Contribution of bone turnover markers to the variation in bone mineral density: a study in Vietnamese men and women

Rapid bone microarchitecture decline in older men with high bone turnover-the prospective STRAMBO study

Older men with high bone turnover have faster bone loss. We assessed the link between the baseline levels of bone turnover markers (BTMs) and the prospectively assessed bone microarchitecture decline in men. In 825 men aged 60-87 yr, we measured the serum osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), and urinary total deoxypyridinoline (tDPD). Bone microarchitecture and strength (distal radius and distal tibia) were estimated by high-resolution pQCT (XtremeCT, Scanco Medical) at baseline and then after 4 and 8 yr. Thirty-seven men took medications affecting bone metabolism. Statistical models were adjusted for age and BMI. At the distal radius, the decrease in the total bone mineral density (Tt.BMD), cortical BMD (Ct.BMD), cortical thickness (Ct.Thd), and cortical area (Ct.Ar) and failure load was faster in the highest vs the lowest CTX-I quartile (failure load: -0.94 vs -0.31% yr-1, P < .001). Patterns were similar for distal tibia. At the distal tibia, bone decline (Tt.BMD, Ct.Thd, Ct.Ar, Ct.BMD, and failure load) was faster in the highest vs the lowest tDPD quartile. At each skeletal site, the rate of decrease in Tb.BMD differed between the extreme OC quartiles (P < .001). Men in the highest BAP quartile had a faster loss of Tt.BMD, Tb.BMD, reaction force, and failure load vs the lowest quartile. The link between PINP and bone decline was poor. The BTM score is the sum of the nos. of the quartiles for each BTM. Men in the highest quartile of the score had a faster loss of cortical bone and bone strength vs the lowest quartile. Thus, in the older men followed prospectively for 8 yr, the rate of decline in bone microarchitecture and estimated bone strength was 50%-215% greater in men with high bone turnover (highest quartile, CTX-I above the median) compared to the men with low bone turnover (lowest quartile, CTX-I below the median).

Establishment of Reference Intervals for Bone Turnover Markers in Healthy Chinese Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Reference ranges for bone turnover markers (BTMs) are still lacking in the healthy Chinese population.

AIM

To establish reference intervals for BTMs and to investigate the correlations between BTMs and BMD in Chinese older adults.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,511 Chinese subjects aged over 50 yrs residing in Zhenjiang, Southeast China. Reference intervals for BTMs (i.e., procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide, P1NP; β cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, β-CTX) were calculated as the central 95% range of all measurements in Chinese older adults.

RESULTS

The reference intervals of P1NP, β-CTX and P1NP/β-CTX were 15.8-119.9 ng/mL, 0.041-0.675 ng/mL and 49.9-1261.5 for females and 13.6-111.4 ng/mL, 0.038-0.627 ng/mL and 41.0-1269.1 for males, respectively. In the multiple linear regression analysis, only β-CTX was negatively associated with BMD after adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI) in both sex-stratified groups (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study established age- and sex-specific reference intervals for BTMs in a large sample of healthy Chinese participants ≥ 50 and < 80 years of age and explored the correlations between BTMs and BMD, which provides an effective reference for the assessment of bone turnover in the clinical practice of osteoporosis.

The study of bone mineral density measured by quantitative computed tomography in middle-aged and elderly men with abnormal glucose metabolism

BACKGROUND

To investigate the value of quantitative computed tomography (QCT) measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged and elderly men with abnormal blood glucose.

METHODS

Total 138 men aged above 50 years old with routine physical examination were involved in the study. All participants were evaluated with serological index, BMD by QCT and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Statistical analysis was conducted by χ² test and regression model.

RESULTS

All individuals were divided into normal blood glucose (NBG) group and abnormal blood glucose (ABG) group. Compared with NBG group, BMD detected by QCT was obviously lower in ABG group (P < 0.05). More cases with low bone mass or osteoporosis were detected by QCT measurement than DXA (χ² = 56.618, P = 0.000), which were consistent in both NBG and ABG groups (χ² was 33.564 and 23.250, P = 0.000). No significant difference of detection rates was found in both subgroups neither by QCT nor DXA measurement (χ² = 4.204, P = 0.122). Regression analysis revealed that ABG was negatively associated with BMD assessed by QCT (β = -0.217, P < 0.05), which did not show statistical difference after adjusting for age.

CONCLUSION

In middle-aged and elderly male patients with NBG or ABG, QCT manifests higher detection rates of low bone mass and osteoporosis than DXA. ABG is negatively correlated with BMD measured by QCT, which is affected by age.

Role of food fortification with vitamin D and calcium in the bone remodeling process in postmenopausal women: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

CONTEXT

Foods containing vitamin D reduce the deficiency of this vitamin and improve bone turnover.

OBJECTIVE

To discuss effects of the intake of vitamin D-fortified foods in isolated form or associated with calcium on bone remodeling in postmenopausal women.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, Lilacs, Scopus, and Bireme databases. OpenThesis and Google Scholar were searched as "grey literature". Medical subject headings or similar terms related to food fortified with vitamin D and bone in postmenopausal women were used.

DATA EXTRACTION

Information was collected on study methodology and characteristics of studied populations; dosage; the food matrix used as the fortification vehicle; duration of intervention; dietary intake; 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels; serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations; bone resorption and/or formation markers (ie, carboxy terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX], tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b [TRAP5b], and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide [P1NP]); main results; and study limitations.

DATA ANALYSIS

Five randomized controlled trials involving postmenopausal women were included. The mean ages of participants ranged from 56.1 to 86.9 years. Daily consumption of soft plain cheese fortified with 2.5 µg of vitamin D3 and 302 mg of calcium for 4 weeks resulted in a mean increase of 0.8 ng/mL in 25(OH)D and 15.9 ng/mL in P1NP levels compared with baseline, and decreased CTX, TRAP5b, and PTH values. A similar intervention for 6 weeks, using fortified cheese, showed a reduction only in TRAP5b values (-0.64 U/L). Yogurt fortified with 10 µg of vitamin D3 and 800 mg of calcium did not change P1NP values after 8 weeks of intervention, but was associated with decreases of 0.0286 ng/mL and 1.06 U/L in PTH and TRAP5b, respectively. After 12 weeks of eating the fortified yogurt, 25(OH)D levels increased by a mean of 8.8 ng/mL and PTH levels decreased in by a mean of 0.0167 ng/mL.

CONCLUSIONS

The interventions contributed toward the improvement of the bone resorption process but not to the bone formation process in postmenopausal women.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42019131976.

The Impact of Bone Mineral Density on Bone Metabolism and the Fracture Healing Process in Elderly Chinese Patients With Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bone mineral density (BMD) on bone histomorphological parameters and bone turnover markers (BTMs) following osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) and to determine the correlation between BMD and the percentage of middle height compression during the healing process.

METHODS

A total of 206 patients with OVCFs were included in this study. Bone biopsy specimens were acquired during surgery. Blood samples were obtained to determine the serum concentrations of BTMs. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to BMD.

RESULTS

The concentrations of N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) in the T-score ≤ -2.5 group (50.92 ± 12.78 ng/ml) were significantly lower than those in the T-score > -2.5 group (68.75 ± 28.66 ng/ml, p = 0.025) 3-6 mo after fracture. Moreover, the volume of necrotic bone in the T-score ≤ -2.5 group (15.15 ± 5.44%) was higher than that (1.67 ± 0.79%, p < 0.001) in the T-score > -2.5 group during the same period. BMD was statistically correlated with cancellous bone content (R_S = 0.761, p <0.001), PMHC (R_S = 0.85, p < 0.001), fibrous tissue volume (R_S = -0.376, p < 0.001), and necrotic bone content (R_S = -0.487, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The healing process of OVCFs in the setting of low bone mass frequently occurs in the presence of decreased bone formation abilities, severe vertebral body height loss and a large amount of necrotic bone.

Soluble Biomarkers of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, from Pathway Mapping to Clinical Trials: An Update

Serum biomarkers of osteoarticular diseases have been in the limelight of current clinical research trends. Laboratory validation of defined and candidate biomarkers for both osteoarthritis and osteoporosis is of key importance for future decisional algorithms in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of these diseases. The current guidelines recommend the use of collagen degradation remnants, eg, CTX-I and CTX-II, in the complementary diagnosis of both osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Besides the collagen degradation markers, enzymes that regulate bone and articular metabolism are useful in the clinical evaluation of osteoarticular pathologies. Along these, several other recommended and new nominee molecules have been recently studied. Wnts and Wnt-related molecules have a cardinal role in the bone-joint homeostasis, making them a promising target not only for pharmaceutical modulation, but also to be considered as soluble biomarkers. Sclerostin and dickkopf, two inhibitor molecules of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, might have a dual role in the assessment of the clinical manifestations of the osteoarticular unit. In osteoarthritis, besides fragments of collagen type II many pathway-related molecules have been studied and proposed for biomarker validation. The most serious limitation is that a significant proportion of studies lack statistical power due to the reduced number of cases enrolled. Serum biomarkers of bone and joint turnover markers represent an encouraging possibility for the diagnosis and prognosis of osteoarticular diseases, although further studies and laboratory validations should be carried out as to solely rely on them.

Osteoporosis in South-East Asian Countries

Osteoporosis (OP) is a condition where there is low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration which can predispose to fragility fractures. There is a wealth of literature on OP from the developed countries, but less so from Asia. This review will explore the field of OP research in South-East Asia with regard to the epidemiology, the diagnosis of OP and the role of laboratory tests in the management of OP, with emphasis on 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and bone turnover markers.

Bone Turnover Markers and Bone Mineral Density to Predict Osteoporotic Fractures in Older Women: A Retrospective Comparative Study

Objective

To investigate the clinical significance of the detection of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers (BTM) in older women with osteoporosis, and to compare their predictive power for osteoporotic fractures (OF).

Methods

In this retrospective study, 96 patients with OF and 107 patients with osteoporosis who were hospitalized in the Department of Orthopedics at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College were examined from October 2017 to February 2019. All selected patients were divided into either the fracture group (96 cases, 47.3%) or the non‐fracture group (107 cases, 52.7%). BMD was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). BTM were detected by electrochemical luminescence: aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), β‐cross‐linked C‐telopeptide of type I collagen (β‐CTX), and molecular fragment of osteocalcin N terminal (N‐MID). Bone metabolism‐related indicators were detected, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Independent‐samples t‐tests were used to compare the measurement data between the two groups, one‐way ANOVA to compare the gaps between groups, and binary logistic regression to analyze the correlation of BMD and BTM with OF.

Results

There were no significant differences in age, weight, height, body mass index, age, and time of menopause between the two groups. There were a total of 71 cases (35.0%) in group A (60–70 years), 80 cases (39.4%) in group B (71–80 years), and 52 cases (25.6%) in group C (81–90 years). The fracture group was compared with the non‐fracture group for BMD in the lumbar (0.75 ± 0.05 vs 0.88 ± 0.13, 0.75 ± 0.16 vs 0.87 ± 0.09, 0.74 ± 0.21 vs 0.87 ± 0.12 g/cm²; P < 0.05), BMD in the hip (0.62 ± 0.16 vs 0.74 ± 0.14, 0.61 ± 0.15 vs 0.73 ± 0.0, 0.58 ± 0.13 vs 0.73 ± 0.08 g/cm²; P < 0.05), PINP (83.7 ± 5.7 vs 74.8 ± 5.0, 80.7 ± 4.1 vs 72.1 ± 5.1, 81.2 ± 7.0 vs 68.7 ± 6.3 ng/mL, P < 0.05), and β‐CTX (829.7 ± 91.5 vs 798.8 ± 52.2, 848.1 ± 71.2 vs 812.4 ± 79.0, 867.3 ± 53.1 vs 849.1 ± 67.2 pg./mL, P < 0.05). N‐MID (19.0 ± 6.7 vs 21.3 ± 9.7, 16.2 ± 7.0 vs 18.0 ± 5.3 ng/mL, P < 0.05) in the fracture cases was lower than in the non‐fracture cases for groups B and C, and there was statistical significance. Among the fracture cases, PINP in group A was higher than in group B and C, and β‐CTX in group C was higher than in group A and B (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the ALP, P, and Ca between the two groups (P > 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that for BMD in the lumbar and hip, β‐CTX and OF were significantly correlated (respectively, odds ratio [OR] = −4.182, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.672–3.448; OR = 6.929, 95% CI 2.586–12.106; OR = 7.572, 95% CI 1.441–3.059), and the differences were statistically significant. PINP and N‐MID were correlated with OF (respectively, OR = 4.213, 95% CI 0.978–1.005; OR = 2.510, 95% CI 1.070–1.134, P > 0.05), the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Osteoporotic older women, with lower bone density and higher β‐CTX, are more likely to incur OF. β‐CTX is better than BMD at predicting OF and can help in its management and in implementing interventions in high‐risk populations.

Bone Turnover Markers and Probable Advanced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men and Postmenopausal Women With Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: Type 2 diabetic patients have a higher incidence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced stages of fibrosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with impaired bone health. We aimed to investigate whether bone turnover is associated with the probable presence of NASH and fibrosis. Methods: In total, 4,937 diabetic participants from Shanghai, China were enrolled in 2018. Subjects with NAFLD were categorized into simple NAFLD and probable NASH groups based on the presence of a metabolic syndrome. The NAFLD fibrosis score was used to identify patients with a higher likelihood of advanced fibrosis. Results: In postmenopausal women, large N-mid fragment of osteocalcin (N-MID osteocalcin) was negatively associated with probable NASH (P for trend < 0.001). β-C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen (β-CTX) and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) were positively associated with the probable presence of significant fibrosis in postmenopausal women (P for trend 0.015 and <0.001). However, in men, N-MID osteocalcin and β-CTX were negatively associated with the probable presence of significant fibrosis (P for trend 0.029 and 0.027). Conclusions: Significant associations among N-MID osteocalcin, β-CTX and P1NP, and probable advanced NAFLD were observed. Further prospective and animal studies are warranted to understand the causal relationship and underlying mechanism.