Photodegradation of Emerging Contaminant 2-(tiocyanomethylthio) Benzothiazole (TCMTB) in Aqueous Solution: Kinetics and Transformation Products

Occurrence and phase distribution of benzothiazoles in untreated highway stormwater runoff and road dust

The study about how tyre-derived particles can potentially worsen the water quality and how traffic pollution markers can affect the environment is crucial for environmental management. Road emissions are known to contribute to pollution in various environments, and benzothiazoles and their derivates can be used to trace pollutant inputs related to surface runoff in the aquatic system. A total of eight benzothiazoles were determined in highway stormwater runoff and road dust collected from February to August 2022 near Venice (Casale sul Sile, Veneto Region, Italy). A new analytical method was validated, by using an UHPLC system coupled to a mass spectrometer (triple quadrupole). The target compounds were determined in both dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter of runoff, and the road dust samples were divided into seven fractions depending on particle diameters to understand the fraction partitioning. The results indicate that 2-SO3H-BTH was the most concentrated benzothiazole in all the analysed substrates, suggesting tyre debris as the main source because it is usually used in the vulcanization process. 2-SO3H-BTH reached a mean concentration of 115 ± 59 µg L-1, 4 ± 3 µg L-1, and 411 ± 441 µg Kg-1 for dissolved phase, suspended particulate matter, and road dust, respectively, while 2-OH-BTH and BTH showed values about an order of magnitude lower. The size distribution of most BTHs suggests that they are distributed in the finest fraction of road dust. An exception was given by 2-SCNMeS-BTH being present only in particles with a diameter > 1 mm.

A Compendium of the Most Promising Synthesized Organic Compounds against Several Fusarium oxysporum Species: Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, and Perspectives

Vascular wilt caused by F. oxysporum (FOX) is one of the main limitations of producing several agricultural products worldwide, causing economic losses between 40% and 100%. Various methods have been developed to control this phytopathogen, such as the cultural, biological, and chemical controls, the latter being the most widely used in the agricultural sector. The treatment of this fungus through systemic fungicides, although practical, brings problems because the agrochemical agents used have shown mutagenic effects on the fungus, increasing the pathogen's resistance. The design and the synthesis of novel synthetic antifungal agents used against FOX have been broadly studied in recent years. This review article presents a compendium of the synthetic methodologies during the last ten years as promissory, which can be used to afford novel and potential agrochemical agents. The revision is addressed from the structural core of the most active synthetic compounds against FOX. The synthetic methodologies implemented strategies based on cyclo condensation reactions, radical cyclization, electrocyclic closures, and carbon-carbon couplings by metal-organic catalysis. This revision contributes significantly to the organic chemistry, supplying novel alternatives for the use of more effective agrochemical agents against F. oxysporum.