR were found between pre- and post-2015 time intervals, in either the aggregate data for all populations or the data for Syrian, Afghan and Iraqi populations. Post-2015, Afghan immigrants (SMR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.54-0.83) showed a higher SMR than Syrians (SMR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.25-0.36) or Iraqis (SMR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.26-0.48).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the many and varied stresses associated with flight, comparison of the pre- and post-2015 time intervals showed that the suicide risk of the populations studied did not change and was considerably lower than that of the German reference population. We attribute this to lower suicide rates in the countries of origin but also to flight-related selection processes that favour more resilient individuals.

Trauma Exposure, Social Networks, and Suicide Risk Among North Korean Refugee Women in South Korea

Exposure to adverse life events renders North Korean (NK) refugee women vulnerable to mental health problems, suicide risk being one of the most concerning. We examined bonding and bridging social networks as potential moderators of suicide risk among NK refugee women (N = 212). We found that exposure to traumatic events significantly increased suicidal behavior, but its impact was alleviated if they had a stronger bonding social network. The findings suggest that the negative impact of trauma on suicide can be reduced by strengthening bonding between people with similarities (i.e., family, individuals with the same country of origin).

Suicide among migrants: a comprehensive narrative review of literature

Suicidality among migrants represents a multifaceted and complex issue with significant implications and challenges for public mental health and policies. This narrative review aims to explore the factors contributing to suicidality within the migrant groups, consequently highlighting the need for tailored interventions and supporting strategies. Firstly, we reviewed the evidences on the prevalence of suicidal ideation, attempted suicides, and deaths by suicide among migrants. The results were extremely heterogeneous, mostly depending on the different migrant group considered. Significant differences in suicide risk have been found depending on the legal status of migrants and their country of origin/migration. The second section explored the protective and risk factors for suicidal ideation and behaviours in different migrant groups. The analysis concluded that a set of factors may interact in various ways, contributing to a heterogeneous and complex framework underpinning the phenomenon of suicide. Migration itself may be a challenging and traumatizing experience, characterized by social isolation, cultural dislocation and adjustment, as well as economic and financial distress, all of which may exacerbate pre-existing mental health vulnerabilities or trigger new mental disorders. Acculturative stress, discrimination, and language barriers further compound these challenges, often hindering access to mental health services.

Mediating role of anxiety and impulsivity in the association between child maltreatment and lifetime non-suicidal self-injury with and without suicidal self-injury

BACKGROUND

Child maltreatment can increase the risk of lifetime non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal self-injury (SSI), but there is limited knowledge regarding the differences of potentially psychological mechanisms between NSSI with and without SSI.

METHODS

Participants, 3918 community-based Chinese young men aged 18-34 years in Chengdu, were included in this study. We investigated the association between depression, anxiety, psychosis, child maltreatment, adulthood traumatic events, impulsivity, alcohol dependence, drug abuse, and lifetime of NSSI among participants with and without SSI. Parallel mediation analysis was utilized to explore the mediators for the relation between child maltreatment and NSSI.

RESULTS

The prevalence of lifetime NSSI was 6.1 % (95 % CI: 5.4 %-6.9 %) among young men. Anxiety and impulsivity partially mediated the effect of child maltreatment on NSSI either with (indirect effect: 51.2 %) or without SSI (indirect effect: 34.3 %). Depression was independently and significantly associated with only NSSI but not with NSSI+SSI. Alcohol dependence and psychosis were independently and significantly associated with NSSI+SSI and mediated the effect of child maltreatment on NSSI+SSI.

LIMITATIONS

The cross-sectional survey data limits the robustness of the proof to the causal relationships.

CONCLUSIONS

Anxiety and impulsivity are associated with NSSI either with or without SSI and partially mediate the effect of child maltreatment on NSSI. Depression is associated with only NSSI, while alcohol dependence and psychosis are only associated with NSSI+SSI. It could be crucial to improve treatment and recovery of alcohol dependence and psychosis for preventing young men engaged in NSSI from attempting SSI.